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250 relations: Acre, Israel, Afonso I of Portugal, Afonso V of Portugal, Agnes of Bohemia, Albert I, Duke of Bavaria, Alcántara, Alfonso the Battler, Alfonso XI of Castile, Alliance of the Orders of Saint John of Jerusalem, Altopascio, Amadeus VI, Count of Savoy, Amadeus VIII, Duke of Savoy, Aragon, Archduke Sigismund, Grand Duke of Tuscany, Armenia, Assassins, Aubrac, Avis, Portugal, Baltic states, Bartholomew of Braganca, Battle of Civitate, Battle of Marciano, Battle of Montemurlo, Bavaria, Bernard of Clairvaux, Blessed Gerard, Blood of Jesus Christ (military order), Bohemia, Bologna, Byzantine Empire, Calatrava la Vieja, Camino de Santiago, Cardinal (Catholic Church), Castilla–La Mancha, Catholic Church, Catholic Encyclopedia, Catholic religious order, Charles I of Hungary, Charles III of Spain, Christian, Clergy, Confraternity of Belchite, Consecrated life, Convent, Cosimo I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany, Crusades, Custody of the Holy Land, Daniel of Galicia, Decree, Denis of Portugal, ..., Dobrzyń Land, Dominican Order, Drohiczyn, Duke, Early Muslim conquests, Eastern Europe, Edict, Emperor, England, Evangelical counsels, Extremadura, Fall of Constantinople, Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor, Ferdinand III of Castile, Ferdinand VII of Spain, First Crusade, France, Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor, French Revolution, Fulk, King of Jerusalem, Fulling, Gabriel, Gerhard VII, Duke of Jülich-Berg, Godfrey of Bouillon, Grand Master (order), Henry IV of France, Hierarchy of the Catholic Church, Holy Land, Holy Roman Empire, Honorific, Hospice, House of Aviz, House of Bourbon, House of Braganza, House of France, House of Savoy, Hugues de Payens, Hungarian nobility, Hungary, Iberian Peninsula, International Commission on Orders of Chivalry, Israel, Italy, Jerusalem, John I of Castile, John VI of Portugal, José Antonio Conde, Joseph von Hammer-Purgstall, Kiev, King, Kingdom of Castile, Kingdom of Jerusalem, Kingdom of Sardinia, Knight, Knights Hospitaller, Knights of Saint Thomas, Knights of the Cross with the Red Star, Knights Templar, Laity, Latin Patriarchate of Jerusalem, León, Spain, Lemnos, Liberal Wars, List of Princes and Grand Masters of the Knights Hospitaller, List of rulers of Tuscany, Livonian Brothers of the Sword, Livonian Order, Loderingo degli Andalò, Louis XIV of France, Mantua, Matilda of Tuscany, Mediterranean Sea, Middle Ages, Miguel I of Portugal, Military, Military Order of Cross-bearers with the Red Star on a Blue Field, Militia, Militia of Jesus Christ, Militia of the Faith of Jesus Christ, Monasticism, Monreal del Campo, Muslim, Nobility, Normans, Nun, Officer (armed forces), Old Prussians, Order (distinction), Order of Alcántara, Order of Aubrac, Order of Aviz, Order of Calatrava, Order of chivalry, Order of Christ (Portugal), Order of Dobrzyń, Order of Monfragüe, Order of Montesa, Order of Mountjoy, Order of Our Lady of Bethlehem, Order of Our Lady of Mount Carmel, Order of Saint Anthony (Bavaria), Order of Saint Benedict, Order of Saint Blaise, Order of Saint George (House of Habsburg), Order of Saint George (Kingdom of Hungary), Order of Saint Hubert, Order of Saint James of Altopascio, Order of Saint Lazarus, Order of Saint Mary of Spain, Order of Saint Michael of the Wing, Order of Saint Stephen, Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus, Order of Sant Jordi d'Alfama, Order of Santiago, Order of the Band, Order of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Order of the Dove, Order of the Dragon, Order of the Faith and Peace, Order of the Holy Ghost, Order of the Holy Sepulchre, Order of the Most Holy Annunciation, Order of the Tower and Sword, Orders, decorations, and medals of the Holy See, Oriental studies, Ottoman Empire, Ottoman Turks, Outremer, Paganism, Papal bull, Parma, Peace and Truce of God, Pedro I of Brazil, Persecution of Christians, Philip III of Spain, Pilgrim, Poland, Pontificate, Pope, Pope Alexander III, Pope Alexander IV, Pope Alexander VI, Pope Alexander VII, Pope Callixtus II, Pope Clement V, Pope Gregory IX, Pope Gregory XIII, Pope Honorius II, Pope Innocent III, Pope Innocent VIII, Pope Julius III, Pope Leo IX, Pope Nicholas IV, Pope Paschal II, Pope Paul II, Pope Paul V, Pope Pius II, Pope Pius IV, Pope Pius IX, Pope Pius X, Pope Sixtus V, Pope Stephen I, Pope Urban IV, Portugal, Princes of the Holy Roman Empire, Protestantism, Provence, Prussia, Raymond of Fitero, Reconquista, Religious vows, Ribat, Rome, Royal Almanac, Royal Military and Hospitaller Order of Our Lady of Mount Carmel and Saint Lazarus of Jerusalem united, Sacred Military Constantinian Order of Saint George, Santarém, Portugal, Santo Spirito in Sassia, Savoy, Shia Islam, Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor, Society of Jesus, Soldier, Sovereign Military Order of Malta, Spain, Spanish military orders, Spanish protectorate in Morocco, Statute, Supreme Order of Christ, Teresa of León, Countess of Portugal, Teutonic Order, Third Order of Saint Dominic, Thonon-les-Bains, Tuscany, Uclés, Vincenzo Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua, Vox in excelso, Western Europe, 5 October 1910 revolution. 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Acre, Israel
Acre (or, עַכּוֹ, ʻAko, most commonly spelled as Akko; عكّا, ʻAkkā) is a city in the coastal plain region of Israel's Northern District at the extremity of Haifa Bay.
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Afonso I of Portugal
Afonso IOr also Affonso (Archaic Portuguese-Galician) or Alphonso (Portuguese-Galician) or Alphonsus (Latin version), sometimes rendered in English as Alphonzo or Alphonse, depending on the Spanish or French influence.
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Afonso V of Portugal
Afonso V KG (15 January 1432 – 28 August 1481), called the African, was King of Portugal and of the Algarves.
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Agnes of Bohemia
Agnes of Bohemia, O.S.C., (Svatá Anežka Česká, 20 June 1211 – 2 March 1282), also known as Agnes of Prague, was a medieval Bohemian princess who opted for a life of charity, mortification of the flesh and piety over a life of luxury and comfort.
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Albert I, Duke of Bavaria
Albert I, Duke of Bavaria (Albrecht; 25 July 1336, Munich – 13 December 1404, The Hague) KG, was a feudal ruler of the counties of Holland, Hainaut, and Zeeland in the Low Countries.
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Alcántara
Alcántara is a municipality in the province of Cáceres, Extremadura, Spain, on the Tagus, near Portugal.
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Alfonso the Battler
Alfonso I (1073/10747 September 1134), called the Battler or the Warrior (el Batallador), was the king of Aragon and Pamplona from 1104 until his death in 1134.
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Alfonso XI of Castile
Alfonso XI of Castile (13 August 131126/27 March 1350), called the Avenger (el Justiciero), was the king of Castile, León and Galicia.
