Table of Contents
264 relations: Abiogenesis, Acid–base homeostasis, Adenosine triphosphate, Adrenaline, African trypanosomiasis, Alamethicin, Alanine, Aliphatic compound, Alloprotein, American Chemical Society, Amine, Amino acid dating, Aminoacyl tRNA synthetase, Angewandte Chemie, Animal feed, Antibiotic, Antifeedant, Archaea, Arginine, Aromaticity, Asparagine, Asparagus, Aspartame, Aspartic acid, Bacteria, Bentham Science Publishers, Benzyl chloroformate, Beta-peptide, Biochemistry, Biology, Biosynthesis, Bortezomib, Brønsted–Lowry acid–base theory, Cahn–Ingold–Prelog priority rules, Calcium in biology, Canavanine, Carbon, Carbon dioxide, Carboxylation, Carboxylic acid, Carnitine, Carnosine, Catabolism, Catecholamine, Cell envelope, Charles Adolphe Wurtz, Chelation, Chemical equilibrium, Chemical formula, Chemical polarity, ... Expand index (214 more) »
- Zwitterions
Abiogenesis
Abiogenesis is the natural process by which life arises from non-living matter, such as simple organic compounds.
See Amino acid and Abiogenesis
Acid–base homeostasis
Acid–base homeostasis is the homeostatic regulation of the pH of the body's extracellular fluid (ECF).
See Amino acid and Acid–base homeostasis
Adenosine triphosphate
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a nucleotide that provides energy to drive and support many processes in living cells, such as muscle contraction, nerve impulse propagation, and chemical synthesis.
See Amino acid and Adenosine triphosphate
Adrenaline
Adrenaline, also known as epinephrine, is a hormone and medication which is involved in regulating visceral functions (e.g., respiration).
African trypanosomiasis
African trypanosomiasis is an insect-borne parasitic infection of humans and other animals.
See Amino acid and African trypanosomiasis
Alamethicin
Alamethicin is a channel-forming peptide antibiotic, produced by the fungus Trichoderma viride.
See Amino acid and Alamethicin
Alanine
Alanine (symbol Ala or A), or α-alanine, is an α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins.
Aliphatic compound
In organic chemistry, hydrocarbons (compounds composed solely of carbon and hydrogen) are divided into two classes: aromatic compounds and aliphatic compounds (G. aleiphar, fat, oil).
See Amino acid and Aliphatic compound
Alloprotein
An alloprotein is a novel synthetic protein containing one or more "non-natural" amino acids.
See Amino acid and Alloprotein
American Chemical Society
The American Chemical Society (ACS) is a scientific society based in the United States that supports scientific inquiry in the field of chemistry.
See Amino acid and American Chemical Society
Amine
In chemistry, amines are compounds and functional groups that contain a basic nitrogen atom with a lone pair.
Amino acid dating
Amino acid dating is a dating technique used to estimate the age of a specimen in paleobiology, molecular paleontology, archaeology, forensic science, taphonomy, sedimentary geology and other fields.
See Amino acid and Amino acid dating
Aminoacyl tRNA synthetase
An aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase (aaRS or ARS), also called tRNA-ligase, is an enzyme that attaches the appropriate amino acid onto its corresponding tRNA.
See Amino acid and Aminoacyl tRNA synthetase
Angewandte Chemie
Angewandte Chemie (meaning "Applied Chemistry") is a weekly peer-reviewed scientific journal that is published by Wiley-VCH on behalf of the German Chemical Society (Gesellschaft Deutscher Chemiker).
See Amino acid and Angewandte Chemie
Animal feed
Animal feed is food given to domestic animals, especially livestock, in the course of animal husbandry.
See Amino acid and Animal feed
Antibiotic
An antibiotic is a type of antimicrobial substance active against bacteria.
Antifeedant
Antifeedants are organic compounds produced by plants to repel herbivores through distaste or toxicity.
See Amino acid and Antifeedant
Archaea
Archaea (archaeon) is a domain of single-celled organisms.
Arginine
Arginine is the amino acid with the formula (H2N)(HN)CN(H)(CH2)3CH(NH2)CO2H.
Aromaticity
In organic chemistry, aromaticity is a chemical property describing the way in which a conjugated ring of unsaturated bonds, lone pairs, or empty orbitals exhibits a stabilization stronger than would be expected by the stabilization of conjugation alone.
See Amino acid and Aromaticity
Asparagine
Asparagine (symbol Asn or N) is an α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins.
Asparagus
Asparagus (Asparagus officinalis) is a perennial flowering plant species in the genus Asparagus native to Eurasia.
