Table of Contents
389 relations: Acid, Actin, Active site, Adaptive immune system, Adenine, Albumin, Alpha helix, Amine, Amino acid, Amino acid synthesis, Aminoacyl tRNA synthetase, Anfinsen's dogma, Angiogenin, Antibody, Antigen, Antoine-François de Fourcroy, Archaea, Armour and Company, Arrhenius equation, Aspartate kinase, Aspartic acid, Atom, Atomic force microscopy, B cell, Bacteria, Base pair, Beta sheet, Binding site, Biochemistry, Biodiversity Heritage Library, Bioinformatics, Biological membrane, Biomolecule, Bladder, Blood, Blood vessel, Bone, Bovine serum albumin, Buoyant density centrifugation, C-terminus, Carboxylic acid, Carl von Voit, Cartesian coordinate system, Cartilage, Cat, Catalysis, Cell (biology), Cell adhesion, Cell biology, Cell cycle, ... Expand index (339 more) »
Acid
An acid is a molecule or ion capable of either donating a proton (i.e. hydrogen ion, H+), known as a Brønsted–Lowry acid, or forming a covalent bond with an electron pair, known as a Lewis acid.
See Protein and Acid
Actin
Actin is a family of globular multi-functional proteins that form microfilaments in the cytoskeleton, and the thin filaments in muscle fibrils.
Active site
In biology and biochemistry, the active site is the region of an enzyme where substrate molecules bind and undergo a chemical reaction.
Adaptive immune system
The adaptive immune system, also known as the acquired immune system, or specific immune system is a subsystem of the immune system that is composed of specialized, systemic cells and processes that eliminate pathogens or prevent their growth.
See Protein and Adaptive immune system
Adenine
Adenine (symbol A or Ade) is a purine nucleobase.
Albumin
Albumin is a family of globular proteins, the most common of which are the serum albumins.
Alpha helix
An alpha helix (or α-helix) is a sequence of amino acids in a protein that are twisted into a coil (a helix).
Amine
In chemistry, amines are compounds and functional groups that contain a basic nitrogen atom with a lone pair.
Amino acid
Amino acids are organic compounds that contain both amino and carboxylic acid functional groups.
Amino acid synthesis
Amino acid biosynthesis is the set of biochemical processes (metabolic pathways) by which the amino acids are produced.
See Protein and Amino acid synthesis
Aminoacyl tRNA synthetase
An aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase (aaRS or ARS), also called tRNA-ligase, is an enzyme that attaches the appropriate amino acid onto its corresponding tRNA.
See Protein and Aminoacyl tRNA synthetase
Anfinsen's dogma
Anfinsen's dogma, also known as the thermodynamic hypothesis, is a postulate in molecular biology. Protein and Anfinsen's dogma are molecular biology.
See Protein and Anfinsen's dogma
Angiogenin
Angiogenin (ANG) also known as ribonuclease 5 is a small 123 amino acid protein that in humans is encoded by the ANG gene.
Antibody
An antibody (Ab) is the secreted form of a B cell receptor; the term immunoglobulin (Ig) can refer to either the membrane-bound form or the secreted form of the B cell receptor, but they are, broadly speaking, the same protein, and so the terms are often treated as synonymous.
Antigen
In immunology, an antigen (Ag) is a molecule, moiety, foreign particulate matter, or an allergen, such as pollen, that can bind to a specific antibody or T-cell receptor.
Antoine-François de Fourcroy
Antoine François Fourcroy (15 June 175516 December 1809) was a French chemist and a contemporary of Antoine Lavoisier.
See Protein and Antoine-François de Fourcroy
Archaea
Archaea (archaeon) is a domain of single-celled organisms.
Armour and Company
Armour & Company was an American company and was one of the five leading firms in the meat packing industry.
See Protein and Armour and Company
Arrhenius equation
In physical chemistry, the Arrhenius equation is a formula for the temperature dependence of reaction rates.
See Protein and Arrhenius equation
Aspartate kinase
Aspartate kinase or aspartokinase (AK) is an enzyme that catalyzes the phosphorylation of the amino acid aspartate.
See Protein and Aspartate kinase
Aspartic acid
Aspartic acid (symbol Asp or D; the ionic form is known as aspartate), is an α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins.
Atom
Atoms are the basic particles of the chemical elements.
See Protein and Atom
Atomic force microscopy
Atomic force microscopy (AFM) or scanning force microscopy (SFM) is a very-high-resolution type of scanning probe microscopy (SPM), with demonstrated resolution on the order of fractions of a nanometer, more than 1000 times better than the optical diffraction limit.
See Protein and Atomic force microscopy
B cell
B cells, also known as B lymphocytes, are a type of white blood cell of the lymphocyte subtype.
Bacteria
Bacteria (bacterium) are ubiquitous, mostly free-living organisms often consisting of one biological cell.
Base pair
A base pair (bp) is a fundamental unit of double-stranded nucleic acids consisting of two nucleobases bound to each other by hydrogen bonds.
Beta sheet
The beta sheet (β-sheet, also β-pleated sheet) is a common motif of the regular protein secondary structure.
Binding site
In biochemistry and molecular biology, a binding site is a region on a macromolecule such as a protein that binds to another molecule with specificity.
Biochemistry
Biochemistry or biological chemistry is the study of chemical processes within and relating to living organisms. Protein and Biochemistry are molecular biology.
Biodiversity Heritage Library
The Biodiversity Heritage Library (BHL) is the world’s largest open access digital library for biodiversity literature and archives.
See Protein and Biodiversity Heritage Library
Bioinformatics
Bioinformatics is an interdisciplinary field of science that develops methods and software tools for understanding biological data, especially when the data sets are large and complex.
See Protein and Bioinformatics
Biological membrane
A biological membrane, biomembrane or cell membrane is a selectively permeable membrane that separates the interior of a cell from the external environment or creates intracellular compartments by serving as a boundary between one part of the cell and another.
See Protein and Biological membrane
Biomolecule
A biomolecule or biological molecule is loosely defined as a molecule produced by a living organism and essential to one or more typically biological processes.
Bladder
The bladder is a hollow organ in humans and other vertebrates that stores urine from the kidneys before disposal by urination.
Blood
Blood is a body fluid in the circulatory system of humans and other vertebrates that delivers necessary substances such as nutrients and oxygen to the cells, and transports metabolic waste products away from those same cells.
Blood vessel
Blood vessels are the structures of the circulatory system that transport blood throughout the human body.
Bone
A bone is a rigid organ that constitutes part of the skeleton in most vertebrate animals.
See Protein and Bone
Bovine serum albumin
Bovine serum albumin (BSA or "Fraction V") is a serum albumin protein derived from cows.
See Protein and Bovine serum albumin
Buoyant density centrifugation
Buoyant density centrifugation (also isopycnic centrifugation or equilibrium density-gradient centrifugation) uses the concept of buoyancy to separate molecules in solution by their differences in density.
See Protein and Buoyant density centrifugation
C-terminus
The C-terminus (also known as the carboxyl-terminus, carboxy-terminus, C-terminal tail, carboxy tail, C-terminal end, or COOH-terminus) is the end of an amino acid chain (protein or polypeptide), terminated by a free carboxyl group (-COOH).
Carboxylic acid
In organic chemistry, a carboxylic acid is an organic acid that contains a carboxyl group attached to an R-group.
See Protein and Carboxylic acid
Carl von Voit
Carl von Voit (31 October 1831 – 31 January 1908) was a German physiologist and dietitian.
Cartesian coordinate system
In geometry, a Cartesian coordinate system in a plane is a coordinate system that specifies each point uniquely by a pair of real numbers called coordinates, which are the signed distances to the point from two fixed perpendicular oriented lines, called coordinate lines, coordinate axes or just axes (plural of axis) of the system.
See Protein and Cartesian coordinate system
Cartilage
Cartilage is a resilient and smooth type of connective tissue.
Cat
The cat (Felis catus), commonly referred to as the domestic cat or house cat, is a small domesticated carnivorous mammal.
See Protein and Cat
Catalysis
Catalysis is the increase in rate of a chemical reaction due to an added substance known as a catalyst.
Cell (biology)
The cell is the basic structural and functional unit of all forms of life.
See Protein and Cell (biology)
Cell adhesion
Cell adhesion is the process by which cells interact and attach to neighbouring cells through specialised molecules of the cell surface.
Cell biology
Cell biology (also cellular biology or cytology) is a branch of biology that studies the structure, function, and behavior of cells. Protein and cell biology are molecular biology.
Cell cycle
The cell cycle, or cell-division cycle, is the sequential series of events that take place in a cell that causes it to divide into two daughter cells.
Cell membrane
The cell membrane (also known as the plasma membrane or cytoplasmic membrane, and historically referred to as the plasmalemma) is a biological membrane that separates and protects the interior of a cell from the outside environment (the extracellular space).
Cell nucleus
The cell nucleus (nuclei) is a membrane-bound organelle found in eukaryotic cells.
Cell signaling
In biology, cell signaling (cell signalling in British English) is the process by which a cell interacts with itself, other cells, and the environment.