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Alliance of the Orders of Saint John of Jerusalem
The Alliance of the Orders of Saint John of Jerusalem is a federation of European (mostly Protestant) chivalric orders that share inheritance of the tradition of the mediaeval military Knights Hospitaller (Order of Knights of the Hospital of Saint John of Jerusalem).
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Altopascio
Altopascio is a comune in the Province of Lucca in the Tuscany region of Italy with a population of 15,481.
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Amadeus VI, Count of Savoy
Amadeus VI (4 January 1334, Chambéry – 1 March 1383, Campobasso), nicknamed the Green Count (Il Conte Verde) was Count of Savoy from 1343 to 1383.
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Amadeus VIII, Duke of Savoy
Amadeus VIII (4 September 1383 – 7 January 1451) was a Savoyard nobleman, the son of Amadeus VII, Count of Savoy and Bonne of Berry.
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Aragon
Aragon (or, Spanish and Aragón, Aragó or) is an autonomous community in Spain, coextensive with the medieval Kingdom of Aragon.
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Archduke Sigismund, Grand Duke of Tuscany
Archduke Sigismund of Austria, Grand Duke of Tuscany (Sigismund Otto Maria Josef Gottfried Henrich Erik Leopold Ferdinand Von Habsburg-Lothringen; born 21 April 1966) is the current head of the Tuscan branch of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine and current claimant to the title Grand Duke of Tuscany.
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Armenia
Armenia (translit), officially the Republic of Armenia (translit), is a country in the South Caucasus region of Eurasia.
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Assassins
Order of Assassins or simply Assassins (أساسين asāsīn, حشاشین Hashâshīn) is the common name used to refer to an Islamic sect formally known as the Nizari Ismailis.
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Aubrac
Aubrac is a small village in the southern Massif Central of France.
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Avis, Portugal
Avis is a municipality in the District of Portalegre in Portugal.
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Baltic states
The Baltic states, also known as the Baltic countries, Baltic republics, Baltic nations or simply the Baltics (Balti riigid, Baltimaad, Baltijas valstis, Baltijos valstybės), is a geopolitical term used for grouping the three sovereign countries in Northern Europe on the eastern coast of the Baltic Sea: Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania.
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Bartholomew of Braganca
Blessed Bartholomew di Braganca (or Bartholomew of Vicenza) (c. 1200 – 1 July 1271) was an Italian Dominican friar and bishop.
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Battle of Civitate
The Battle of Civitate (also known as Battle of Civitella del Fortore) was fought on 18 June 1053 in southern Italy, between the Normans, led by the Count of Apulia Humphrey of Hauteville, and a Swabian-Italian-Lombard army, organised by Pope Leo IX and led on the battlefield by Gerard, Duke of Lorraine, and Rudolf, Prince of Benevento.
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Battle of Marciano
The Battle of Marciano (also known as the Battle of Scannagallo) occurred in the countryside of Marciano della Chiana, near Arezzo, Tuscany, on August 2, 1554, during the Italian War of 1551.
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Battle of Montemurlo
On 1 or 2 August 1537 (both dates are given in sources), near the Tuscan village of Montemurlo, the forces of the newly installed Duke Cosimo I of Florence defeated a hastily organized army of those who wished to overthrow the Medici and restore the Republic of Florence.
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Bavaria
Bavaria (Bavarian and Bayern), officially the Free State of Bavaria (Freistaat Bayern), is a landlocked federal state of Germany, occupying its southeastern corner.
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Bernard of Clairvaux
Bernard of Clairvaux, O.Cist (Bernardus Claraevallensis; 109020 August 1153) was a French abbot and a major leader in the reform of Benedictine monasticism that caused the formation of the Cistercian order.
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Blessed Gerard
The Blessed Gerard (c. 1040 – 3 September 1120) was a lay brother in the Benedictine order who was appointed as rector of the hospice in Jerusalem in 1080, and who, in the wake of the success of the First Crusade in 1099, became the founder of the Order of St John of Jerusalem (Knights Hospitaller) (papal recognition in 1113).
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Blood of Jesus Christ (military order)
Blood of Jesus Christ, or Blood of Christ, was a military order instituted at Mantua by Vincenzo I Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua, approved on 25 May 1608 by Pope Paul V. The motto of the order was Domine probasti me, or that Nihil hoc triste recepto.
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Bohemia
Bohemia (Čechy;; Czechy; Bohême; Bohemia; Boemia) is the westernmost and largest historical region of the Czech lands in the present-day Czech Republic.
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Bologna
Bologna (Bulåggna; Bononia) is the capital and largest city of the Emilia-Romagna Region in Northern Italy.
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Byzantine Empire
The Byzantine Empire, also referred to as the Eastern Roman Empire and Byzantium, was the continuation of the Roman Empire in its eastern provinces during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages, when its capital city was Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul, which had been founded as Byzantium).
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Calatrava la Vieja
Calatrava la Vieja (formerly just Calatrava) is a medieval site and original nucleus of the Order of Calatrava.
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Camino de Santiago
The Camino de Santiago (Peregrinatio Compostellana, "Pilgrimage of Compostela"; O Camiño de Santiago), known in English as the Way of Saint James among other names, is a network of pilgrims' ways serving pilgrimage to the shrine of the apostle Saint James the Great in the cathedral of Santiago de Compostela in Galicia in northwestern Spain, where tradition has it that the remains of the saint are buried.
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Cardinal (Catholic Church)
A cardinal (Sanctae Romanae Ecclesiae cardinalis, literally Cardinal of the Holy Roman Church) is a senior ecclesiastical leader, considered a Prince of the Church, and usually an ordained bishop of the Roman Catholic Church.
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Castilla–La Mancha
Castilla–La Mancha (or Castile–La Mancha) is an autonomous community of Spain.
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Catholic Church
The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with more than 1.299 billion members worldwide.
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Catholic Encyclopedia
The Catholic Encyclopedia: An International Work of Reference on the Constitution, Doctrine, Discipline, and History of the Catholic Church, also referred to as the Old Catholic Encyclopedia and the Original Catholic Encyclopedia, is an English-language encyclopedia published in the United States and designed to serve the Roman Catholic Church.
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Catholic religious order
Catholic religious order is a religious order of the Catholic Church.
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Charles I of Hungary
Charles I, also known as Charles Robert (Károly Róbert; Karlo Robert; Karol Róbert; 128816 July 1342) was King of Hungary and Croatia from 1308 to his death.
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Charles III of Spain
Charles III (Spanish: Carlos; Italian: Carlo; 20 January 1716 – 14 December 1788) was King of Spain and the Spanish Indies (1759–1788), after ruling Naples as Charles VII and Sicily as Charles V (1734–1759), kingdoms he abdicated to his son Ferdinand.
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Christian
A Christian is a person who follows or adheres to Christianity, an Abrahamic, monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ.
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Clergy
Clergy are some of the main and important formal leaders within certain religions.
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Confraternity of Belchite
The Confraternity of Belchite was an "experimental" community of knights founded in 1122 by Alfonso the Battler, king of Aragon and Navarre, and lasting until shortly after 1136.
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Consecrated life
Consecrated life, in the canon law of the Catholic Church, is a stable form of Christian living by those faithful who are called to follow Jesus Christ in a more exacting way recognized by the Church.
