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114 relations: Abiogenesis, Acetogenesis, Acetyl group, Acetyl-CoA, Adenosine triphosphate, Amino acid, Anaerobic organism, Archaea, Bacteria, Bacterial phyla, Basal (phylogenetics), Biogenic substance, Carl Woese, Cell (biology), Cell division, Chargaff's rules, Charles Darwin, Chemiosmosis, Chirality (chemistry), Chloroflexi (phylum), Clade, Cladogram, Clostridium, Co-adaptation, Coenzyme A, Cofactor (biochemistry), Common descent, Corrin, Deoxyadenosine, Deoxycytidine, Deoxyguanosine, DNA, DNA ligase, DNA polymerase, DNA repair, DNA topoisomerase, Domain (biology), Earliest known life forms, Enzyme, Era, Eukaryote, Evolution, Ferredoxin, Firmicutes, Flavin mononucleotide, Fossil, Gene, Genetic code, Genetic distance, Graphite, ..., Histone, Horizontal gene transfer, Hydrothermal vent, Ion transporter, John Murray (publisher), Kitaa, Late Heavy Bombardment, Life, Magma, Messenger RNA, Metasedimentary rock, Methanogen, Methanogenesis, Methylation, Microbial mat, Microorganism, Molybdopterin, Monophyly, Most recent common ancestor, New Scientist, Non-coding DNA, Nucleoside, Nucleotide, Ocean, On the Origin of Species, Paleoarchean, Panspermia, Phylogenetic bracketing, Potassium, Prokaryotic large ribosomal subunit, Prokaryotic small ribosomal subunit, Protein, Protocell, Quebec, Ribosomal protein, Ribosomal RNA, Ribosome, RNA, RNA polymerase, Rust (color), S-Adenosyl methionine, Salinity, Sandstone, Seabed, Sedimentary rock, Selenium, Sodium, Temperature, The New York Times, Thioester, Thomas Cavalier-Smith, Three-domain system, Thymidine, Timeline of the evolutionary history of life, Transcription (biology), Transfer RNA, Transition metal, Translation (biology), Tree of life (biology), Uridine, Water, Western Australia, William F. Martin, Wood–Ljungdahl pathway. Expand index (64 more) »
Abiogenesis
Abiogenesis, or informally the origin of life,Compare: Also occasionally called biopoiesis.
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Acetogenesis
Acetogenesis is a process through which acetate is produced from CO2 and an electron source (e.g., H2, CO, formate, etc.) by anaerobic bacteria via the reductive acetyl-CoA or Wood-Ljungdahl pathway.
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Acetyl group
In organic chemistry, acetyl is a moiety, the acyl with chemical formula CH3CO.
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Acetyl-CoA
Acetyl-CoA (acetyl coenzyme A) is a molecule that participates in many biochemical reactions in protein, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism.
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Adenosine triphosphate
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a complex organic chemical that participates in many processes.
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Amino acid
Amino acids are organic compounds containing amine (-NH2) and carboxyl (-COOH) functional groups, along with a side chain (R group) specific to each amino acid.
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Anaerobic organism
An anaerobic organism or anaerobe is any organism that does not require oxygen for growth.
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Archaea
Archaea (or or) constitute a domain of single-celled microorganisms.
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Bacteria
Bacteria (common noun bacteria, singular bacterium) is a type of biological cell.
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Bacterial phyla
The bacterial phyla are the major lineages, known as phyla or divisions, of the domain Bacteria.
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Basal (phylogenetics)
In phylogenetics, basal is the direction of the base (or root) of a rooted phylogenetic tree or cladogram.
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Biogenic substance
A biogenic substance is a substance produced by life processes.
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Carl Woese
Carl Richard Woese (July 15, 1928 – December 30, 2012) was an American microbiologist and biophysicist.
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Cell (biology)
The cell (from Latin cella, meaning "small room") is the basic structural, functional, and biological unit of all known living organisms.
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Cell division
Cell division is the process by which a parent cell divides into two or more daughter cells.
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Chargaff's rules
Chargaff's rules state that DNA from any cell of all organisms should have a 1:1 ratio (base Pair Rule) of pyrimidine and purine bases and, more specifically, that the amount of guanine should be equal to cytosine and the amount of adenine should be equal to thymine.