See Protein and Cell signaling
Chaperone (protein)
In molecular biology, molecular chaperones are proteins that assist the conformational folding or unfolding of large proteins or macromolecular protein complexes.
See Protein and Chaperone (protein)
CHARMM
Chemistry at Harvard Macromolecular Mechanics (CHARMM) is the name of a widely used set of force fields for molecular dynamics, and the name for the molecular dynamics simulation and analysis computer software package associated with them.
Chemical bond
A chemical bond is the association of atoms or ions to form molecules, crystals, and other structures.
Chemical ligation
Chemical ligation is the chemoselective condensation of unprotected peptide segments enabled by the formation of a non-native bond at the ligation site.
See Protein and Chemical ligation
Chemical polarity
In chemistry, polarity is a separation of electric charge leading to a molecule or its chemical groups having an electric dipole moment, with a negatively charged end and a positively charged end.
See Protein and Chemical polarity
Chemical specificity
Chemical specificity is the ability of binding site of a macromolecule (such as a protein) to bind specific ligands.
See Protein and Chemical specificity
Christian B. Anfinsen
Christian Boehmer Anfinsen Jr. (March 26, 1916 – May 14, 1995) was an American biochemist.
See Protein and Christian B. Anfinsen
Chromatography
In chemical analysis, chromatography is a laboratory technique for the separation of a mixture into its components.
See Protein and Chromatography
Circuit topology
The circuit topology of a folded linear polymer refers to the arrangement of its intra-molecular contacts.
See Protein and Circuit topology
Circular dichroism
Circular dichroism (CD) is dichroism involving circularly polarized light, i.e., the differential absorption of left- and right-handed light.
See Protein and Circular dichroism
Circulatory system
The circulatory system is a system of organs that includes the heart, blood vessels, and blood which is circulated throughout the entire body of a human or other vertebrate.
See Protein and Circulatory system
Citric acid cycle
The citric acid cycle—also known as the Krebs cycle, Szent–Györgyi–Krebs cycle or the TCA cycle (tricarboxylic acid cycle)—is a series of biochemical reactions to release the energy stored in nutrients through the oxidation of acetyl-CoA derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.
See Protein and Citric acid cycle
Clustal
Clustal is a computer program used for multiple sequence alignment in bioinformatics.
Cofactor (biochemistry)
A cofactor is a non-protein chemical compound or metallic ion that is required for an enzyme's role as a catalyst (a catalyst is a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction).
See Protein and Cofactor (biochemistry)
Collagen
Collagen is the main structural protein in the extracellular matrix of a body's various connective tissues.
Colloid
A colloid is a mixture in which one substance consisting of microscopically dispersed insoluble particles is suspended throughout another substance.
Columbia University
Columbia University, officially Columbia University in the City of New York, is a private Ivy League research university in New York City.
See Protein and Columbia University
Concentration
In chemistry, concentration is the abundance of a constituent divided by the total volume of a mixture.
Conformational change
In biochemistry, a conformational change is a change in the shape of a macromolecule, often induced by environmental factors.
See Protein and Conformational change
Conformational isomerism
In chemistry, conformational isomerism is a form of stereoisomerism in which the isomers can be interconverted just by rotations about formally single bonds (refer to figure on single bond rotation).
See Protein and Conformational isomerism
Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station
The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station (CAES) is the Connecticut state government's agricultural experiment station, a state government component that engages in scientific research and public outreach in agriculture and related fields.
See Protein and Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station
Connective tissue
Connective tissue is one of the four primary types of animal tissue, along with epithelial tissue, muscle tissue, and nervous tissue.
See Protein and Connective tissue
Coplanarity
In geometry, a set of points in space are coplanar if there exists a geometric plane that contains them all.
Cryogenic electron microscopy
Cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) is a cryomicroscopy technique applied on samples cooled to cryogenic temperatures.
See Protein and Cryogenic electron microscopy
Crystallization
Crystallization is the process by which solids form, where the atoms or molecules are highly organized into a structure known as a crystal.
See Protein and Crystallization
Cyclol
The cyclol hypothesis is the now discredited first structural model of a folded, globular protein, formulated in the 1930s.
Cytolysis
Cytolysis, or osmotic lysis, occurs when the liquid outside a cell enters the cell causing it to burst.
Cytoplasm
In cell biology, the cytoplasm describes all material within a eukaryotic cell, enclosed by the cell membrane, except for the cell nucleus.
Cytoskeleton
The cytoskeleton is a complex, dynamic network of interlinking protein filaments present in the cytoplasm of all cells, including those of bacteria and archaea.
Cytosol
The cytosol, also known as cytoplasmic matrix or groundplasm, is one of the liquids found inside cells (intracellular fluid (ICF)).
Dalton (unit)
The dalton or unified atomic mass unit (symbols: Da or u) is a non-SI unit of mass defined as of the mass of an unbound neutral atom of carbon-12 in its nuclear and electronic ground state and at rest.
Dehydration
In physiology, dehydration is a lack of total body water, with an accompanying disruption of metabolic processes.
Denaturation (biochemistry)
In biochemistry, denaturation is a process in which proteins or nucleic acids lose folded structure present in their native state due to various factors, including application of some external stress or compound, such as a strong acid or base, a concentrated inorganic salt, an organic solvent (e.g., alcohol or chloroform), agitation and radiation, or heat.
See Protein and Denaturation (biochemistry)
Deproteination
Deproteination is the process of eliminating protein from some live materials. Protein and Deproteination are proteomics.
See Protein and Deproteination
Diet (nutrition)
In nutrition, diet is the sum of food consumed by a person or other organism.
See Protein and Diet (nutrition)
Diffraction-limited system
In optics, any optical instrument or systema microscope, telescope, or camerahas a principal limit to its resolution due to the physics of diffraction.
See Protein and Diffraction-limited system
Diffusion
Diffusion is the net movement of anything (for example, atoms, ions, molecules, energy) generally from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration.
Digestion
Digestion is the breakdown of large insoluble food compounds into small water-soluble components so that they can be absorbed into the blood plasma.
Dihedral angle
A dihedral angle is the angle between two intersecting planes or half-planes.
See Protein and Dihedral angle
Dirigent protein
Dirigent proteins are members of a class of proteins which dictate the stereochemistry of a compound synthesized by other enzymes.
See Protein and Dirigent protein
Dissociation constant
In chemistry, biochemistry, and pharmacology, a dissociation constant (KD) is a specific type of equilibrium constant that measures the propensity of a larger object to separate (dissociate) reversibly into smaller components, as when a complex falls apart into its component molecules, or when a salt splits up into its component ions.
See Protein and Dissociation constant
Distance geometry
Distance geometry is the branch of mathematics concerned with characterizing and studying sets of points based only on given values of the distances between pairs of points.
See Protein and Distance geometry
Distributed computing
Distributed computing is a field of computer science that studies distributed systems, defined as computer systems whose inter-communicating components are located on different networked computers.
See Protein and Distributed computing
Disulfide
In chemistry, a disulfide (or disulphide in British English) is a compound containing a functional group or the anion.
DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a polymer composed of two polynucleotide chains that coil around each other to form a double helix.
See Protein and DNA
DNA repair
DNA repair is a collection of processes by which a cell identifies and corrects damage to the DNA molecules that encode its genome.
DNA replication
In molecular biology, DNA replication is the biological process of producing two identical replicas of DNA from one original DNA molecule. Protein and DNA replication are molecular biology.
See Protein and DNA replication
DNA sequencing
DNA sequencing is the process of determining the nucleic acid sequence – the order of nucleotides in DNA. Protein and DNA sequencing are molecular biology.
See Protein and DNA sequencing
DNA-binding protein
DNA-binding proteins are proteins that have DNA-binding domains and thus have a specific or general affinity for single- or double-stranded DNA.
See Protein and DNA-binding protein
Docking (molecular)
In the field of molecular modeling, docking is a method which predicts the preferred orientation of one molecule to a second when a ligand and a target are bound to each other to form a stable complex.
See Protein and Docking (molecular)
Dog
The dog (Canis familiaris or Canis lupus familiaris) is a domesticated descendant of the wolf.
See Protein and Dog
Double bond
In chemistry, a double bond is a covalent bond between two atoms involving four bonding electrons as opposed to two in a single bond.
Downregulation and upregulation
In biochemistry, in the biological context of organisms' regulation of gene expression and production of gene products, downregulation is the process by which a cell decreases the production and quantities of its cellular components, such as RNA and proteins, in response to an external stimulus. Protein and downregulation and upregulation are molecular biology.
See Protein and Downregulation and upregulation
Dual-polarization interferometry
Dual-polarization interferometry (DPI) is an analytical technique that probes molecular layers adsorbed to the surface of a waveguide using the evanescent wave of a laser beam.
See Protein and Dual-polarization interferometry
Dynein
Dyneins are a family of cytoskeletal motor proteins that move along microtubules in cells.
Elastin
Elastin is a protein encoded by the ELN gene in humans.
Electron crystallography
Electron crystallography is a subset of methods in electron diffraction focusing just upon detailed determination of the positions of atoms in solids using a transmission electron microscope (TEM).