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Convent
A convent is either a community of priests, religious brothers, religious sisters, or nuns; or the building used by the community, particularly in the Catholic Church and the Anglican Communion.
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Cosimo I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany
Cosimo I de' Medici (12 June 1519 – 21 April 1574) was the second Duke of Florence from 1537 until 1569, when he became the first Grand Duke of Tuscany, a title he held until his death.
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Crusades
The Crusades were a series of religious wars sanctioned by the Latin Church in the medieval period.
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Custody of the Holy Land
The Custody of the Holy Land (Latin: Custodia Terræ Sanctæ) is a custodian priory of the Franciscan order in Jerusalem, founded as Province of the Holy Land in 1217 by Saint Francis of Assisi, who also founded the Franciscan Order.
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Daniel of Galicia
Daniel of Galicia (Данило Романович (Галицький): Danylo Romanovych (Halytskyi); Old Ruthenian: Данило Романовичъ: Danylo Romanovyčъ; Daniel I Romanowicz Halicki; 1201 – 1264) was a King of Ruthenia, Prince (Knyaz) of Galicia (Halych) (1205–1255), Peremyshl (1211), and Volodymyr (1212–1231).
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Decree
A decree is a rule of law usually issued by a head of state (such as the president of a republic or a monarch), according to certain procedures (usually established in a constitution).
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Denis of Portugal
Denis (9 October 1261 – 7 January 1325 in Santarém), called the Farmer King (Rei Lavrador) and the Poet King (Rei Poeta), was King of Portugal and the Algarve.
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Dobrzyń Land
Dobrzyń Land (ziemia dobrzyńska) is a historic region, with the capital in the town of Dobrzyń nad Wisłą, in central-northern Poland, within the Greater Poland, between Mazovia and Prussia.
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Dominican Order
The Order of Preachers (Ordo Praedicatorum, postnominal abbreviation OP), also known as the Dominican Order, is a mendicant Catholic religious order founded by the Spanish priest Dominic of Caleruega in France, approved by Pope Honorius III via the Papal bull Religiosam vitam on 22 December 1216.
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Drohiczyn
Drohiczyn (Drohičinas, Дарагічын, Дорогочин, Дорогичин) is a town in Siemiatycze County, Podlaskie Voivodeship, Poland.
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Duke
A duke (male) or duchess (female) can either be a monarch ruling over a duchy or a member of royalty or nobility, historically of highest rank below the monarch.
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Early Muslim conquests
The early Muslim conquests (الفتوحات الإسلامية, al-Futūḥāt al-Islāmiyya) also referred to as the Arab conquests and early Islamic conquests began with the Islamic prophet Muhammad in the 7th century.
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Eastern Europe
Eastern Europe is the eastern part of the European continent.
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Edict
An edict is a decree or announcement of a law, often associated with monarchism, but it can be under any official authority.
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Emperor
An emperor (through Old French empereor from Latin imperator) is a monarch, usually the sovereign ruler of an empire or another type of imperial realm.
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England
England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom.
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Evangelical counsels
The three evangelical counsels or counsels of perfection in Christianity are chastity, poverty (or perfect charity), and obedience.
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Extremadura
Extremadura (is an autonomous community of western Iberian Peninsula whose capital city is Mérida, recognised by the State of Autonomy of Extremadura. It is made up of the two largest provinces of Spain: Cáceres and Badajoz. It is bordered by the provinces of Salamanca and Ávila (Castile and León) to the north; by provinces of Toledo and Ciudad Real (Castile–La Mancha) to the east, and by the provinces of Huelva, Seville, and Córdoba (Andalusia) to the south; and by Portugal to the west. Its official language is Spanish. It is an important area for wildlife, particularly with the major reserve at Monfragüe, which was designated a National Park in 2007, and the International Tagus River Natural Park (Parque Natural Tajo Internacional). The government of Extremadura is called. The Day of Extremadura is celebrated on 8 September. It coincides with the Catholic festivity of Our Lady of Guadalupe.
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Fall of Constantinople
The Fall of Constantinople (Ἅλωσις τῆς Κωνσταντινουπόλεως, Halōsis tēs Kōnstantinoupoleōs; İstanbul'un Fethi Conquest of Istanbul) was the capture of the capital of the Byzantine Empire by an invading Ottoman army on 29 May 1453.
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Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor
Ferdinand II (9 July 1578 – 15 February 1637), a member of the House of Habsburg, was Holy Roman Emperor (1619–1637), King of Bohemia (1617–1619, 1620–1637), and King of Hungary (1618–1637).
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Ferdinand III of Castile
Ferdinand III (Spanish: Fernando III), 1199/1201 – 30 May 1252, called the Saint (el Santo), was King of Castile from 1217 and King of León from 1230 as well as King of Galicia from 1231.
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Ferdinand VII of Spain
Ferdinand VII (Fernando; 14 October 1784 – 29 September 1833) was twice King of Spain: in 1808 and again from 1813 to his death.
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First Crusade
The First Crusade (1095–1099) was the first of a number of crusades that attempted to recapture the Holy Land, called for by Pope Urban II at the Council of Clermont in 1095.
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France
France, officially the French Republic (République française), is a sovereign state whose territory consists of metropolitan France in Western Europe, as well as several overseas regions and territories.
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Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor
Frederick II (26 December 1194 – 13 December 1250; Fidiricu, Federico, Friedrich) was King of Sicily from 1198, King of Germany from 1212, King of Italy and Holy Roman Emperor from 1220 and King of Jerusalem from 1225.
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Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor
Frederick III (21 September 1415 – 19 August 1493), was Holy Roman Emperor from 1452 until his death.
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French Revolution
The French Revolution (Révolution française) was a period of far-reaching social and political upheaval in France and its colonies that lasted from 1789 until 1799.
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Fulk, King of Jerusalem
Fulk (Fulco, Foulque or Foulques; c. 1089/92 – 13 November 1143), also known as Fulk the Younger, was the Count of Anjou (as Fulk V) from 1109 to 1129 and the King of Jerusalem from 1131 to his death.
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Fulling
Fulling, also known as tucking or walking (spelt waulking in Scotland), is a step in woollen clothmaking which involves the cleansing of cloth (particularly wool) to eliminate oils, dirt, and other impurities, and making it thicker.
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Gabriel
Gabriel (lit, lit, ⲅⲁⲃⲣⲓⲏⲗ, ܓܒܪܝܝܠ), in the Abrahamic religions, is an archangel who typically serves as God's messenger.
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Gerhard VII, Duke of Jülich-Berg
Gerhard VII, Duke of Jülich-Berg (– 19 August 1475) was the son of William VIII of Jülich, Count of Ravensberg and Adelheid of Tecklenburg.
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Godfrey of Bouillon
Godfrey of Bouillon (18 September 1060 – 18 July 1100) was a Frankish knight and one of the leaders of the First Crusade from 1096 until its conclusion in 1099.
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Grand Master (order)
Grand Master (Magister generalis; Großmeister) is a title of the supreme head of various orders, including chivalric orders such as military orders and dynastic orders of knighthood.
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Henry IV of France
Henry IV (Henri IV, read as Henri-Quatre; 13 December 1553 – 14 May 1610), also known by the epithet Good King Henry, was King of Navarre (as Henry III) from 1572 to 1610 and King of France from 1589 to 1610.
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Hierarchy of the Catholic Church
The hierarchy of the Catholic Church consists of its bishops, priests, and deacons.