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Charles Darwin
Charles Robert Darwin, (12 February 1809 – 19 April 1882) was an English naturalist, geologist and biologist, best known for his contributions to the science of evolution.
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Chemiosmosis
Chemiosmosis is the movement of ions across a semipermeable membrane, down their electrochemical gradient.
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Chirality (chemistry)
Chirality is a geometric property of some molecules and ions.
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Chloroflexi (phylum)
The Chloroflexi or Chlorobacteria are a phylum of bacteria containing isolates with a diversity of phenotypes including members that are aerobic thermophiles, which use oxygen and grow well in high temperatures, anoxygenic phototrophs, which use light for photosynthesis (green non-sulfur bacteria), and anaerobic halorespirers, which uses halogenated organics (such as the toxic chlorinated ethenes and polychlorinated biphenyls) as electron acceptors.
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Clade
A clade (from κλάδος, klados, "branch"), also known as monophyletic group, is a group of organisms that consists of a common ancestor and all its lineal descendants, and represents a single "branch" on the "tree of life".
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Cladogram
A cladogram (from Greek clados "branch" and gramma "character") is a diagram used in cladistics to show relations among organisms.
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Clostridium
Clostridium is a genus of Gram-positive bacteria, which includes several significant human pathogens, including the causative agent of botulism and an important cause of diarrhea, Clostridium difficile.
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Co-adaptation
In biology, co-adaptation is the process by which two or more species, genes or phenotypic traits undergo adaptation as a pair or group.
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Coenzyme A
Coenzyme A (CoA,SCoA,CoASH) is a coenzyme, notable for its role in the synthesis and oxidation of fatty acids, and the oxidation of pyruvate in the citric acid cycle.
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Cofactor (biochemistry)
A cofactor is a non-protein chemical compound or metallic ion that is required for an enzyme's activity.
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Common descent
Common descent describes how, in evolutionary biology, a group of organisms share a most recent common ancestor.
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Corrin
Corrin is a heterocyclic compound.
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Deoxyadenosine
Deoxyadenosine (symbol dA or dAdo) is a deoxyribonucleoside.
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Deoxycytidine
Deoxycytidine is a deoxyribonucleoside, a component of deoxyribonucleic acid.
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Deoxyguanosine
Deoxyguanosine is composed of the purine nucleobase guanine linked by its N9 nitrogen to the C1 carbon of deoxyribose.
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DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a thread-like chain of nucleotides carrying the genetic instructions used in the growth, development, functioning and reproduction of all known living organisms and many viruses.
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DNA ligase
DNA ligase is a specific type of enzyme, a ligase, that facilitates the joining of DNA strands together by catalyzing the formation of a phosphodiester bond.
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DNA polymerase
DNA polymerases are enzymes that synthesize DNA molecules from deoxyribonucleotides, the building blocks of DNA.
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DNA repair
DNA repair is a collection of processes by which a cell identifies and corrects damage to the DNA molecules that encode its genome.
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DNA topoisomerase
DNA topoisomerase or Topoisomerase(type I DNA topoisomerase, untwisting enzyme, relaxing enzyme, nicking-closing enzyme, swivelase, omega-protein, deoxyribonucleate topoisomerase) is an enzyme with systematic name DNA topoisomerase.
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Domain (biology)
In biological taxonomy, a domain (Latin: regio), also superkingdom or empire, is the highest taxonomic rank of organisms in the three-domain system of taxonomy designed by Carl Woese, an American microbiologist and biophysicist.
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Earliest known life forms
The earliest known life forms on Earth are putative fossilized microorganisms found in hydrothermal vent precipitates.
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Enzyme
Enzymes are macromolecular biological catalysts.
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Era
An era is a span of time defined for the purposes of chronology or historiography, as in the regnal eras in the history of a given monarchy, a calendar era used for a given calendar, or the geological eras defined for the history of Earth.
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Eukaryote
Eukaryotes are organisms whose cells have a nucleus enclosed within membranes, unlike Prokaryotes (Bacteria and other Archaea).
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Evolution
Evolution is change in the heritable characteristics of biological populations over successive generations.
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Ferredoxin
Ferredoxins (from Latin ferrum: iron + redox, often abbreviated "fd") are iron-sulfur proteins that mediate electron transfer in a range of metabolic reactions.