Aspartame
Aspartame is an artificial non-saccharide sweetener 200 times sweeter than sucrose and is commonly used as a sugar substitute in foods and beverages.
Aspartic acid
Aspartic acid (symbol Asp or D; the ionic form is known as aspartate), is an α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins.
See Amino acid and Aspartic acid
Bacteria
Bacteria (bacterium) are ubiquitous, mostly free-living organisms often consisting of one biological cell.
Bentham Science Publishers
Bentham Science Publishers is a company that publishes scientific, technical, and medical journals and e-books.
See Amino acid and Bentham Science Publishers
Benzyl chloroformate
Benzyl chloroformate, also known as benzyl chlorocarbonate or Z-chloride, is the benzyl ester of chloroformic acid.
See Amino acid and Benzyl chloroformate
Beta-peptide
Beta-peptides (β-peptides) are peptides derived from β-amino acids, in which the amino group is attached to the β-carbon (i.e. the carbon two atoms away from the carboxylate group).
See Amino acid and Beta-peptide
Biochemistry
Biochemistry or biological chemistry is the study of chemical processes within and relating to living organisms.
See Amino acid and Biochemistry
Biology
Biology is the scientific study of life.
Biosynthesis
Biosynthesis, i.e., chemical synthesis occuring in biological contexts, is a term most often referring to multi-step, enzyme-catalyzed processes where chemical substances absorbed as nutrients (or previously converted through biosynthesis) serve as enzyme substrates, with conversion by the living organism either into simpler or more complex products.
See Amino acid and Biosynthesis
Bortezomib
Bortezomib, sold under the brand name Velcade among others, is an anti-cancer medication used to treat multiple myeloma and mantle cell lymphoma.
Brønsted–Lowry acid–base theory
The Brønsted–Lowry theory (also called proton theory of acids and bases) is an acid–base reaction theory which was first developed by Johannes Nicolaus Brønsted and Thomas Martin Lowry independently in 1923.
See Amino acid and Brønsted–Lowry acid–base theory
Cahn–Ingold–Prelog priority rules
In organic chemistry, the Cahn–Ingold–Prelog (CIP) sequence rules (also the CIP priority convention; named after Robert Sidney Cahn, Christopher Kelk Ingold, and Vladimir Prelog) are a standard process to completely and unequivocally name a stereoisomer of a molecule.
See Amino acid and Cahn–Ingold–Prelog priority rules
Calcium in biology
Calcium ions (Ca2+) contribute to the physiology and biochemistry of organisms' cells.
See Amino acid and Calcium in biology
Canavanine
L-(+)-(S)-Canavanine is a non-proteinogenic amino acid found in certain leguminous plants.
Carbon
Carbon is a chemical element; it has symbol C and atomic number 6.
Carbon dioxide
Carbon dioxide is a chemical compound with the chemical formula.
See Amino acid and Carbon dioxide
Carboxylation
Carboxylation is a chemical reaction in which a carboxylic acid is produced by treating a substrate with carbon dioxide.
See Amino acid and Carboxylation
Carboxylic acid
In organic chemistry, a carboxylic acid is an organic acid that contains a carboxyl group attached to an R-group.
See Amino acid and Carboxylic acid
Carnitine
Carnitine is a quaternary ammonium compound involved in metabolism in most mammals, plants, and some bacteria. In support of energy metabolism, carnitine transports long-chain fatty acids from the cytosol into mitochondria to be oxidized for free energy production, and also participates in removing products of metabolism from cells. Amino acid and carnitine are amino acids.
Carnosine
Carnosine (beta-alanyl-L-histidine) is a dipeptide molecule, made up of the amino acids beta-alanine and histidine.
Catabolism
Catabolism is the set of metabolic pathways that breaks down molecules into smaller units that are either oxidized to release energy or used in other anabolic reactions.
Catecholamine
A catecholamine (abbreviated CA) is a monoamine neurotransmitter, an organic compound that has a catechol (benzene with two hydroxyl side groups next to each other) and a side-chain amine.
See Amino acid and Catecholamine
Cell envelope
The cell envelope comprises the inner cell membrane and the cell wall of a bacterium.
See Amino acid and Cell envelope
Charles Adolphe Wurtz
Charles Adolphe Wurtz (26 November 181710 May 1884) was an Alsatian French chemist.
See Amino acid and Charles Adolphe Wurtz
Chelation
Chelation is a type of bonding of ions and the molecules to metal ions.
Chemical equilibrium
In a chemical reaction, chemical equilibrium is the state in which both the reactants and products are present in concentrations which have no further tendency to change with time, so that there is no observable change in the properties of the system.