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Holy Land
The Holy Land (Hebrew: אֶרֶץ הַקּוֹדֶשׁ, Terra Sancta; Arabic: الأرض المقدسة) is an area roughly located between the Jordan River and the Mediterranean Sea that also includes the Eastern Bank of the Jordan River.
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Holy Roman Empire
The Holy Roman Empire (Sacrum Romanum Imperium; Heiliges Römisches Reich) was a multi-ethnic but mostly German complex of territories in central Europe that developed during the Early Middle Ages and continued until its dissolution in 1806.
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Honorific
An honorific is a title that conveys esteem or respect for position or rank when used in addressing or referring to a person.
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Hospice
Hospice care is a type of care and philosophy of care that focuses on the palliation of a chronically ill, terminally ill or seriously ill patient's pain and symptoms, and attending to their emotional and spiritual needs.
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House of Aviz
The House of Aviz (modern Portuguese: Avis) known as the Joanine Dynasty was the second dynasty of the kings of Portugal.
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House of Bourbon
The House of Bourbon is a European royal house of French origin, a branch of the Capetian dynasty.
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House of Braganza
The Most Serene House of Braganza (Sereníssima Casa de Bragança), or the Brigantine Dynasty (Dinastia Brigantina), also known in the Empire of Brazil as the Most August House of Braganza (Augustíssima Casa de Bragança), is a dynasty of emperors, kings, princes, and dukes of Portuguese origin, a branch of the House of Aviz.
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House of France
The term House of France refers to the branch of the Capetian dynasty which provided the Kings of France following the election of Hugh Capet.
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House of Savoy
The House of Savoy (Casa Savoia) is a royal family that was established in 1003 in the historical Savoy region. Through gradual expansion, the family grew in power from ruling a small county in the Alps of northern Italy to absolute rule of the kingdom of Sicily in 1713 to 1720 (exchanged for Sardinia). Through its junior branch, the House of Savoy-Carignano, it led the unification of Italy in 1861 and ruled the Kingdom of Italy from 1861 until 1946 and, briefly, the Kingdom of Spain in the 19th century. The Savoyard kings of Italy were Victor Emmanuel II, Umberto I, Victor Emmanuel III, and Umberto II. The last monarch ruled for a few weeks before being deposed following the Constitutional Referendum of 1946, after which the Italian Republic was proclaimed.
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Hugues de Payens
Hugues de Payens or Payns (1070 – 24 May 1136) was the co-founder and first Grand Master of the Knights Templar.
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Hungarian nobility
The Hungarian nobility consisted of a privileged group of people, most of whom owned landed property, in the Kingdom of Hungary.
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Hungary
Hungary (Magyarország) is a country in Central Europe that covers an area of in the Carpathian Basin, bordered by Slovakia to the north, Ukraine to the northeast, Austria to the northwest, Romania to the east, Serbia to the south, Croatia to the southwest, and Slovenia to the west.
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Iberian Peninsula
The Iberian Peninsula, also known as Iberia, is located in the southwest corner of Europe.
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International Commission on Orders of Chivalry
The International Commission for Orders of Chivalry (ICOC; Italian: Commissione internazionale permanente per lo studio degli ordini cavallereschi) is a privately run, privately funded organisation composed of scholars on chivalric matters and systems of awards.
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Israel
Israel, officially the State of Israel, is a country in the Middle East, on the southeastern shore of the Mediterranean Sea and the northern shore of the Red Sea.
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Italy
Italy (Italia), officially the Italian Republic (Repubblica Italiana), is a sovereign state in Europe.
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Jerusalem
Jerusalem (יְרוּשָׁלַיִם; القُدس) is a city in the Middle East, located on a plateau in the Judaean Mountains between the Mediterranean and the Dead Sea.
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John I of Castile
John I (Juan I; 24 August 1358 – 9 October 1390) was King of the Crown of Castile from 1379 until 1390.
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John VI of Portugal
John VI (Portuguese: João VI; –), nicknamed "the Clement", was King of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves from 1816 to 1825.
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José Antonio Conde
José Antonio Conde y García (1766–1820) was a Spanish Orientalist and historian of Al-Andalus period.
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Joseph von Hammer-Purgstall
Baron Joseph Freiherr von Hammer-Purgstall (9 June 1774 in Graz – 23 November 1856 in Vienna) was an Austrian orientalist and historian.
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Kiev
Kiev or Kyiv (Kyiv; Kiyev; Kyjev) is the capital and largest city of Ukraine, located in the north central part of the country on the Dnieper.
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King
King, or King Regnant is the title given to a male monarch in a variety of contexts.
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Kingdom of Castile
The Kingdom of Castile (Reino de Castilla, Regnum Castellae) was a large and powerful state on the Iberian Peninsula during the Middle Ages.
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Kingdom of Jerusalem
The Latin Kingdom of Jerusalem was a crusader state established in the Southern Levant by Godfrey of Bouillon in 1099 after the First Crusade.
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Kingdom of Sardinia
The Kingdom of SardiniaThe name of the state was originally Latin: Regnum Sardiniae, or Regnum Sardiniae et Corsicae when the kingdom was still considered to include Corsica.
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Knight
A knight is a person granted an honorary title of knighthood by a monarch, bishop or other political leader for service to the monarch or a Christian Church, especially in a military capacity.
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Knights Hospitaller
The Order of Knights of the Hospital of Saint John of Jerusalem (Ordo Fratrum Hospitalis Sancti Ioannis Hierosolymitani), also known as the Order of Saint John, Order of Hospitallers, Knights Hospitaller, Knights Hospitalier or Hospitallers, was a medieval Catholic military order.
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Knights of Saint Thomas
The Hospitallers of St Thomas of Canterbury at Acre, usually called the Knights of St Thomas was a Christian military order of the Catholic Church.
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Knights of the Cross with the Red Star
The Knights of the Cross with the Red Star or Military Order of the Crusaders of the Red Star (Křižovnický řád rytířů s červenou hvězdou; Kreuzherren mit dem Roten Stern; Ordo Militaris Crucigerorum cum Rubea Stella, Canonici Regulares Sanctissimae Crucis a stella rubea, Crucigeri cum rubea stella, Crucigeri stellati, Stelliferi) is a religious Order originating from Bohemia, devoted mainly to offering medical care.
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Knights Templar
The Poor Fellow-Soldiers of Christ and of the Temple of Solomon (Pauperes commilitones Christi Templique Salomonici), also known as the Order of Solomon's Temple, the Knights Templar or simply as Templars, were a Catholic military order recognised in 1139 by papal bull Omne Datum Optimum of the Holy See.
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Laity
A layperson (also layman or laywoman) is a person who is not qualified in a given profession and/or does not have specific knowledge of a certain subject.
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Latin Patriarchate of Jerusalem
Latin Patriarchate of Jerusalem (Patriarchatus Latinus Hierosolymitanus) is the title of the see of Catholic Archbishop of Jerusalem.
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León, Spain
León is the capital of the province of León, located in the northwest of Spain.
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Lemnos
Lemnos (Λήμνος) is a Greek island in the northern part of the Aegean Sea.
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Liberal Wars
The Liberal Wars, also known as the Portuguese Civil War, the War of the Two Brothers or Miguelite War, was a war between progressive constitutionalists and authoritarian absolutists in Portugal over royal succession that lasted from 1828 to 1834.