See Protein and Electron crystallography
Electron microscope
An electron microscope is a microscope that uses a beam of electrons as a source of illumination.
See Protein and Electron microscope
Electrophoresis
Electrophoresis is the motion of charged dispersed particles or dissolved charged molecules relative to a fluid under the influence of a spatially uniform electric field. Protein and Electrophoresis are molecular biology.
See Protein and Electrophoresis
Elemental analysis
Elemental analysis is a process where a sample of some material (e.g., soil, waste or drinking water, bodily fluids, minerals, chemical compounds) is analyzed for its elemental and sometimes isotopic composition.
See Protein and Elemental analysis
Emil Fischer
Hermann Emil Louis Fischer (9 October 1852 – 15 July 1919) was a German chemist and 1902 recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry.
Empirical formula
In chemistry, the empirical formula of a chemical compound is the simplest whole number ratio of atoms present in a compound.
See Protein and Empirical formula
Endoplasmic reticulum
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a part of a transportation system of the eukaryotic cell, and has many other important functions such as protein folding.
See Protein and Endoplasmic reticulum
Enzyme
Enzymes are proteins that act as biological catalysts by accelerating chemical reactions.
Enzyme assay
Enzyme assays are laboratory methods for measuring enzymatic activity.
Enzyme catalysis
Enzyme catalysis is the increase in the rate of a process by a biological molecule, an "enzyme".
See Protein and Enzyme catalysis
Enzyme kinetics
Enzyme kinetics is the study of the rates of enzyme-catalysed chemical reactions.
See Protein and Enzyme kinetics
Escherichia coli
Escherichia coliWells, J. C. (2000) Longman Pronunciation Dictionary.
See Protein and Escherichia coli
Essential amino acid
An essential amino acid, or indispensable amino acid, is an amino acid that cannot be synthesized from scratch by the organism fast enough to supply its demand, and must therefore come from the diet.
See Protein and Essential amino acid
Eukaryote
The eukaryotes constitute the domain of Eukarya or Eukaryota, organisms whose cells have a membrane-bound nucleus.
Eukaryotic Linear Motif resource
The Eukaryotic Linear Motif (ELM) resource is a computational biology resource (developed at the European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL)) for investigating short linear motifs (SLiMs) in eukaryotic proteins.
See Protein and Eukaryotic Linear Motif resource
Evolution
Evolution is the change in the heritable characteristics of biological populations over successive generations.
Exoskeleton
An exoskeleton (from Greek έξω éxō "outer" and σκελετός skeletós "skeleton") is a skeleton that is on the exterior of an animal in the form of hardened integument, which both supports the body's shape and protects the internal organs, in contrast to an internal endoskeleton (e.g.
Feather
Feathers are epidermal growths that form a distinctive outer covering, or plumage, on both avian (bird) and some non-avian dinosaurs and other archosaurs.
Fibrin
Fibrin (also called Factor Ia) is a fibrous, non-globular protein involved in the clotting of blood.
Fibrous protein
In molecular biology, fibrous proteins or scleroproteins are one of the three main classifications of protein structure (alongside globular and membrane proteins). Protein and fibrous protein are molecular biology and proteomics.
See Protein and Fibrous protein
Fluorescence
Fluorescence is one of two kinds of emission of light by a substance that has absorbed light or other electromagnetic radiation. Protein and Fluorescence are molecular biology.
Folding@home
Folding@home (FAH or F@h) is a distributed computing project aimed to help scientists develop new therapeutics for a variety of diseases by the means of simulating protein dynamics.
Franz Hofmeister
Franz Hofmeister (30 August 1850, in Prague – 26 July 1922, in Würzburg) was an early protein scientist, and is famous for his studies of salts that influence the solubility and conformational stability of proteins.
See Protein and Franz Hofmeister
Frederick Sanger
Frederick Sanger (13 August 1918 – 19 November 2013) was a British biochemist who received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry twice.
See Protein and Frederick Sanger
Fusion protein
Fusion proteins or chimeric (kī-ˈmir-ik) proteins (literally, made of parts from different sources) are proteins created through the joining of two or more genes that originally coded for separate proteins.
See Protein and Fusion protein
Gas constant
The molar gas constant (also known as the gas constant, universal gas constant, or ideal gas constant) is denoted by the symbol or.
Gel electrophoresis
Gel electrophoresis is a method for separation and analysis of biomacromolecules (DNA, RNA, proteins, etc.) and their fragments, based on their size and charge. Protein and Gel electrophoresis are molecular biology.
See Protein and Gel electrophoresis
Gelatin
Gelatin or gelatine is a translucent, colorless, flavorless food ingredient, commonly derived from collagen taken from animal body parts.
Gene
In biology, the word gene has two meanings. Protein and gene are molecular biology.
See Protein and Gene
Gene duplication
Gene duplication (or chromosomal duplication or gene amplification) is a major mechanism through which new genetic material is generated during molecular evolution.
See Protein and Gene duplication
Gene Ontology
The Gene Ontology (GO) is a major bioinformatics initiative to unify the representation of gene and gene product attributes across all species.
Genetic code
The genetic code is the set of rules used by living cells to translate information encoded within genetic material (DNA or RNA sequences of nucleotide triplets, or codons) into proteins. Protein and genetic code are molecular biology.
Genetic engineering
Genetic engineering, also called genetic modification or genetic manipulation, is the modification and manipulation of an organism's genes using technology. Protein and genetic engineering are molecular biology.
See Protein and Genetic engineering
Genomics
Genomics is an interdisciplinary field of molecular biology focusing on the structure, function, evolution, mapping, and editing of genomes.
Gerardus Johannes Mulder
Gerardus Johannes Mulder or Gerrit Jan Mulder (27 December 1802 – 18 April 1880) was a Dutch organic and analytical chemist.
See Protein and Gerardus Johannes Mulder
Gliadin
Gliadin (a type of prolamin) is a class of proteins present in wheat and several other cereals within the grass genus Triticum.
Globular protein
In biochemistry, globular proteins or spheroproteins are spherical ("globe-like") proteins and are one of the common protein types (the others being fibrous, disordered and membrane proteins).
See Protein and Globular protein
Gluconeogenesis
Gluconeogenesis (GNG) is a metabolic pathway that results in the biosynthesis of glucose from certain non-carbohydrate carbon substrates.
See Protein and Gluconeogenesis
Glucose
Glucose is a sugar with the molecular formula.
Glutamic acid
Glutamic acid (symbol Glu or E; the anionic form is known as glutamate) is an α-amino acid that is used by almost all living beings in the biosynthesis of proteins.
Gluten
Gluten is a structural protein naturally found in certain cereal grains.
Glycan-protein interactions
Glycan-Protein interactions represent a class of biomolecular interactions that occur between free or protein-bound glycans and their cognate binding partners.
See Protein and Glycan-protein interactions
Graphics processing unit
A graphics processing unit (GPU) is a specialized electronic circuit initially designed for digital image processing and to accelerate computer graphics, being present either as a discrete video card or embedded on motherboards, mobile phones, personal computers, workstations, and game consoles.
See Protein and Graphics processing unit
Greek language
Greek (Elliniká,; Hellēnikḗ) is an independent branch of the Indo-European family of languages, native to Greece, Cyprus, Italy (in Calabria and Salento), southern Albania, and other regions of the Balkans, the Black Sea coast, Asia Minor, and the Eastern Mediterranean.
See Protein and Greek language
Green fluorescent protein
The green fluorescent protein (GFP) is a protein that exhibits green fluorescence when exposed to light in the blue to ultraviolet range.
See Protein and Green fluorescent protein
GROMOS
GROningen MOlecular Simulation (GROMOS) is the name of a force field for molecular dynamics simulation, and a related computer software package.
Guanine
Guanine (symbol G or Gua) is one of the four main nucleobases found in the nucleic acids DNA and RNA, the others being adenine, cytosine, and thymine (uracil in RNA).
Hair
Hair is a protein filament that grows from follicles found in the dermis.
See Protein and Hair
Half-life
Half-life (symbol) is the time required for a quantity (of substance) to reduce to half of its initial value.
Hemoglobin
Hemoglobin (haemoglobin, Hb or Hgb) is a protein containing iron that facilitates the transport of oxygen in red blood cells.
Hierarchical equations of motion
The hierarchical equations of motion (HEOM) technique derived by Yoshitaka Tanimura and Ryogo Kubo in 1989, is a non-perturbative approach developed to study the evolution of a density matrix \rho(t) of quantum dissipative systems.
See Protein and Hierarchical equations of motion
His-tag
A polyhistidine-tag, best known by the trademarked name His-tag, is an amino acid motif in proteins that typically consists of at least six histidine (His) residues, often at the N- or C-terminus of the protein.
Histidine
Histidine (symbol His or H) is an essential amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins.
HIV
The human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV) are two species of Lentivirus (a subgroup of retrovirus) that infect humans.
See Protein and HIV
Homology (biology)
In biology, homology is similarity due to shared ancestry between a pair of structures or genes in different taxa.