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Firmicutes
The Firmicutes (Latin: firmus, strong, and cutis, skin, referring to the cell wall) are a phylum of bacteria, most of which have Gram-positive cell wall structure.
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Flavin mononucleotide
Flavin mononucleotide (FMN), or riboflavin-5′-phosphate, is a biomolecule produced from riboflavin (vitamin B2) by the enzyme riboflavin kinase and functions as prosthetic group of various oxidoreductases including NADH dehydrogenase as well as cofactor in biological blue-light photo receptors.
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Fossil
A fossil (from Classical Latin fossilis; literally, "obtained by digging") is any preserved remains, impression, or trace of any once-living thing from a past geological age.
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Gene
In biology, a gene is a sequence of DNA or RNA that codes for a molecule that has a function.
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Genetic code
The genetic code is the set of rules used by living cells to translate information encoded within genetic material (DNA or mRNA sequences) into proteins.
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Genetic distance
Genetic distance is a measure of the genetic divergence between species or between populations within a species, whether the distance measures time from common ancestor or degree of differentiation.
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Graphite
Graphite, archaically referred to as plumbago, is a crystalline allotrope of carbon, a semimetal, a native element mineral, and a form of coal.
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Histone
In biology, histones are highly alkaline proteins found in eukaryotic cell nuclei that package and order the DNA into structural units called nucleosomes.
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Horizontal gene transfer
Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) or lateral gene transfer (LGT) is the movement of genetic material between unicellular and/or multicellular organisms other than by the ("vertical") transmission of DNA from parent to offspring.
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Hydrothermal vent
A hydrothermal vent is a fissure in a planet's surface from which geothermally heated water issues.
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Ion transporter
In biology, an ion transporter (or ion pump) is a transmembrane protein that moves ions across a plasma membrane against their concentration gradient through active transport.
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John Murray (publisher)
John Murray is a British publisher, known for the authors it has published in its history, including Jane Austen, Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, Lord Byron, Charles Lyell, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Herman Melville, Edward Whymper, and Charles Darwin.
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Kitaa
Kitaa, originally Vestgrønland ("West Greenland"), is a former administrative division (landsdel) of Greenland.
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Late Heavy Bombardment
The Late Heavy Bombardment (abbreviated LHB and also known as the lunar cataclysm) is an event thought to have occurred approximately 4.1 to 3.8 billion years (Ga) ago, at a time corresponding to the Neohadean and Eoarchean eras on Earth.
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Life
Life is a characteristic that distinguishes physical entities that do have biological processes, such as signaling and self-sustaining processes, from those that do not, either because such functions have ceased, or because they never had such functions and are classified as inanimate.
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Magma
Magma (from Ancient Greek μάγμα (mágma) meaning "thick unguent") is a mixture of molten or semi-molten rock, volatiles and solids that is found beneath the surface of the Earth, and is expected to exist on other terrestrial planets and some natural satellites.
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Messenger RNA
Messenger RNA (mRNA) is a large family of RNA molecules that convey genetic information from DNA to the ribosome, where they specify the amino acid sequence of the protein products of gene expression.
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Metasedimentary rock
In geology, metasedimentary rock is a type of metamorphic rock.
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Methanogen
Methanogens are microorganisms that produce methane as a metabolic byproduct in anoxic conditions.
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Methanogenesis
Methanogenesis or biomethanation is the formation of methane by microbes known as methanogens.
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Methylation
In the chemical sciences, methylation denotes the addition of a methyl group on a substrate, or the substitution of an atom (or group) by a methyl group.
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Microbial mat
A microbial mat is a multi-layered sheet of microorganisms, mainly bacteria and archaea.