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List of Princes and Grand Masters of the Knights Hospitaller
This is a list of Princes and Grand Masters of the Knights Hospitaller including the claimed predecessor Sovereign Military Order of Malta, starting with the founder Gerard Thom (established in 1099 and given papal recognition in 1113 by Paschal II).
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List of rulers of Tuscany
The rulers of Tuscany have varied over time, sometimes being margraves, the rulers of handfuls of border counties and sometimes the heads of the most important family of the region.
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Livonian Brothers of the Sword
The Livonian Brothers of the Sword (Fratres militiæ Christi Livoniae, Schwertbrüderorden, Ordre des Chevaliers Porte-Glaive) was a Catholic military order established by Albert, the third bishop of Riga (or possibly by Theoderich von Treyden), in 1202.
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Livonian Order
The Livonian Order was an autonomous branch of the Teutonic Order, formed in 1237.
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Loderingo degli Andalò
Loderingo degli Andalò (1210–1293) was an Italian nobleman from a Bolognese Ghibelline family.
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Louis XIV of France
Louis XIV (Louis Dieudonné; 5 September 16381 September 1715), known as Louis the Great (Louis le Grand) or the Sun King (Roi Soleil), was a monarch of the House of Bourbon who reigned as King of France from 1643 until his death in 1715.
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Mantua
Mantua (Mantova; Emilian and Latin: Mantua) is a city and comune in Lombardy, Italy, and capital of the province of the same name.
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Matilda of Tuscany
Matilda of Tuscany (Italian: Matilde di Canossa, Latin: Matilda, Mathilda; 1046 – 24 July 1115) was a powerful feudal Margravine of Tuscany, ruler in northern Italy and the chief Italian supporter of Pope Gregory VII during the Investiture Controversy; in addition, she was one of the few medieval women to be remembered for her military accomplishments, thanks to which she was able to dominate all the territories north of the Church States.
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Mediterranean Sea
The Mediterranean Sea is a sea connected to the Atlantic Ocean, surrounded by the Mediterranean Basin and almost completely enclosed by land: on the north by Southern Europe and Anatolia, on the south by North Africa and on the east by the Levant.
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Middle Ages
In the history of Europe, the Middle Ages (or Medieval Period) lasted from the 5th to the 15th century.
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Miguel I of Portugal
Dom Miguel I (English: Michael I; 26 October 1802 – 14 November 1866), "the Absolutist" ("o Absolutista") or "the Traditionalist" ("o Tradicionalista"), was the King of Portugal between 1828 and 1834, the seventh child and third son of King João VI (John VI) and his queen, Carlota Joaquina of Spain.
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Military
A military or armed force is a professional organization formally authorized by a sovereign state to use lethal or deadly force and weapons to support the interests of the state.
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Military Order of Cross-bearers with the Red Star on a Blue Field
The Betlemitani or Military order of cross-bearers with the red star on a blue field was a military order active in the 12th to 15th centuries.
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Militia
A militia is generally an army or some other fighting organization of non-professional soldiers, citizens of a nation, or subjects of a state, who can be called upon for military service during a time of need, as opposed to a professional force of regular, full-time military personnel, or historically, members of a warrior nobility class (e.g., knights or samurai).
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Militia of Jesus Christ
The Militia of Jesus Christ (Milizia di Gesù Cristo) was a military order in Lombardy during the High Middle Ages.
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Militia of the Faith of Jesus Christ
The Militia or Order of the (Holy) Faith of Jesus Christ (Militia Jesu Christi) was an ephemeral military order founded in Languedoc in or shortly before 1221.
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Monasticism
Monasticism (from Greek μοναχός, monachos, derived from μόνος, monos, "alone") or monkhood is a religious way of life in which one renounces worldly pursuits to devote oneself fully to spiritual work.
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Monreal del Campo
Monreal del Campo is a municipality located in the province of Teruel, Aragon, Spain.
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Muslim
A Muslim (مُسلِم) is someone who follows or practices Islam, a monotheistic Abrahamic religion.
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Nobility
Nobility is a social class in aristocracy, normally ranked immediately under royalty, that possesses more acknowledged privileges and higher social status than most other classes in a society and with membership thereof typically being hereditary.
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Normans
The Normans (Norman: Normaunds; Normands; Normanni) were the people who, in the 10th and 11th centuries, gave their name to Normandy, a region in France.
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Nun
A nun is a member of a religious community of women, typically living under vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience in the enclosure of a monastery.
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Officer (armed forces)
An officer is a member of an armed force or uniformed service who holds a position of authority.
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Old Prussians
Old Prussians or Baltic Prussians (Old Prussian: Prūsai; Pruzzen or Prußen; Pruteni; Prūši; Prūsai; Prusowie; Prësowié) refers to the indigenous peoples from a cluster of Baltic tribes that inhabited the region of Prussia.
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Order (distinction)
An order is a visible honour awarded by a sovereign state, monarch, dynastic royal house or organisation to a recipient, typically in recognition of individual merit, that often comes with distinctive insignia such as collars, medals, badges, and sashes worn by recipients.
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Order of Alcántara
The Order of Alcántara (Leonese: Orde de Alcántara, Orden de Alcántara), also called the Knights of St.
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Order of Aubrac
The Order of Aubrac was a hospitaller and military order founded, with its headquarters at Aubrac in the Diocese of Rodez, in the mid-twelfth century.
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Order of Aviz
The Military Order of Aviz (Ordem Militar de Avis), previously to 1910 Royal Military Order of Aviz (Ordem Real Militar de Avis), previously to 1789 Knights (of the Order) of Saint Benedict of Aviz (Ordem de São Bento de Aviz) or Friars of Santa Maria of Évora, is a Portuguese order of chivalry, founded in Portugal in 1146.
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Order of Calatrava
The Order of Calatrava (Orden de Calatrava Ordem de Calatrava) was the first military order founded in Castile, but the second to receive papal approval.
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Order of chivalry
A chivalric order, order of chivalry, order of knighthood or equestrian order is an order, confraternity or society of knights typically founded during or in inspiration of the original Catholic military orders of the Crusades (circa 1099-1291), paired with medieval concepts of ideals of chivalry.
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Order of Christ (Portugal)
The Military Order of Christ (Ordem Militar de Cristo), previously the Order of the Knights of Our Lord Jesus Christ (Ordem dos Cavaleiros de Nosso Senhor Jesus Cristo), was the former Knights Templar order as it was reconstituted in Portugal after the Templars were abolished on 22 March 1312 by the papal bull, Vox in excelso, issued by Pope Clement V. The Order of Christ was founded in 1319, with the protection of the Portuguese king, Denis I, who refused to pursue and persecute the former knights as had occurred in all the other sovereign states under the political influence of the Catholic Church.
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Order of Dobrzyń
The Order of Dobrzyń (Zakon Dobrzyński) or Order of Dobrin (Orden von Dobrin), also known as the Brothers of Dobrzyń (Bracia Dobrzyńscy), was a military order created in the borderland of Masovia and Prussia (today's Dobrzyń Land, Poland) during the 13th century Prussian Crusade to 'defend against Baltic Prussian raids'.
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Order of Monfragüe
The Order of Monfragüe (Orden de Monfragüe) was a Spanish military order founded at the castle of Monfragüe near Plasencia on the Tagus in 1196.
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Order of Montesa
The Order of Montesa (Ordre de Montesa, Aragonese and Orden de Montesa) is a Christian military order, territorially limited to the old Crown of Aragon.