See Protein and Homology (biology)
Homology modeling
Homology modeling, also known as comparative modeling of protein, refers to constructing an atomic-resolution model of the "target" protein from its amino acid sequence and an experimental three-dimensional structure of a related homologous protein (the "template").
See Protein and Homology modeling
Hoof
The hoof (hooves) is the tip of a toe of an ungulate mammal, which is covered and strengthened with a thick and horny keratin covering.
See Protein and Hoof
Hormone
A hormone (from the Greek participle ὁρμῶν, "setting in motion") is a class of signaling molecules in multicellular organisms that are sent to distant organs or tissues by complex biological processes to regulate physiology and behavior.
Human
Humans (Homo sapiens, meaning "thinking man") or modern humans are the most common and widespread species of primate, and the last surviving species of the genus Homo.
Human genome
The human genome is a complete set of nucleic acid sequences for humans, encoded as DNA within the 23 chromosome pairs in cell nuclei and in a small DNA molecule found within individual mitochondria.
Huntington's Disease Outreach Project for Education at Stanford
The Huntington's disease Outreach Project for Education at Stanford (HOPES) is a student-run project at Stanford University dedicated to making scientific information about Huntington's disease (HD) more readily accessible to patients and the public.
See Protein and Huntington's Disease Outreach Project for Education at Stanford
Hydrogen bond
In chemistry, a hydrogen bond (or H-bond) is primarily an electrostatic force of attraction between a hydrogen (H) atom which is covalently bonded to a more electronegative "donor" atom or group (Dn), and another electronegative atom bearing a lone pair of electrons—the hydrogen bond acceptor (Ac).
Hydrolysis
Hydrolysis is any chemical reaction in which a molecule of water breaks one or more chemical bonds.
Hydrophobe
In chemistry, hydrophobicity is the physical property of a molecule that is seemingly repelled from a mass of water (known as a hydrophobe).
Hydrophobic effect
The hydrophobic effect is the observed tendency of nonpolar substances to aggregate in an aqueous solution and to be excluded by water.
See Protein and Hydrophobic effect
Immunofluorescence
Immunofluorescence (IF) is a light microscopy-based technique that allows detection and localization of a wide variety of target biomolecules within a cell or tissue at a quantitative level.
See Protein and Immunofluorescence
Immunohistochemistry
Immunohistochemistry is a form of immunostaining.
See Protein and Immunohistochemistry
In silico
In biology and other experimental sciences, an in silico experiment is one performed on a computer or via computer simulation software.
In vitro
In vitro (meaning in glass, or in the glass) studies are performed with microorganisms, cells, or biological molecules outside their normal biological context.
In vivo
Studies that are in vivo (Latin for "within the living"; often not italicized in English) are those in which the effects of various biological entities are tested on whole, living organisms or cells, usually animals, including humans, and plants, as opposed to a tissue extract or dead organism.
In-gel digestion
The in-gel digestion step is a part of the sample preparation for the mass spectrometric identification of proteins in course of proteomic analysis. Protein and in-gel digestion are proteins.
See Protein and In-gel digestion
Index of protein-related articles
Proteins are a class of biomolecules composed of amino acid chains. Protein and Index of protein-related articles are proteins.
See Protein and Index of protein-related articles
Insulin
Insulin (from Latin insula, 'island') is a peptide hormone produced by beta cells of the pancreatic islets encoded in humans by the insulin (INS) gene.
Interactome
In molecular biology, an interactome is the whole set of molecular interactions in a particular cell. Protein and interactome are molecular biology.
Intracellular transport
Intracellular transport is the movement of vesicles and substances within a cell.
See Protein and Intracellular transport
Intrinsically disordered proteins
In molecular biology, an intrinsically disordered protein (IDP) is a protein that lacks a fixed or ordered three-dimensional structure, typically in the absence of its macromolecular interaction partners, such as other proteins or RNA.
See Protein and Intrinsically disordered proteins
Ion channel
Ion channels are pore-forming membrane proteins that allow ions to pass through the channel pore.
Isoelectric focusing
Isoelectric focusing (IEF), also known as electrofocusing, is a technique for separating different molecules by differences in their isoelectric point (pI).
See Protein and Isoelectric focusing
Isoelectric point
The isoelectric point (pI, pH(I), IEP), is the pH at which a molecule carries no net electrical charge or is electrically neutral in the statistical mean. Protein and isoelectric point are molecular biology.
See Protein and Isoelectric point
Isoleucine
Isoleucine (symbol Ile or I) is an α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins.
James B. Sumner
James Batcheller Sumner (November 19, 1887 – August 12, 1955) was an American biochemist.
See Protein and James B. Sumner
Jöns Jacob Berzelius
Baron Jöns Jacob Berzelius ((20 August 1779 – 7 August 1848) was a Swedish chemist. In general, he is considered the last person to know the whole field of chemistry. Berzelius is considered, along with Robert Boyle, John Dalton, and Antoine Lavoisier, to be one of the founders of modern chemistry.
See Protein and Jöns Jacob Berzelius
John Kendrew
Sir John Cowdery Kendrew, (24 March 1917 – 23 August 1997) was an English biochemist, crystallographer, and science administrator.
Kaj Ulrik Linderstrøm-Lang
Kaj Ulrik Linderstrøm-Lang (29 November 1896 – 25 May 1959) was a Danish protein scientist, who was the director of the Carlsberg Laboratory from 1939 until his death.
See Protein and Kaj Ulrik Linderstrøm-Lang
Karl Heinrich Ritthausen
Karl Heinrich Ritthausen (13 January 1826 – 16 October 1912) was a German biochemist who identified two amino acids and made other contributions to the science of plant proteins.
See Protein and Karl Heinrich Ritthausen
Keratin
Keratin is one of a family of structural fibrous proteins also known as scleroproteins.
Kinase
In biochemistry, a kinase is an enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of phosphate groups from high-energy, phosphate-donating molecules to specific substrates.
Kinesin
A kinesin is a protein belonging to a class of motor proteins found in eukaryotic cells.
Kingdom (biology)
In biology, a kingdom is the second highest taxonomic rank, just below domain.
See Protein and Kingdom (biology)
Kjeldahl method
The Kjeldahl method or Kjeldahl digestion in analytical chemistry is a method for the quantitative determination of a sample's organic nitrogen plus ammonia/ammonium.
See Protein and Kjeldahl method
Knotted protein
Knotted proteins are proteins whose backbones entangle themselves in a knot. Protein and Knotted protein are proteins.
See Protein and Knotted protein
Lafayette Mendel
Lafayette Benedict Mendel (February 5, 1872 – December 9, 1935) was an American biochemist known for his work in nutrition, with longtime collaborator Thomas B. Osborne, including the study of Vitamin A, Vitamin B, lysine and tryptophan.
See Protein and Lafayette Mendel
Lectin
Lectins are carbohydrate-binding proteins that are highly specific for sugar groups that are part of other molecules, so cause agglutination of particular cells or precipitation of glycoconjugates and polysaccharides. Protein and Lectin are proteins.
Legumin
Legumin is family of globular proteins obtained from beans, peas, lentils, vetches, hemp and other leguminous seeds.
Leucine
Leucine (symbol Leu or L) is an essential amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins.
Liebig's law of the minimum
Liebig's law of the minimum, often simply called Liebig's law or the law of the minimum, is a principle developed in agricultural science by Carl Sprengel (1840) and later popularized by Justus von Liebig.
See Protein and Liebig's law of the minimum
Ligand
In coordination chemistry, a ligand is an ion or molecule with a functional group that binds to a central metal atom to form a coordination complex.
Linus Pauling
Linus Carl Pauling (February 28, 1901August 19, 1994) was an American chemist, biochemist, chemical engineer, peace activist, author, and educator.
Lipid
Lipids are a broad group of organic compounds which include fats, waxes, sterols, fat-soluble vitamins (such as vitamins A, D, E and K), monoglycerides, diglycerides, phospholipids, and others.
List of proteins
Proteins are a class of macromolecular organic compounds that are essential to life. Protein and List of proteins are proteins.
See Protein and List of proteins
List of synthetic polymers
Some familiar household synthetic polymers include: Nylons in textiles and fabrics, Teflon in non-stick pans, Bakelite for electrical switches, polyvinyl chloride (PVC) in pipes, etc.
See Protein and List of synthetic polymers
Locant
In the nomenclature of organic chemistry, a locant is a term to indicate the position of a functional group or substituent within a molecule.
Lung
The lungs are the central organs of the respiratory system in humans and some other animals, including tetrapods, some snails and a small number of fish.
See Protein and Lung
Lymphoblast
A lymphoblast is a modified naive lymphocyte with altered cell morphology.
Lysine
Lysine (symbol Lys or K) is an α-amino acid that is a precursor to many proteins.
Lysis
Lysis is the breaking down of the membrane of a cell, often by viral, enzymic, or osmotic (that is, "lytic") mechanisms that compromise its integrity.
Macromolecular assembly
The term macromolecular assembly (MA) refers to massive chemical structures such as viruses and non-biologic nanoparticles, cellular organelles and membranes and ribosomes, etc. Protein and macromolecular assembly are molecular biology.