See Amino acid and Chemical equilibrium
Chemical formula
A chemical formula is a way of presenting information about the chemical proportions of atoms that constitute a particular chemical compound or molecule, using chemical element symbols, numbers, and sometimes also other symbols, such as parentheses, dashes, brackets, commas and plus (+) and minus (−) signs.
See Amino acid and Chemical formula
Chemical polarity
In chemistry, polarity is a separation of electric charge leading to a molecule or its chemical groups having an electric dipole moment, with a negatively charged end and a positively charged end.
See Amino acid and Chemical polarity
Chiral pool
The chiral pool is a "collection of abundant enantiopure building blocks provided by nature" used in synthesis.
See Amino acid and Chiral pool
Chirality (chemistry)
In chemistry, a molecule or ion is called chiral if it cannot be superposed on its mirror image by any combination of rotations, translations, and some conformational changes.
See Amino acid and Chirality (chemistry)
Chloroplast
A chloroplast is a type of membrane-bound organelle known as a plastid that conducts photosynthesis mostly in plant and algal cells.
See Amino acid and Chloroplast
Citric acid cycle
The citric acid cycle—also known as the Krebs cycle, Szent–Györgyi–Krebs cycle or the TCA cycle (tricarboxylic acid cycle)—is a series of biochemical reactions to release the energy stored in nutrients through the oxidation of acetyl-CoA derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.
See Amino acid and Citric acid cycle
Citrulline
The organic compound citrulline is an α-amino acid.
Coenzyme A
Coenzyme A (CoA, SHCoA, CoASH) is a coenzyme, notable for its role in the synthesis and oxidation of fatty acids, and the oxidation of pyruvate in the citric acid cycle.
Collagen
Collagen is the main structural protein in the extracellular matrix of a body's various connective tissues.
Condensation reaction
In organic chemistry, a condensation reaction is a type of chemical reaction in which two molecules are combined to form a single molecule, usually with the loss of a small molecule such as water.
See Amino acid and Condensation reaction
Connective tissue
Connective tissue is one of the four primary types of animal tissue, along with epithelial tissue, muscle tissue, and nervous tissue.
See Amino acid and Connective tissue
Conserved sequence
In evolutionary biology, conserved sequences are identical or similar sequences in nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) or proteins across species (orthologous sequences), or within a genome (paralogous sequences), or between donor and receptor taxa (xenologous sequences).
See Amino acid and Conserved sequence
Corrosion inhibitor
A corrosion inhibitor or anti-corrosive is a chemical compound added to a liquid or gas to decrease the corrosion rate of a metal that comes into contact with the fluid.
See Amino acid and Corrosion inhibitor
Cosmetics
Cosmetics are composed of mixtures of chemical compounds derived from either natural sources or synthetically created ones.
Cyclic compound
A cyclic compound (or ring compound) is a term for a compound in the field of chemistry in which one or more series of atoms in the compound is connected to form a ring.
See Amino acid and Cyclic compound
Cysteine
Cysteine (symbol Cys or C) is a semiessential proteinogenic amino acid with the formula.
Cystine
Cystine is the oxidized derivative of the amino acid cysteine and has the formula (SCH2CH(NH2)CO2H)2.
D-Amino acid
ᴅ-Amino acids are amino acids where the stereogenic carbon alpha to the amino group has the ᴅ-configuration. Amino acid and d-Amino acid are amino acids and zwitterions.
See Amino acid and D-Amino acid
Deamination
Deamination is the removal of an amino group from a molecule.
See Amino acid and Deamination
Degron
A degron is a portion of a protein that is important in regulation of protein degradation rates.
Diaper
A diaper (NAmE) or a nappy (BrE, AuE, IrE) is a type of underwear that allows the wearer to urinate or defecate without using a toilet, by absorbing or containing waste products to prevent soiling of outer clothing or the external environment.
Disulfide
In chemistry, a disulfide (or disulphide in British English) is a compound containing a functional group or the anion.
DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a polymer composed of two polynucleotide chains that coil around each other to form a double helix.
DNA and RNA codon tables
A codon table can be used to translate a genetic code into a sequence of amino acids.
See Amino acid and DNA and RNA codon tables
Dopamine
Dopamine (DA, a contraction of 3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamine) is a neuromodulatory molecule that plays several important roles in cells.
Drug delivery
Drug delivery refers to approaches, formulations, manufacturing techniques, storage systems, and technologies involved in transporting a pharmaceutical compound to its target site to achieve a desired therapeutic effect.
See Amino acid and Drug delivery
Eflornithine
Eflornithine, sold under the brand name Vaniqa among others, is a medication used to treat African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness) and excessive hair growth on the face in women.
See Amino acid and Eflornithine
EIF5A
Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the EIF5A gene.