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Order of Mountjoy
The Order of Mountjoy (Orden de Monte Gaudio) was a military order during the crusades.
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Order of Our Lady of Bethlehem
There were two military orders known as the Order of Our Lady of Bethlehem.
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Order of Our Lady of Mount Carmel
The Order of Our Lady of Mount Carmel was founded in 1608 by Pope Paul V at the request of King Henry IV of France.
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Order of Saint Anthony (Bavaria)
The Order of Saint Anthony was a Bavarian military order founded in 1382 by Duke Albert of Bavaria.
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Order of Saint Benedict
The Order of Saint Benedict (OSB; Latin: Ordo Sancti Benedicti), also known as the Black Monksin reference to the colour of its members' habitsis a Catholic religious order of independent monastic communities that observe the Rule of Saint Benedict.
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Order of Saint Blaise
The Order of Saint Blaise was an order founded in Armenia in the 12th century.
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Order of Saint George (House of Habsburg)
The Order of Saint George (Ordo militaris Sancti Georgii; St.) is an Austrian chivalric order founded by the Habsburg emperor Frederick III and Pope Paul II in 1469.
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Order of Saint George (Kingdom of Hungary)
The Order of St George, Szent György Vitézei Lovagrend, was the first secular chivalric order in the world and was established by King Charles I of Hungary in 1326.
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Order of Saint Hubert
The Royal Order of Saint Hubert is a Roman Catholic dynastic order of knighthood founded in 1444 or 1445 by Gerhard VII, Duke of Jülich-Berg.
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Order of Saint James of Altopascio
The Order of Saint James of Altopascio (Ordine di San Giacomo d'Altopascio or Ordine dei Frati Ospitalieri di San Jacopo), also called the Knights of the Tau (Cavalieri del Tau) or Hospitallers of Saint James, was a military order, perhaps the earliest Christian institution to combine the protection and assistance of pilgrims, the staffing of hospitals, and a military wing.
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Order of Saint Lazarus
The Order of Saint Lazarus of Jerusalem was a Catholic military order founded by crusaders around 1119 at a leper hospital in Jerusalem, Kingdom of Jerusalem, whose care became its original purpose, named after their patron saint, Lazarus.
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Order of Saint Mary of Spain
The Order of Saint Mary of Spain (Spanish: Orden de Santa María de España), also known as the Order of the Star, was a Spanish military order concentrating in naval activity created by Alfonso X of Castile, King of León and Castile in 1270.
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Order of Saint Michael of the Wing
The Royal Equestrian and Military Order of Saint Michael of the Wing (Ordo equitum Sancte Michaelis sive de Ala, Real Ordem Equestre e Militar de São Miguel da Ala), also called the Order of Saint Michael of the Wing, is a Portuguese Roman Catholic dynastic order that is believed to have been founded in 1147 in the Alcobaça Monastery in Alcobaça, Portugal, by King Afonso I of Portugal, in commemoration of the Conquest of Santarém from the Moors in 1147.
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Order of Saint Stephen
The Order of Saint Stephen (Official: Sacro Militare Ordine di Santo Stefano Papa e Martire, "Holy Military Order of St. Stephen Pope and Martyr") is a Roman Catholic Tuscan dynastic military order founded in 1561.
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Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus
The Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus (Ordine dei Santi Maurizio e Lazzaro) is a Roman Catholic dynastic order of knighthood bestowed by the House of Savoy, founded in 1572 by Emmanuel Philibert, Duke of Savoy, through amalgamation approved by Pope Gregory XIII of the Order of Saint Maurice, founded in 1434, with the medieval Order of Saint Lazarus, founded circa 1119, considered its sole legitimate successor.
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Order of Sant Jordi d'Alfama
Knights of Saint George (Catalan: Sant Jordi d'Alfama) appear at different historical periods and in different countries as mutually independent bodies having nothing in common but the veneration of Saint George, the patron saint of knighthood.
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Order of Santiago
The Order of Santiago (Orde de Santiago, Orden de Santiago), also known as "The Order of St.
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Order of the Band
The Order of the Band, Knights of the Band, or Equites Bindae, were a military order in Spain, instituted by Alfonso XI, King of Castile in 1332.
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Order of the Blessed Virgin Mary
The Order of the Blessed Virgin Mary (Frati della Beata Gloriosa Vergine Maria; Ordo Militiae Mariae Gloriosae), also called the Order of Saint Mary of the Tower or the Order of the Knights of the Mother of God, commonly the Knights of Saint Mary, was a military order founded in 1261.
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Order of the Dove
The Order of the Dove (meaning Order of the Pigeon, as the Spanish word paloma is used to refer both doves and pigeons), was a short lived military order which lasted only for a year.
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Order of the Dragon
The Order of the Dragon (Societas Draconistarum, literally "Society of the Dragonists") was a monarchical chivalric order for selected nobility,Florescu and McNally, Dracula, Prince of Many Faces.
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Order of the Faith and Peace
The Order of the Faith and Peace or Order of the Sword was a military order in Gascony in the mid-13th century.
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Order of the Holy Ghost
The Order of the Holy Ghost (also known as Hospitallers of the Holy Spirit) is a Roman Catholic religious order.
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Order of the Holy Sepulchre
The Equestrian Order of the Holy Sepulchre of Jerusalem (Ordo Equestris Sancti Sepulcri Hierosolymitani, OESSH), also called Order of the Holy Sepulchre or Knights of the Holy Sepulchre, is a Roman Catholic order of knighthood under the protection of the Holy See.
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Order of the Most Holy Annunciation
The Order of the Most Holy Annunciation (Ordo SS.), also known as Turchine Nuns or Blue Nuns, is a Roman Catholic religious order of contemplative nuns formed in honour of the mystery of the Incarnation of Christ at Genoa, in Italy, by Blessed Maria Vittoria De Fornari Strata.
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Order of the Tower and Sword
The Military Order of the Tower and of the Sword, of Valour, Loyalty and Merit (Ordem Militar da Torre e Espada do Valor, Lealdade e Mérito) is a Portuguese order of knighthood and the pinnacle of the Portuguese honours system.
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Orders, decorations, and medals of the Holy See
The orders, decorations, and medals of the Holy See include titles, chivalric orders, distinctions and medals honoured by the Holy See, with the Pope as the fount of honour, for deeds and merits of their recipients to the benefit of the Holy See, the Catholic Church, or their respective communities, societies, nations and the world at large.
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Oriental studies
Oriental studies is the academic field of study that embraces Near Eastern and Far Eastern societies and cultures, languages, peoples, history and archaeology; in recent years the subject has often been turned into the newer terms of Asian studies and Middle Eastern studies.
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Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Empire (دولت عليه عثمانیه,, literally The Exalted Ottoman State; Modern Turkish: Osmanlı İmparatorluğu or Osmanlı Devleti), also historically known in Western Europe as the Turkish Empire"The Ottoman Empire-also known in Europe as the Turkish Empire" or simply Turkey, was a state that controlled much of Southeast Europe, Western Asia and North Africa between the 14th and early 20th centuries.
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Ottoman Turks
The Ottoman Turks (or Osmanlı Turks, Osmanlı Türkleri) were the Turkish-speaking population of the Ottoman Empire who formed the base of the state's military and ruling classes.
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Outremer
Outremer (outre-mer, meaning "overseas") was a general name used for the Crusader states; it originated after victories of Europeans in the First Crusade and was applied to the County of Edessa, the Principality of Antioch, the County of Tripoli, and especially the Kingdom of Jerusalem.