See Protein and Macromolecular assembly
Macromolecule
A macromolecule is a very large molecule important to biological processes, such as a protein or nucleic acid.
Mass spectrometry
Mass spectrometry (MS) is an analytical technique that is used to measure the mass-to-charge ratio of ions.
See Protein and Mass spectrometry
Mathematical model
A mathematical model is an abstract description of a concrete system using mathematical concepts and language.
See Protein and Mathematical model
Max Perutz
Max Ferdinand Perutz (19 May 1914 – 6 February 2002) was an Austrian-born British molecular biologist, who shared the 1962 Nobel Prize for Chemistry with John Kendrew, for their studies of the structures of haemoglobin and myoglobin.
Mechanical properties of biomaterials
Materials that are used for biomedical or clinical applications are known as biomaterials.
See Protein and Mechanical properties of biomaterials
Mechanical testing
Mechanical testing covers a wide range of tests, which can be divided broadly into two types.
See Protein and Mechanical testing
Membrane protein
Membrane proteins are common proteins that are part of, or interact with, biological membranes.
See Protein and Membrane protein
Messenger RNA
In molecular biology, messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) is a single-stranded molecule of RNA that corresponds to the genetic sequence of a gene, and is read by a ribosome in the process of synthesizing a protein.
Metabolism
Metabolism (from μεταβολή metabolē, "change") is the set of life-sustaining chemical reactions in organisms.
Methionine
Methionine (symbol Met or M) is an essential amino acid in humans.
Microorganism
A microorganism, or microbe, is an organism of microscopic size, which may exist in its single-celled form or as a colony of cells. The possible existence of unseen microbial life was suspected from ancient times, such as in Jain scriptures from sixth century BC India. The scientific study of microorganisms began with their observation under the microscope in the 1670s by Anton van Leeuwenhoek.
Microscopy
Microscopy is the technical field of using microscopes to view objects and areas of objects that cannot be seen with the naked eye (objects that are not within the resolution range of the normal eye).
Molecular dynamics
Molecular dynamics (MD) is a computer simulation method for analyzing the physical movements of atoms and molecules.
See Protein and Molecular dynamics
Molecular mass
The molecular mass (m) is the mass of a given molecule.
See Protein and Molecular mass
Molecular mechanics
Molecular mechanics uses classical mechanics to model molecular systems.
See Protein and Molecular mechanics
Molecular modeling on GPUs
Molecular modeling on GPU is the technique of using a graphics processing unit (GPU) for molecular simulations.
See Protein and Molecular modeling on GPUs
Molecular recognition
The term molecular recognition refers to the specific interaction between two or more molecules through noncovalent bonding such as hydrogen bonding, metal coordination, hydrophobic forces, van der Waals forces, π-π interactions, halogen bonding, or resonant interaction effects.
See Protein and Molecular recognition
Monte Carlo method
Monte Carlo methods, or Monte Carlo experiments, are a broad class of computational algorithms that rely on repeated random sampling to obtain numerical results.
See Protein and Monte Carlo method
Motility
Motility is the ability of an organism to move independently, using metabolic energy.
Motor protein
Motor proteins are a class of molecular motors that can move along the cytoskeleton of cells.
Multi-configuration time-dependent Hartree
Multi-configuration time-dependent Hartree (MCTDH) is a general algorithm to solve the time-dependent Schrödinger equation for multidimensional dynamical systems consisting of distinguishable particles.
See Protein and Multi-configuration time-dependent Hartree
Muscle
Muscle is a soft tissue, one of the four basic types of animal tissue.
Mutation
In biology, a mutation is an alteration in the nucleic acid sequence of the genome of an organism, virus, or extrachromosomal DNA.
Mycoplasma
Mycoplasma is a genus of bacteria that, like the other members of the class Mollicutes, lack a cell wall, and its peptidoglycan, around their cell membrane.
Myoglobin
Myoglobin (symbol Mb or MB) is an iron- and oxygen-binding protein found in the cardiac and skeletal muscle tissue of vertebrates in general and in almost all mammals.
Myosin
Myosins are a superfamily of motor proteins best known for their roles in muscle contraction and in a wide range of other motility processes in eukaryotes.
N-terminus
The N-terminus (also known as the amino-terminus, NH2-terminus, N-terminal end or amine-terminus) is the start of a protein or polypeptide, referring to the free amine group (-NH2) located at the end of a polypeptide. Protein and n-terminus are proteins.
Nail (anatomy)
A nail is a protective plate characteristically found at the tip of the digits (fingers and toes) of all primates, corresponding to the claws in other tetrapod animals.
See Protein and Nail (anatomy)
Native state
In biochemistry, the native state of a protein or nucleic acid is its properly folded and/or assembled form, which is operative and functional.
Nickel
Nickel is a chemical element; it has symbol Ni and atomic number 28.
Nuclear envelope
The nuclear envelope, also known as the nuclear membrane, is made up of two lipid bilayer membranes that in eukaryotic cells surround the nucleus, which encloses the genetic material.
See Protein and Nuclear envelope
Nuclear magnetic resonance
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is a physical phenomenon in which nuclei in a strong constant magnetic field are perturbed by a weak oscillating magnetic field (in the near field) and respond by producing an electromagnetic signal with a frequency characteristic of the magnetic field at the nucleus.
See Protein and Nuclear magnetic resonance
Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of proteins
Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of proteins (usually abbreviated protein NMR) is a field of structural biology in which NMR spectroscopy is used to obtain information about the structure and dynamics of proteins, and also nucleic acids, and their complexes.
See Protein and Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of proteins
Nucleic acid
Nucleic acids are large biomolecules that are crucial in all cells and viruses.
Nucleic acid sequence
A nucleic acid sequence is a succession of bases within the nucleotides forming alleles within a DNA (using GACT) or RNA (GACU) molecule. Protein and nucleic acid sequence are molecular biology.
See Protein and Nucleic acid sequence
Nucleoid
The nucleoid (meaning nucleus-like) is an irregularly shaped region within the prokaryotic cell that contains all or most of the genetic material.
Nucleotide
Nucleotides are organic molecules composed of a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar and a phosphate. Protein and Nucleotide are molecular biology.
Oligomer
In chemistry and biochemistry, an oligomer is a molecule that consists of a few repeating units which could be derived, actually or conceptually, from smaller molecules, monomers.
Open reading frame
In molecular biology, reading frames are defined as spans of DNA sequence between the start and stop codons.
See Protein and Open reading frame
Optical microscope
The optical microscope, also referred to as a light microscope, is a type of microscope that commonly uses visible light and a system of lenses to generate magnified images of small objects.
See Protein and Optical microscope
Organelle
In cell biology, an organelle is a specialized subunit, usually within a cell, that has a specific function.
Organic synthesis
Organic synthesis is a branch of chemical synthesis concerned with the construction of organic compounds.
See Protein and Organic synthesis
Organism
An organism is defined in a medical dictionary as any living thing that functions as an individual.
Orotidine 5'-phosphate decarboxylase
Orotidine 5′-phosphate decarboxylase (OMP decarboxylase) or orotidylate decarboxylase is an enzyme involved in pyrimidine biosynthesis.
See Protein and Orotidine 5'-phosphate decarboxylase
Oxidative folding
Oxidative protein folding is a process that is responsible for the formation of disulfide bonds between cysteine residues in proteins.
See Protein and Oxidative folding
Oxygen
Oxygen is a chemical element; it has symbol O and atomic number 8.
Pancreatic ribonuclease family
Pancreatic ribonuclease family (RNase, RNase I, RNase A, pancreatic RNase, ribonuclease I, endoribonuclease I, ribonucleic phosphatase, alkaline ribonuclease, ribonuclease, gene S glycoproteins, Ceratitis capitata alkaline ribonuclease, SLSG glycoproteins, gene S locus-specific glycoproteins, S-genotype-assocd.
See Protein and Pancreatic ribonuclease family
Peptide
Peptides are short chains of amino acids linked by peptide bonds.
Peptide bond
In organic chemistry, a peptide bond is an amide type of covalent chemical bond linking two consecutive alpha-amino acids from C1 (carbon number one) of one alpha-amino acid and N2 (nitrogen number two) of another, along a peptide or protein chain.
Peptide synthesis
In organic chemistry, peptide synthesis is the production of peptides, compounds where multiple amino acids are linked via amide bonds, also known as peptide bonds.
See Protein and Peptide synthesis
Pfam
Pfam is a database of protein families that includes their annotations and multiple sequence alignments generated using hidden Markov models.
See Protein and Pfam
Phylogenetic tree
A phylogenetic tree, phylogeny or evolutionary tree is a graphical representation which shows the evolutionary history between a set of species or taxa during a specific time.
See Protein and Phylogenetic tree
Plasma cell
Plasma cells, also called plasma B cells or effector B cells, are white blood cells that originate in the lymphoid organs as B cells and secrete large quantities of proteins called antibodies in response to being presented specific substances called antigens.
Polyamide
A polyamide is a polymer with repeating units linked by amide bonds.
Polymer
A polymer is a substance or material consisting of very large molecules linked together into chains of repeating subunits.