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Microorganism
A microorganism, or microbe, is a microscopic organism, which may exist in its single-celled form or in a colony of cells. The possible existence of unseen microbial life was suspected from ancient times, such as in Jain scriptures from 6th century BC India and the 1st century BC book On Agriculture by Marcus Terentius Varro. Microbiology, the scientific study of microorganisms, began with their observation under the microscope in the 1670s by Antonie van Leeuwenhoek. In the 1850s, Louis Pasteur found that microorganisms caused food spoilage, debunking the theory of spontaneous generation. In the 1880s Robert Koch discovered that microorganisms caused the diseases tuberculosis, cholera and anthrax. Microorganisms include all unicellular organisms and so are extremely diverse. Of the three domains of life identified by Carl Woese, all of the Archaea and Bacteria are microorganisms. These were previously grouped together in the two domain system as Prokaryotes, the other being the eukaryotes. The third domain Eukaryota includes all multicellular organisms and many unicellular protists and protozoans. Some protists are related to animals and some to green plants. Many of the multicellular organisms are microscopic, namely micro-animals, some fungi and some algae, but these are not discussed here. They live in almost every habitat from the poles to the equator, deserts, geysers, rocks and the deep sea. Some are adapted to extremes such as very hot or very cold conditions, others to high pressure and a few such as Deinococcus radiodurans to high radiation environments. Microorganisms also make up the microbiota found in and on all multicellular organisms. A December 2017 report stated that 3.45 billion year old Australian rocks once contained microorganisms, the earliest direct evidence of life on Earth. Microbes are important in human culture and health in many ways, serving to ferment foods, treat sewage, produce fuel, enzymes and other bioactive compounds. They are essential tools in biology as model organisms and have been put to use in biological warfare and bioterrorism. They are a vital component of fertile soils. In the human body microorganisms make up the human microbiota including the essential gut flora. They are the pathogens responsible for many infectious diseases and as such are the target of hygiene measures.
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Molybdopterin
Molybdopterins are a class of cofactors found in most molybdenum (Mo) and all tungsten (W) enzymes.
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Monophyly
In cladistics, a monophyletic group, or clade, is a group of organisms that consists of all the descendants of a common ancestor.
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Most recent common ancestor
In biology and genealogy, the most recent common ancestor (MRCA, also last common ancestor (LCA), or concestor) of any set of organisms is the most recent individual from which all the organisms are directly descended.
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New Scientist
New Scientist, first published on 22 November 1956, is a weekly, English-language magazine that covers all aspects of science and technology.
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Non-coding DNA
In genomics and related disciplines, noncoding DNA sequences are components of an organism's DNA that do not encode protein sequences.
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Nucleoside
Nucleosides are glycosylamines that can be thought of as nucleotides without a phosphate group.
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Nucleotide
Nucleotides are organic molecules that serve as the monomer units for forming the nucleic acid polymers deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA), both of which are essential biomolecules within all life-forms on Earth.
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Ocean
An ocean (the sea of classical antiquity) is a body of saline water that composes much of a planet's hydrosphere.
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On the Origin of Species
On the Origin of Species (or more completely, On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life),The book's full original title was On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life.
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Paleoarchean
The Paleoarchean, also spelled Palaeoarchaean (formerly known as early Archean), is a geologic era within the Archaean Eon.
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Panspermia
Panspermia is the hypothesis that life exists throughout the Universe, distributed by space dust, meteoroids, asteroids, comets, planetoids, and also by spacecraft carrying unintended contamination by microorganisms.
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Phylogenetic bracketing
Phylogenetic bracketing is a method of inference used in biological sciences.
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Potassium
Potassium is a chemical element with symbol K (from Neo-Latin kalium) and atomic number 19.
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Prokaryotic large ribosomal subunit
50S is the larger subunit of the 70S ribosome of prokaryotes.
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Prokaryotic small ribosomal subunit
The prokaryotic small ribosomal subunit, or 30S subunit, is the smaller subunit of the 70S ribosome found in prokaryotes.
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Protein
Proteins are large biomolecules, or macromolecules, consisting of one or more long chains of amino acid residues.
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Protocell
A protocell (or protobiont) is a self-organized, endogenously ordered, spherical collection of lipids proposed as a stepping-stone to the origin of life.
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Quebec
Quebec (Québec)According to the Canadian government, Québec (with the acute accent) is the official name in French and Quebec (without the accent) is the province's official name in English; the name is.
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Ribosomal protein
A ribosomal protein (r-protein or rProtein) is any of the proteins that, in conjunction with rRNA, make up the ribosomal subunits involved in the cellular process of translation.
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Ribosomal RNA
Ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) is the RNA component of the ribosome, and is essential for protein synthesis in all living organisms.
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Ribosome
The ribosome is a complex molecular machine, found within all living cells, that serves as the site of biological protein synthesis (translation).
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RNA
Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is a polymeric molecule essential in various biological roles in coding, decoding, regulation, and expression of genes.