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Paganism
Paganism is a term first used in the fourth century by early Christians for populations of the Roman Empire who practiced polytheism, either because they were increasingly rural and provincial relative to the Christian population or because they were not milites Christi (soldiers of Christ).
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Papal bull
A papal bull is a type of public decree, letters patent, or charter issued by a pope of the Roman Catholic Church.
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Parma
Parma (Pärma) is a city in the northern Italian region of Emilia-Romagna famous for its prosciutto (ham), cheese, architecture, music and surrounding countryside.
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Peace and Truce of God
The Peace and Truce of God (Pax et treuga Dei; Gottesfrieden; Paix de Dieu; Pau i Treva de Déu) was a movement in the Middle Ages led by the Catholic Church.
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Pedro I of Brazil
Dom Pedro I (English: Peter I; 12 October 1798 – 24 September 1834), nicknamed "the Liberator", was the founder and first ruler of the Empire of Brazil.
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Persecution of Christians
The persecution of Christians can be historically traced from the first century of the Christian era to the present day.
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Philip III of Spain
Philip III (Felipe; 14 April 1578 – 31 March 1621) was King of Spain.
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Pilgrim
A pilgrim (from the Latin peregrinus) is a traveler (literally one who has come from afar) who is on a journey to a holy place.
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Poland
Poland (Polska), officially the Republic of Poland (Rzeczpospolita Polska), is a country located in Central Europe.
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Pontificate
Pontificate is the form of government used in Vatican City.
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Pope
The pope (papa from πάππας pappas, a child's word for "father"), also known as the supreme pontiff (from Latin pontifex maximus "greatest priest"), is the Bishop of Rome and therefore ex officio the leader of the worldwide Catholic Church.
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Pope Alexander III
Pope Alexander III (c. 1100/1105 – 30 August 1181), born Roland of Siena, was Pope from 7 September 1159 to his death in 1181.
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Pope Alexander IV
Pope Alexander IV (1199 or ca. 1185 – 25 May 1261) was Pope from 12 December 1254 to his death in 1261.
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Pope Alexander VI
Pope Alexander VI, born Rodrigo de Borja (de Borja, Rodrigo Lanzol y de Borja; 1 January 1431 – 18 August 1503), was Pope from 11 August 1492 until his death.
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Pope Alexander VII
Pope Alexander VII (13 February 159922 May 1667), born Fabio Chigi, was Pope from 7 April 1655 to his death in 1667.
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Pope Callixtus II
Pope Callixtus II or Callistus II (c. 1065 – 13 December 1124), born Guy of Burgundy, was pope of the western Christian church from 1 February 1119 to his death in 1124.
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Pope Clement V
Pope Clement V (Clemens V; c. 1264 – 20 April 1314), born Raymond Bertrand de Got (also occasionally spelled de Guoth and de Goth), was Pope from 5 June 1305 to his death in 1314.
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Pope Gregory IX
Pope Gregory IX Gregorius IX (born Ugolino di Conti; c. 1145 or before 1170 – 22 August 1241), was Pope from 19 March 1227 to his death in 1241.
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Pope Gregory XIII
Pope Gregory XIII (Gregorius XIII; 7 January 1502 – 10 April 1585), born Ugo Boncompagni, was Pope of the Catholic Church from 13 May 1572 to his death in 1585.
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Pope Honorius II
Pope Honorius II (9 February 1060 – 13 February 1130), born Lamberto Scannabecchi,Levillain, pg.
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Pope Innocent III
Pope Innocent III (Innocentius III; 1160 or 1161 – 16 July 1216), born Lotario dei Conti di Segni (anglicized as Lothar of Segni) reigned from 8 January 1198 to his death in 1216.
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Pope Innocent VIII
Pope Innocent VIII (Innocentius VIII; 1432 – 25 July 1492), born Giovanni Battista Cybo (or Cibo), was Pope from 29 August 1484 to his death in 1492.
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Pope Julius III
Pope Julius III (Iulius III; 10 September 1487 – 23 March 1555), born Giovanni Maria Ciocchi del Monte, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 7 February 1550 to his death in 1555.
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Pope Leo IX
Pope Leo IX (21 June 1002 – 19 April 1054), born Bruno of Egisheim-Dagsburg, was Pope from 12 February 1049 to his death in 1054.
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Pope Nicholas IV
Pope Nicholas IV (Nicolaus IV; 30 September 1227 – 4 April 1292), born Girolamo Masci, Pope from 22 February 1288 to his death in 1292.
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Pope Paschal II
Pope Paschal II (Paschalis II; 1050 1055 – 21 January 1118), born Ranierius, was Pope from 13 August 1099 to his death in 1118.
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Pope Paul II
Pope Paul II (Paulus II; 23 February 1417 – 26 July 1471), born Pietro Barbo, was Pope from 30 August 1464 to his death in 1471.
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Pope Paul V
Pope Paul V (Paulus V; Paolo V) (17 September 1550 – 28 January 1621), born Camillo Borghese, was Pope from 16 May 1605 to his death in 1621.
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Pope Pius II
Pope Pius II (Pius PP., Pio II), born Enea Silvio Bartolomeo Piccolomini (Aeneas Silvius Bartholomeus; 18 October 1405 – 14 August 1464) was Pope from 19 August 1458 to his death in 1464.
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Pope Pius IV
Pope Pius IV (31 March 1499 – 9 December 1565), born Giovanni Angelo Medici, was Pope from 25 December 1559 to his death in 1565.
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Pope Pius IX
Pope Pius IX (Pio; 13 May 1792 – 7 February 1878), born Giovanni Maria Mastai-Ferretti, was head of the Catholic Church from 16 June 1846 to his death on 7 February 1878.
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Pope Pius X
Pope Saint Pius X (Pio), born Giuseppe Melchiorre Sarto, (2 June 1835 – 20 August 1914) was head of the Catholic Church from August 1903 to his death in 1914.
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Pope Sixtus V
Pope Sixtus V or Xystus V (13 December 1521 – 27 August 1590), born Felice Peretti di Montalto, was Pope of the Catholic Church from 24 April 1585 to his death in 1590.
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Pope Stephen I
Pope Stephen I (Stephanus I; died 2 August 257) was the Bishop of Rome from 12 May 254 to his death in 257.
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Pope Urban IV
Pope Urban IV (Urbanus IV; c. 1195 – 2 October 1264), born Jacques Pantaléon,Steven Runciman, The Sicilian Vespers: A History of the Mediterranean Word in the Later Thirteenth Century, (Cambridge University Press, 2000), 54.
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Portugal
Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa),In recognized minority languages of Portugal: Portugal is the oldest state in the Iberian Peninsula and one of the oldest in Europe, its territory having been continuously settled, invaded and fought over since prehistoric times.
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Princes of the Holy Roman Empire
Prince of the Holy Roman Empire (Reichsfürst, princeps imperii, see also: Fürst) was a title attributed to a hereditary ruler, nobleman or prelate recognised as such by the Holy Roman Emperor.
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Protestantism
Protestantism is the second largest form of Christianity with collectively more than 900 million adherents worldwide or nearly 40% of all Christians.
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Provence
Provence (Provençal: Provença in classical norm or Prouvènço in Mistralian norm) is a geographical region and historical province of southeastern France, which extends from the left bank of the lower Rhône River to the west to the Italian border to the east, and is bordered by the Mediterranean Sea to the south.