Polysaccharide
Polysaccharides, or polycarbohydrates, are the most abundant carbohydrates found in food.
See Protein and Polysaccharide
Post-transcriptional modification
Transcriptional modification or co-transcriptional modification is a set of biological processes common to most eukaryotic cells by which an RNA primary transcript is chemically altered following transcription from a gene to produce a mature, functional RNA molecule that can then leave the nucleus and perform any of a variety of different functions in the cell. Protein and Post-transcriptional modification are molecular biology.
See Protein and Post-transcriptional modification
Post-translational modification
In molecular biology, post-translational modification (PTM) is the covalent process of changing proteins following protein biosynthesis.
See Protein and Post-translational modification
Potassium
Potassium is a chemical element; it has symbol K (from Neo-Latin kalium) and atomic number19.
Precipitation (chemistry)
In an aqueous solution, precipitation is the "sedimentation of a solid material (a precipitate) from a liquid solution".
See Protein and Precipitation (chemistry)
Prokaryote
A prokaryote (less commonly spelled procaryote) is a single-cell organism whose cell lacks a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.
Proline
Proline (symbol Pro or P) is an organic acid classed as a proteinogenic amino acid (used in the biosynthesis of proteins), although it does not contain the amino group but is rather a secondary amine.
Prosthetic group
A prosthetic group is the non-amino acid component that is part of the structure of the heteroproteins or conjugated proteins, being tightly linked to the apoprotein.
See Protein and Prosthetic group
Protease
A protease (also called a peptidase, proteinase, or proteolytic enzyme) is an enzyme that catalyzes proteolysis, breaking down proteins into smaller polypeptides or single amino acids, and spurring the formation of new protein products.
Protein biosynthesis
Protein biosynthesis (or protein synthesis) is a core biological process, occurring inside cells, balancing the loss of cellular proteins (via degradation or export) through the production of new proteins. Protein and protein biosynthesis are proteins.
See Protein and Protein biosynthesis
Protein complex
A protein complex or multiprotein complex is a group of two or more associated polypeptide chains.
See Protein and Protein complex
Protein Data Bank
The Protein Data Bank (PDB) is a database for the three-dimensional structural data of large biological molecules such as proteins and nucleic acids, which is overseen by the Worldwide Protein Data Bank (wwPDB).
See Protein and Protein Data Bank
Protein design
Protein design is the rational design of new protein molecules to design novel activity, behavior, or purpose, and to advance basic understanding of protein function.
See Protein and Protein design
Protein domain
In molecular biology, a protein domain is a region of a protein's polypeptide chain that is self-stabilizing and that folds independently from the rest.
See Protein and Protein domain
Protein engineering
Protein engineering is the process of developing useful or valuable proteins through the design and production of unnatural polypeptides, often by altering amino acid sequences found in nature. Protein and protein engineering are proteins.
See Protein and Protein engineering
Protein family
A protein family is a group of evolutionarily related proteins.
See Protein and Protein family
Protein folding
Protein folding is the physical process by which a protein, after synthesis by a ribosome as a linear chain of amino acids, changes from an unstable random coil into a more ordered three-dimensional structure.
See Protein and Protein folding
Protein microarray
A protein microarray (or protein chip) is a high-throughput method used to track the interactions and activities of proteins, and to determine their function, and determining function on a large scale. Protein and protein microarray are proteomics.
See Protein and Protein microarray
Protein primary structure
Protein primary structure is the linear sequence of amino acids in a peptide or protein.
See Protein and Protein primary structure
Protein purification
Protein purification is a series of processes intended to isolate one or a few proteins from a complex mixture, usually cells, tissues or whole organisms.
See Protein and Protein purification
Protein quaternary structure
Protein quaternary structure is the fourth (and highest) classification level of protein structure.
See Protein and Protein quaternary structure
Protein quinary structure
Protein quinary structure refers to the features of protein surfaces that are shaped by evolutionary adaptation to the physiological context of living cells. Protein and protein quinary structure are molecular biology.
See Protein and Protein quinary structure
Protein secondary structure
Protein secondary structure is the local spatial conformation of the polypeptide backbone excluding the side chains.
See Protein and Protein secondary structure
Protein sequencing
Protein sequencing is the practical process of determining the amino acid sequence of all or part of a protein or peptide.
See Protein and Protein sequencing
Protein splicing
Protein splicing is an intramolecular reaction of a particular protein in which an internal protein segment (called an intein) is removed from a precursor protein with a ligation of C-terminal and N-terminal external proteins (called exteins) on both sides. Protein and protein splicing are proteins.
See Protein and Protein splicing
Protein structure
Protein structure is the three-dimensional arrangement of atoms in an amino acid-chain molecule. Protein and Protein structure are proteins.
See Protein and Protein structure
Protein structure prediction
Protein structure prediction is the inference of the three-dimensional structure of a protein from its amino acid sequence—that is, the prediction of its secondary and tertiary structure from primary structure.
See Protein and Protein structure prediction
Protein subunit
In structural biology, a protein subunit is a polypeptide chain or single protein molecule that assembles (or "coassembles") with others to form a protein complex.
See Protein and Protein subunit
Protein superfamily
A protein superfamily is the largest grouping (clade) of proteins for which common ancestry can be inferred (see homology).
See Protein and Protein superfamily
Protein targeting
Protein targeting or protein sorting is the biological mechanism by which proteins are transported to their appropriate destinations within or outside the cell.
See Protein and Protein targeting
Protein tertiary structure
Protein tertiary structure is the three-dimensional shape of a protein.
See Protein and Protein tertiary structure
Protein turnover
In cell biology, protein turnover refers to the replacement of older proteins as they are broken down within the cell.
See Protein and Protein turnover
Protein–carbohydrate interaction
Carbohydrate–protein interactions are the intermolecular and intramolecular interactions between protein and carbohydrate moieties.
See Protein and Protein–carbohydrate interaction
Protein–lipid interaction
Protein–lipid interaction is the influence of membrane proteins on the lipid physical state or vice versa.
See Protein and Protein–lipid interaction
Protein–protein interaction
Protein–protein interactions (PPIs) are physical contacts of high specificity established between two or more protein molecules as a result of biochemical events steered by interactions that include electrostatic forces, hydrogen bonding and the hydrophobic effect. Protein and Protein–protein interaction are proteomics.
See Protein and Protein–protein interaction
Proteinogenic amino acid
Proteinogenic amino acids are amino acids that are incorporated biosynthetically into proteins during translation.
See Protein and Proteinogenic amino acid
Proteinopathy
In medicine, proteinopathy (-pathy; proteinopathies pl.; proteinopathic adj), or proteopathy, protein conformational disorder, or protein misfolding disease, is a class of diseases in which certain proteins become structurally abnormal, and thereby disrupt the function of cells, tissues and organs of the body.
Proteolysis
Proteolysis is the breakdown of proteins into smaller polypeptides or amino acids.
Proteome
The proteome is the entire set of proteins that is, or can be, expressed by a genome, cell, tissue, or organism at a certain time. Protein and proteome are proteomics.
Proteomics
Proteomics is the large-scale study of proteins. Protein and Proteomics are proteins.
Proteopedia
Proteopedia is a wiki, 3D encyclopedia of proteins and other molecules.
Pseudogene
Pseudogenes are nonfunctional segments of DNA that resemble functional genes.
Pyrrolysine
Pyrrolysine (symbol Pyl or O; encoded by the 'amber' stop codon UAG) is an α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins in some methanogenic archaea and bacteria; it is not present in humans.
Quantum dynamics
In physics, quantum dynamics is the quantum version of classical dynamics.
See Protein and Quantum dynamics
Quantum mechanics
Quantum mechanics is a fundamental theory that describes the behavior of nature at and below the scale of atoms.
See Protein and Quantum mechanics
Ranpirnase
Ranpirnase is a ribonuclease enzyme found in the oocytes of the Northern Leopard Frog (Rana pipiens).
Reaction mechanism
In chemistry, a reaction mechanism is the step by step sequence of elementary reactions by which overall chemical reaction occurs.
See Protein and Reaction mechanism
Receptor (biochemistry)
In biochemistry and pharmacology, receptors are chemical structures, composed of protein, that receive and transduce signals that may be integrated into biological systems.
See Protein and Receptor (biochemistry)
Reporter gene
In molecular biology, a reporter gene (often simply reporter) is a gene that researchers attach to a regulatory sequence of another gene of interest in bacteria, cell culture, animals or plants. Protein and reporter gene are molecular biology.
Residue (chemistry)
Within the sciences residue is a complex concept with multiple meanings.
See Protein and Residue (chemistry)
Resonance (chemistry)
In chemistry, resonance, also called mesomerism, is a way of describing bonding in certain molecules or polyatomic ions by the combination of several contributing structures (or forms, also variously known as resonance structures or canonical structures) into a resonance hybrid (or hybrid structure) in valence bond theory.
See Protein and Resonance (chemistry)
Restriction enzyme
A restriction enzyme, restriction endonuclease, REase, ENase or restrictase is an enzyme that cleaves DNA into fragments at or near specific recognition sites within molecules known as restriction sites. Protein and restriction enzyme are molecular biology.