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RNA polymerase
RNA polymerase (ribonucleic acid polymerase), both abbreviated RNAP or RNApol, official name DNA-directed RNA polymerase, is a member of a family of enzymes that are essential to life: they are found in all organisms (-species) and many viruses.
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Rust (color)
Rust is an orange-red-brown color resembling iron oxide.
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S-Adenosyl methionine
S-Adenosyl methionineSAM-e, SAMe, SAM, S-Adenosyl-L-methionine, AdoMet, ademetionine is a common cosubstrate involved in methyl group transfers, transsulfuration, and aminopropylation.
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Salinity
Salinity is the saltiness or amount of salt dissolved in a body of water (see also soil salinity).
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Sandstone
Sandstone is a clastic sedimentary rock composed mainly of sand-sized (0.0625 to 2 mm) mineral particles or rock fragments.
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Seabed
The seabed (also known as the seafloor, sea floor, or ocean floor) is the bottom of the ocean.
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Sedimentary rock
Sedimentary rocks are types of rock that are formed by the deposition and subsequent cementation of that material at the Earth's surface and within bodies of water.
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Selenium
Selenium is a chemical element with symbol Se and atomic number 34.
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Sodium
Sodium is a chemical element with symbol Na (from Latin natrium) and atomic number 11.
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Temperature
Temperature is a physical quantity expressing hot and cold.
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The New York Times
The New York Times (sometimes abbreviated as The NYT or The Times) is an American newspaper based in New York City with worldwide influence and readership.
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Thioester
In chemistry thioesters are compounds with the functional group R–S–CO–R'.
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Thomas Cavalier-Smith
Thomas (Tom) Cavalier-Smith, FRS, FRSC, NERC Professorial Fellow (born 21 October 1942), is a Professor of Evolutionary Biology in the Department of Zoology, at the University of Oxford.
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Three-domain system
The three-domain system is a biological classification introduced by Carl Woese et al. in 1977 that divides cellular life forms into archaea, bacteria, and eukaryote domains.
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Thymidine
Thymidine (deoxythymidine; other names deoxyribosylthymine, thymine deoxyriboside) is a pyrimidine deoxynucleoside.
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Timeline of the evolutionary history of life
This timeline of the evolutionary history of life represents the current scientific theory outlining the major events during the development of life on planet Earth.
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Transcription (biology)
Transcription is the first step of gene expression, in which a particular segment of DNA is copied into RNA (especially mRNA) by the enzyme RNA polymerase.
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Transfer RNA
A transfer RNA (abbreviated tRNA and formerly referred to as sRNA, for soluble RNA) is an adaptor molecule composed of RNA, typically 76 to 90 nucleotides in length, that serves as the physical link between the mRNA and the amino acid sequence of proteins.
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Transition metal
In chemistry, the term transition metal (or transition element) has three possible meanings.
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Translation (biology)
In molecular biology and genetics, translation is the process in which ribosomes in the cytoplasm or ER synthesize proteins after the process of transcription of DNA to RNA in the cell's nucleus.
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Tree of life (biology)
The tree of life or universal tree of life is a metaphor, model and research tool used to explore the evolution of life and describe the relationships between organisms, both living and extinct, as described in a famous passage in Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species (1859).
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Uridine
Uridine is a glycosylated pyrimidine-analog containing uracil attached to a ribose ring (or more specifically, a ribofuranose) via a β-N1-glycosidic bond.
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Water
Water is a transparent, tasteless, odorless, and nearly colorless chemical substance that is the main constituent of Earth's streams, lakes, and oceans, and the fluids of most living organisms.
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Western Australia
Western Australia (abbreviated as WA) is a state occupying the entire western third of Australia.
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William F. Martin
William Martin (born February 16, 1957, Bethesda, Maryland) is an American botanist and microbiologist, currently Head of the Institut für Molekulare Evolution, Heinrich Heine Universität, Düsseldorf.
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Wood–Ljungdahl pathway
The Wood–Ljungdahl pathway is a set of biochemical reactions used by some bacteria and archaea called acetogens.
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Cenancestor, Earliest common ancestor, First common ancestor, LUCA, Last Universal Ancestor, Last Universal Common Ancestor, Last universal ancestor, Last universal common ancestor of all organisms, Latest universal ancestor, Progenote, Progenote theory, Universal ancestor, Universal common ancestor, Ur-organism.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_universal_common_ancestor