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Prussia
Prussia (Preußen) was a historically prominent German state that originated in 1525 with a duchy centred on the region of Prussia.
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Raymond of Fitero
Saint Raymond of Fitero (also known as Ramon Sierra, San Raimundo de Fitero) (*? - †Ciruelos, 1163) was a monk, abbot, and founder of the Order of Calatrava.
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Reconquista
The Reconquista (Spanish and Portuguese for the "reconquest") is a name used to describe the period in the history of the Iberian Peninsula of about 780 years between the Umayyad conquest of Hispania in 711 and the fall of the Nasrid kingdom of Granada to the expanding Christian kingdoms in 1492.
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Religious vows
Religious vows are the public vows made by the members of religious communities pertaining to their conduct, practices, and views.
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Ribat
A ribat (رِبَـاط; ribāṭ, hospice, hostel, base or retreat) is an Arabic term for a small fortification as built along a frontier during the first years of the Muslim conquest of North Africa to house military volunteers, called the murabitun.
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Rome
Rome (Roma; Roma) is the capital city of Italy and a special comune (named Comune di Roma Capitale).
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Royal Almanac
The Royal Almanac is a French administrative directory founded in 1683 by the bookseller Laurent d'Houry, which appeared under this title from 1700 to 1792, and under other titles until 1919.
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Royal Military and Hospitaller Order of Our Lady of Mount Carmel and Saint Lazarus of Jerusalem united
The Royal Military and Hospitaller Order of Our Lady of Mount Carmel and Saint Lazarus of Jerusalem united (French: Ordre royal militaire et hospitalier de Notre-Dame du Mont-Carmel et de Saint-Lazare de Jérusalem réuni) was a chivalric order instituted in 1608 by personal union of the medieval Order of Saint Lazarus in France and the new Order of Our Lady of Mount Carmel of King Henry IV of France.
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Sacred Military Constantinian Order of Saint George
The Sacred Military Constantinian Order of Saint George (Sacro militare ordine costantiniano di San Giorgio) is a Roman Catholic dynastic order of knighthood founded 1520–1545 by two brothers belonging to the Angeli Comneni family.
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Santarém, Portugal
Santarém is a city and municipality located in the district of Santarém in Portugal.
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Santo Spirito in Sassia
Church of the Holy Spirit in the Saxon District (Italian: La chiesa di Santo Spirito in Sassia) is a 12th-century titular church in Rome, Italy.
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Savoy
Savoy (Savouè,; Savoie; Savoia) is a cultural region in Western Europe.
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Shia Islam
Shia (شيعة Shīʿah, from Shīʻatu ʻAlī, "followers of Ali") is a branch of Islam which holds that the Islamic prophet Muhammad designated Ali ibn Abi Talib as his successor (Imam), most notably at the event of Ghadir Khumm.
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Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor
Sigismund of Luxembourg (15 February 1368 in Nuremberg – 9 December 1437 in Znaim, Moravia) was Prince-elector of Brandenburg from 1378 until 1388 and from 1411 until 1415, King of Hungary and Croatia from 1387, King of Germany from 1411, King of Bohemia from 1419, King of Italy from 1431, and Holy Roman Emperor for four years from 1433 until 1437, the last male member of the House of Luxembourg.
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Society of Jesus
The Society of Jesus (SJ – from Societas Iesu) is a scholarly religious congregation of the Catholic Church which originated in sixteenth-century Spain.
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Soldier
A soldier is one who fights as part of an army.
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Sovereign Military Order of Malta
The Sovereign Military Hospitaller Order of Saint John of Jerusalem, of Rhodes and of Malta (Supremus Ordo Militaris Hospitalis Sancti Ioannis Hierosolymitani Rhodius et Melitensis), also known as the Sovereign Military Order of Malta (SMOM) or the Order of Malta, is a Catholic lay religious order traditionally of military, chivalrous and noble nature.
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Spain
Spain (España), officially the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España), is a sovereign state mostly located on the Iberian Peninsula in Europe.
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Spanish military orders
The Spanish military orders or Spanish Medieval knights orders are a set of religious-military institutions which arose in the context of the Reconquista, the most important are arising in the 12th century in the Crowns of León and Castile (Order of Santiago, Order of Alcántara and Order of Calatrava) and in 14th century in the Crown of Aragon (Order of Montesa); preceded by many others that have not survived, such as the Aragonese Militia Christi of Alfonso of Aragon and Navarre, the Confraternity of Belchite (founded in 1122) or the Military order of Monreal (created in 1124), which after being refurbished by Alfonso VII of León and Castile took the name of Cesaraugustana and in 1149 with Ramon Berenguer IV, Count of Barcelona, are integrated into the Knights Templar.
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Spanish protectorate in Morocco
The Spanish protectorate in Morocco was established on 27 November 1912 by a treaty between France and Spain that converted the Spanish sphere of influence in Morocco into a formal protectorate.
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Statute
A statute is a formal written enactment of a legislative authority that governs a city, state, or country.
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Supreme Order of Christ
The Supreme Order of Christ (Ordine Supremo del Cristo) is the highest order of chivalry awarded by the Pope.
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Teresa of León, Countess of Portugal
Teresa of León (Portuguese: Teresa; Galician-Portuguese: Tareja) (1080 – 11 November 1130) was Countess and Queen of Portugal.
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Teutonic Order
The Order of Brothers of the German House of Saint Mary in Jerusalem (official names: Ordo domus Sanctæ Mariæ Theutonicorum Hierosolymitanorum, Orden der Brüder vom Deutschen Haus der Heiligen Maria in Jerusalem), commonly the Teutonic Order (Deutscher Orden, Deutschherrenorden or Deutschritterorden), is a Catholic religious order founded as a military order c. 1190 in Acre, Kingdom of Jerusalem.
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Third Order of Saint Dominic
The Third Order of Saint Dominic (properly referred to as the Lay Fraternities of St Dominic or Lay Dominicans since 1972) is a Roman Catholic third order affiliated with the Dominican Order.
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Thonon-les-Bains
Thonon-les-Bains (Tonon) is a town (commune) in the Haute-Savoie department in the Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes region in eastern France.
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Tuscany
Tuscany (Toscana) is a region in central Italy with an area of about and a population of about 3.8 million inhabitants (2013).
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Uclés
Uclés is a municipality located in the province of Cuenca, Castile-La Mancha, Spain.
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Vincenzo Gonzaga, Duke of Mantua
Vincenzo Ι Gonzaga (21 September 1562 – 9 February 1612) was ruler of the Duchy of Mantua and the Duchy of Montferrat from 1587 to 1612.
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Vox in excelso
Vox in excelso is the name of a Papal Bull issued by Pope Clement V in 1312.
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Western Europe
Western Europe is the region comprising the western part of Europe.
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5 October 1910 revolution
The 5 October 1910 revolution was the overthrow of the centuries-old Portuguese Monarchy and its replacement by the Portuguese Republic.
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Redirects here:
Catholic military order, Catholic military orders, Crusading Orders, Crusading order, Crusading orders, Knightly Order, Knightly Orders, Knightly orders, Lay religious, Military Order (society), Military Orders, Military Orders, The, Military monastic order, Military monastic orders, Military order (society), Military orders of the Crusades, Military religious orders, Orders, The Military, Sovereign order.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_order_(monastic_society)