See Protein and Restriction enzyme
Rhodopsin
Rhodopsin, also known as visual purple, is a protein encoded by the RHO gene and a G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR).
Ribonuclease inhibitor
Ribonuclease inhibitor (RI) is a large (~450 residues, ~49 kDa), acidic (pI ~4.7), leucine-rich repeat protein that forms extremely tight complexes with certain ribonucleases.
See Protein and Ribonuclease inhibitor
Ribosome
Ribosomes are macromolecular machines, found within all cells, that perform biological protein synthesis (messenger RNA translation).
RNA
Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is a polymeric molecule that is essential for most biological functions, either by performing the function itself (non-coding RNA) or by forming a template for the production of proteins (messenger RNA). Protein and RNA are molecular biology.
See Protein and RNA
RNA polymerase
In molecular biology, RNA polymerase (abbreviated RNAP or RNApol), or more specifically DNA-directed/dependent RNA polymerase (DdRP), is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reactions that synthesize RNA from a DNA template.
See Protein and RNA polymerase
Roger D. Kornberg
Roger David Kornberg (born April 24, 1947) is an American biochemist and professor of structural biology at Stanford University School of Medicine.
See Protein and Roger D. Kornberg
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (brewer's yeast or baker's yeast) is a species of yeast (single-celled fungal microorganisms).
See Protein and Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Salt bridge (protein and supramolecular)
In chemistry, a salt bridge is a combination of two non-covalent interactions: hydrogen bonding and ionic bonding (Figure 1).
See Protein and Salt bridge (protein and supramolecular)
Salting out
Salting out (also known as salt-induced precipitation, salt fractionation, anti-solvent crystallization, precipitation crystallization, or drowning out) is a purification technique that utilizes the reduced solubility of certain molecules in a solution of very high ionic strength.
Sarcomere
A sarcomere (Greek σάρξ sarx "flesh", μέρος meros "part") is the smallest functional unit of striated muscle tissue.
Scaffolding
Scaffolding, also called scaffold or staging, is a temporary structure used to support a work crew and materials to aid in the construction, maintenance and repair of buildings, bridges and all other human-made structures.
Secretion
Secretion is the movement of material from one point to another, such as a secreted chemical substance from a cell or gland.
Selenocysteine
Selenocysteine (symbol Sec or U, in older publications also as Se-Cys) is the 21st proteinogenic amino acid.
See Protein and Selenocysteine
Semipermeable membrane
Semipermeable membrane is a type of synthetic or biologic, polymeric membrane that allows certain molecules or ions to pass through it by osmosis.
See Protein and Semipermeable membrane
Sequence alignment
In bioinformatics, a sequence alignment is a way of arranging the sequences of DNA, RNA, or protein to identify regions of similarity that may be a consequence of functional, structural, or evolutionary relationships between the sequences.
See Protein and Sequence alignment
Sequence homology
Sequence homology is the biological homology between DNA, RNA, or protein sequences, defined in terms of shared ancestry in the evolutionary history of life.
See Protein and Sequence homology
Sequence profiling tool
A sequence profiling tool in bioinformatics is a type of software that presents information related to a genetic sequence, gene name, or keyword input.
See Protein and Sequence profiling tool
Sequence space (evolution)
In evolutionary biology, sequence space is a way of representing all possible sequences (for a protein, gene or genome).
See Protein and Sequence space (evolution)
Serum albumin
Serum albumin, often referred to simply as blood albumin, is an albumin (a type of globular protein) found in vertebrate blood.
Sexual reproduction
Sexual reproduction is a type of reproduction that involves a complex life cycle in which a gamete (haploid reproductive cells, such as a sperm or egg cell) with a single set of chromosomes combines with another gamete to produce a zygote that develops into an organism composed of cells with two sets of chromosomes (diploid).
See Protein and Sexual reproduction
SH3 domain
The SRC Homology 3 Domain (or SH3 domain) is a small protein domain of about 60 amino acid residues.
Side chain
In organic chemistry and biochemistry, a side chain is a chemical group that is attached to a core part of the molecule called the "main chain" or backbone.
Signal transduction
Signal transduction is the process by which a chemical or physical signal is transmitted through a cell as a series of molecular events.
See Protein and Signal transduction
Site-directed mutagenesis
Site-directed mutagenesis is a molecular biology method that is used to make specific and intentional mutating changes to the DNA sequence of a gene and any gene products.
See Protein and Site-directed mutagenesis
Small molecule
In molecular biology and pharmacology, a small molecule or micromolecule is a low molecular weight (≤ 1000 daltons) organic compound that may regulate a biological process, with a size on the order of 1 nm.
See Protein and Small molecule
Sodium
Sodium is a chemical element; it has symbol Na (from Neo-Latin natrium) and atomic number 11.
Solubility
In chemistry, solubility is the ability of a substance, the solute, to form a solution with another substance, the solvent.
Solvation shell
A solvation shell or solvation sheath is the solvent interface of any chemical compound or biomolecule that constitutes the solute in a solution.
See Protein and Solvation shell
Spectroscopy
Spectroscopy is the field of study that measures and interprets electromagnetic spectra.
Spermatozoon
A spermatozoon (also spelled spermatozoön;: spermatozoa) is a motile sperm cell, or moving form of the haploid cell that is the male gamete.
Spirochaete
A spirochaete or spirochete is a member of the phylum Spirochaetota (also called Spirochaetes), which contains distinctive diderm (double-membrane) Gram-negative bacteria, most of which have long, helically coiled (corkscrew-shaped or spiraled, hence the name) cells.
Staphylococcus aureus
Staphylococcus aureus is a gram-positive spherically shaped bacterium, a member of the Bacillota, and is a usual member of the microbiota of the body, frequently found in the upper respiratory tract and on the skin.
See Protein and Staphylococcus aureus
Starvation
Starvation is a severe deficiency in caloric energy intake, below the level needed to maintain an organism's life.
Stereochemistry
Stereochemistry, a subdiscipline of chemistry, involves the study of the relative spatial arrangement of atoms that form the structure of molecules and their manipulation.
See Protein and Stereochemistry
Stiffness
Stiffness is the extent to which an object resists deformation in response to an applied force.
Structural genomics
Structural genomics seeks to describe the 3-dimensional structure of every protein encoded by a given genome.
See Protein and Structural genomics
Substrate (chemistry)
In chemistry, the term substrate is highly context-dependent.
See Protein and Substrate (chemistry)
Synchrotron
A synchrotron is a particular type of cyclic particle accelerator, descended from the cyclotron, in which the accelerating particle beam travels around a fixed closed-loop path.
Temperature
Temperature is a physical quantity that quantitatively expresses the attribute of hotness or coldness.
Thermodynamic free energy
In thermodynamics, the thermodynamic free energy is one of the state functions of a thermodynamic system (the others being internal energy, enthalpy, entropy, etc.). The change in the free energy is the maximum amount of work that the system can perform in a process at constant temperature, and its sign indicates whether the process is thermodynamically favorable or forbidden.
See Protein and Thermodynamic free energy
Thomas Burr Osborne (chemist)
Thomas Burr Osborne (August 5, 1859 – January 29, 1929) was an American biochemist who, with Lafayette Mendel, independently discovered Vitamin A, though Elmer McCollum and Marguerite Davis were ultimately given credit, as they had submitted their paper first by three weeks.
See Protein and Thomas Burr Osborne (chemist)
Threonine
Threonine (symbol Thr or T) is an amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins.
Tissue (biology)
In biology, tissue is an assembly of similar cells and their extracellular matrix from the same embryonic origin that together carry out a specific function.
See Protein and Tissue (biology)
Titin
Titin (contraction for Titan protein) (also called connectin) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TTN gene.
Transcription (biology)
Transcription is the process of copying a segment of DNA into RNA. Protein and Transcription (biology) are molecular biology.
See Protein and Transcription (biology)
Transfer RNA
Transfer RNA (abbreviated tRNA and formerly referred to as sRNA, for soluble RNA) is an adaptor molecule composed of RNA, typically 76 to 90 nucleotides in length (in eukaryotes), that serves as the physical link between the mRNA and the amino acid sequence of proteins.
Translation (biology)
In biology, translation is the process in living cells in which proteins are produced using RNA molecules as templates. Protein and translation (biology) are molecular biology.
See Protein and Translation (biology)
Transmembrane protein
A transmembrane protein is a type of integral membrane protein that spans the entirety of the cell membrane.
See Protein and Transmembrane protein
Tubulin
Tubulin in molecular biology can refer either to the tubulin protein superfamily of globular proteins, or one of the member proteins of that superfamily.
Turn (biochemistry)
A turn is an element of secondary structure in proteins where the polypeptide chain reverses its overall direction.
See Protein and Turn (biochemistry)
Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis
Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, abbreviated as 2-DE or 2-D electrophoresis, is a form of gel electrophoresis commonly used to analyze proteins.
See Protein and Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis
Two-hybrid screening
Two-hybrid screening (originally known as yeast two-hybrid system or Y2H) is a molecular biology technique used to discover protein–protein interactions (PPIs) and protein–DNA interactions by testing for physical interactions (such as binding) between two proteins or a single protein and a DNA molecule, respectively. Protein and two-hybrid screening are molecular biology.
See Protein and Two-hybrid screening
Ultracentrifuge
An ultracentrifuge is a centrifuge optimized for spinning a rotor at very high speeds, capable of generating acceleration as high as (approx.). There are two kinds of ultracentrifuges, the preparative and the analytical ultracentrifuge.
See Protein and Ultracentrifuge
Uracil
Uracil (symbol U or Ura) is one of the four nucleobases in the nucleic acid RNA.
Urease
Ureases, functionally, belong to the superfamily of amidohydrolases and phosphotriesterases.
Valine
Valine (symbol Val or V) is an α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins.
Vertebrate
Vertebrates are deuterostomal animals with bony or cartilaginous axial endoskeleton — known as the vertebral column, spine or backbone — around and along the spinal cord, including all fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals.
Villin-1
Villin-1 is a 92.5 kDa tissue-specific actin-binding protein associated with the actin core bundle of the brush border. Protein and Villin-1 are proteins.
Virus
A virus is a submicroscopic infectious agent that replicates only inside the living cells of an organism.
Viscosity
The viscosity of a fluid is a measure of its resistance to deformation at a given rate.
Walter Kauzmann
Walter J. Kauzmann (18 August 1916 – 27 January 2009) was an American chemist and professor emeritus of Princeton University.
See Protein and Walter Kauzmann
William Astbury
William Thomas Astbury FRS (25 February 1898 – 4 June 1961) was an English physicist and molecular biologist who made pioneering X-ray diffraction studies of biological molecules.
See Protein and William Astbury
William Cumming Rose
William Cumming Rose (April 4, 1887 – September 25, 1985) was an American biochemist and nutritionist.
See Protein and William Cumming Rose
X-ray crystallography
X-ray crystallography is the experimental science of determining the atomic and molecular structure of a crystal, in which the crystalline structure causes a beam of incident X-rays to diffract in specific directions.
See Protein and X-ray crystallography
Yeast
Yeasts are eukaryotic, single-celled microorganisms classified as members of the fungus kingdom.
Young's modulus
Young's modulus (or Young modulus) is a mechanical property of solid materials that measures the tensile or compressive stiffness when the force is applied lengthwise.
See Protein and Young's modulus
References
Also known as Back bone (protein), Bacterial protein, Cellular protein, Natural proteins, Protein (biochemistry), Protein action, Protein function, Protein interactions, Protein molecule, Proteinaceous, Proteine, Proteins, Protien, Protiens, Soluble protein, Structural protein, Structural proteins.
, Cell membrane, Cell nucleus, Cell signaling, Chaperone (protein), CHARMM, Chemical bond, Chemical ligation, Chemical polarity, Chemical specificity, Christian B. Anfinsen, Chromatography, Circuit topology, Circular dichroism, Circulatory system, Citric acid cycle, Clustal, Cofactor (biochemistry), Collagen, Colloid, Columbia University, Concentration, Conformational change, Conformational isomerism, Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, Connective tissue, Coplanarity, Cryogenic electron microscopy, Crystallization, Cyclol, Cytolysis, Cytoplasm, Cytoskeleton, Cytosol, Dalton (unit), Dehydration, Denaturation (biochemistry), Deproteination, Diet (nutrition), Diffraction-limited system, Diffusion, Digestion, Dihedral angle, Dirigent protein, Dissociation constant, Distance geometry, Distributed computing, Disulfide, DNA, DNA repair, DNA replication, DNA sequencing, DNA-binding protein, Docking (molecular), Dog, Double bond, Downregulation and upregulation, Dual-polarization interferometry, Dynein, Elastin, Electron crystallography, Electron microscope, Electrophoresis, Elemental analysis, Emil Fischer, Empirical formula, Endoplasmic reticulum, Enzyme, Enzyme assay, Enzyme catalysis, Enzyme kinetics, Escherichia coli, Essential amino acid, Eukaryote, Eukaryotic Linear Motif resource, Evolution, Exoskeleton, Feather, Fibrin, Fibrous protein, Fluorescence, Folding@home, Franz Hofmeister, Frederick Sanger, Fusion protein, Gas constant, Gel electrophoresis, Gelatin, Gene, Gene duplication, Gene Ontology, Genetic code, Genetic engineering, Genomics, Gerardus Johannes Mulder, Gliadin, Globular protein, Gluconeogenesis, Glucose, Glutamic acid, Gluten, Glycan-protein interactions, Graphics processing unit, Greek language, Green fluorescent protein, GROMOS, Guanine, Hair, Half-life, Hemoglobin, Hierarchical equations of motion, His-tag, Histidine, HIV, Homology (biology), Homology modeling, Hoof, Hormone, Human, Human genome, Huntington's Disease Outreach Project for Education at Stanford, Hydrogen bond, Hydrolysis, Hydrophobe, Hydrophobic effect, Immunofluorescence, Immunohistochemistry, In silico, In vitro, In vivo, In-gel digestion, Index of protein-related articles, Insulin, Interactome, Intracellular transport, Intrinsically disordered proteins, Ion channel, Isoelectric focusing, Isoelectric point, Isoleucine, James B. Sumner, Jöns Jacob Berzelius, John Kendrew, Kaj Ulrik Linderstrøm-Lang, Karl Heinrich Ritthausen, Keratin, Kinase, Kinesin, Kingdom (biology), Kjeldahl method, Knotted protein, Lafayette Mendel, Lectin, Legumin, Leucine, Liebig's law of the minimum, Ligand, Linus Pauling, Lipid, List of proteins, List of synthetic polymers, Locant, Lung, Lymphoblast, Lysine, Lysis, Macromolecular assembly, Macromolecule, Mass spectrometry, Mathematical model, Max Perutz, Mechanical properties of biomaterials, Mechanical testing, Membrane protein, Messenger RNA, Metabolism, Methionine, Microorganism, Microscopy, Molecular dynamics, Molecular mass, Molecular mechanics, Molecular modeling on GPUs, Molecular recognition, Monte Carlo method, Motility, Motor protein, Multi-configuration time-dependent Hartree, Muscle, Mutation, Mycoplasma, Myoglobin, Myosin, N-terminus, Nail (anatomy), Native state, Nickel, Nuclear envelope, Nuclear magnetic resonance, Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy of proteins, Nucleic acid, Nucleic acid sequence, Nucleoid, Nucleotide, Oligomer, Open reading frame, Optical microscope, Organelle, Organic synthesis, Organism, Orotidine 5'-phosphate decarboxylase, Oxidative folding, Oxygen, Pancreatic ribonuclease family, Peptide, Peptide bond, Peptide synthesis, Pfam, Phylogenetic tree, Plasma cell, Polyamide, Polymer, Polysaccharide, Post-transcriptional modification, Post-translational modification, Potassium, Precipitation (chemistry), Prokaryote, Proline, Prosthetic group, Protease, Protein biosynthesis, Protein complex, Protein Data Bank, Protein design, Protein domain, Protein engineering, Protein family, Protein folding, Protein microarray, Protein primary structure, Protein purification, Protein quaternary structure, Protein quinary structure, Protein secondary structure, Protein sequencing, Protein splicing, Protein structure, Protein structure prediction, Protein subunit, Protein superfamily, Protein targeting, Protein tertiary structure, Protein turnover, Protein–carbohydrate interaction, Protein–lipid interaction, Protein–protein interaction, Proteinogenic amino acid, Proteinopathy, Proteolysis, Proteome, Proteomics, Proteopedia, Pseudogene, Pyrrolysine, Quantum dynamics, Quantum mechanics, Ranpirnase, Reaction mechanism, Receptor (biochemistry), Reporter gene, Residue (chemistry), Resonance (chemistry), Restriction enzyme, Rhodopsin, Ribonuclease inhibitor, Ribosome, RNA, RNA polymerase, Roger D. Kornberg, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Salt bridge (protein and supramolecular), Salting out, Sarcomere, Scaffolding, Secretion, Selenocysteine, Semipermeable membrane, Sequence alignment, Sequence homology, Sequence profiling tool, Sequence space (evolution), Serum albumin, Sexual reproduction, SH3 domain, Side chain, Signal transduction, Site-directed mutagenesis, Small molecule, Sodium, Solubility, Solvation shell, Spectroscopy, Spermatozoon, Spirochaete, Staphylococcus aureus, Starvation, Stereochemistry, Stiffness, Structural genomics, Substrate (chemistry), Synchrotron, Temperature, Thermodynamic free energy, Thomas Burr Osborne (chemist), Threonine, Tissue (biology), Titin, Transcription (biology), Transfer RNA, Translation (biology), Transmembrane protein, Tubulin, Turn (biochemistry), Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, Two-hybrid screening, Ultracentrifuge, Uracil, Urease, Valine, Vertebrate, Villin-1, Virus, Viscosity, Walter Kauzmann, William Astbury, William Cumming Rose, X-ray crystallography, Yeast, Young's modulus.