Electrophoresis
Electrophoresis is the motion of charged dispersed particles or dissolved charged molecules relative to a fluid under the influence of a spatially uniform electric field.
See Amino acid and Electrophoresis
Emil Fischer
Hermann Emil Louis Fischer (9 October 1852 – 15 July 1919) was a German chemist and 1902 recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry.
See Amino acid and Emil Fischer
Enantiomer
In chemistry, an enantiomer (/ɪˈnænti.əmər, ɛ-, -oʊ-/ ''ih-NAN-tee-ə-mər''; from Ancient Greek ἐναντίος (enantíos) 'opposite', and μέρος (méros) 'part') – also called optical isomer, antipode, or optical antipode – is one of two stereoisomers that are nonsuperposable onto their own mirror image.
Environmentally friendly
Environment friendly processes, or environmental-friendly processes (also referred to as eco-friendly, nature-friendly, and green), are sustainability and marketing terms referring to goods and services, laws, guidelines and policies that claim reduced, minimal, or no harm upon ecosystems or the environment.
See Amino acid and Environmentally friendly
Erepsin
Erepsin is a mixture of enzymes contained in a protein fraction found in the intestinal juices that digest peptones into amino acids.
Essential amino acid
An essential amino acid, or indispensable amino acid, is an amino acid that cannot be synthesized from scratch by the organism fast enough to supply its demand, and must therefore come from the diet. Amino acid and essential amino acid are amino acids and nitrogen cycle.
See Amino acid and Essential amino acid
Ester
In chemistry, an ester is a functional group derived from an acid (organic or inorganic) in which the hydrogen atom (H) of at least one acidic hydroxyl group of that acid is replaced by an organyl group.
Eukaryotic initiation factor
Eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs) are proteins or protein complexes involved in the initiation phase of eukaryotic translation.
See Amino acid and Eukaryotic initiation factor
Expanded genetic code
An expanded genetic code is an artificially modified genetic code in which one or more specific codons have been re-allocated to encode an amino acid that is not among the 22 common naturally-encoded proteinogenic amino acids.
See Amino acid and Expanded genetic code
Flavoring
A flavoring (or flavouring), also known as flavor (or flavour) or flavorant, is a food additive used to improve the taste or smell of food.
Food industry
The food industry is a complex, global network of diverse businesses that supplies most of the food consumed by the world's population.
See Amino acid and Food industry
Fouling
Fouling is the accumulation of unwanted material on solid surfaces.
Franz Hofmeister
Franz Hofmeister (30 August 1850, in Prague – 26 July 1922, in Würzburg) was an early protein scientist, and is famous for his studies of salts that influence the solubility and conformational stability of proteins.
See Amino acid and Franz Hofmeister
Fumaric acid
Fumaric acid is an organic compound with the formula HO2CCH.
See Amino acid and Fumaric acid
Functional group
In organic chemistry, a functional group is a substituent or moiety in a molecule that causes the molecule's characteristic chemical reactions.
See Amino acid and Functional group
GABA
GABA (gamma Aminobutyric acid, γ-Aminobutyric acid) is the chief inhibitory neurotransmitter in the developmentally mature mammalian central nervous system.
Gene
In biology, the word gene has two meanings.
Genetic code
The genetic code is the set of rules used by living cells to translate information encoded within genetic material (DNA or RNA sequences of nucleotide triplets, or codons) into proteins.
See Amino acid and Genetic code
Glucogenic amino acid
A glucogenic amino acid (or glucoplastic amino acid) is an amino acid that can be converted into glucose through gluconeogenesis. Amino acid and glucogenic amino acid are amino acids and nitrogen cycle.
See Amino acid and Glucogenic amino acid
Gluconeogenesis
Gluconeogenesis (GNG) is a metabolic pathway that results in the biosynthesis of glucose from certain non-carbohydrate carbon substrates.
See Amino acid and Gluconeogenesis
Glutamate–cysteine ligase
Glutamate–cysteine ligase (GCL)), previously known as γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase (GCS), is the first enzyme of the cellular glutathione (GSH) biosynthetic pathway that catalyzes the chemical reaction: L-glutamate + L-cysteine + ATP \rightleftharpoons γ-glutamyl cysteine + ADP + Pi GSH, and by extension GCL, is critical to cell survival.
See Amino acid and Glutamate–cysteine ligase
Glutamic acid
Glutamic acid (symbol Glu or E; the anionic form is known as glutamate) is an α-amino acid that is used by almost all living beings in the biosynthesis of proteins. Amino acid and Glutamic acid are amino acids.
See Amino acid and Glutamic acid
Glutamine
Glutamine (symbol Gln or Q) is an α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins.
Glutathione
Glutathione (GSH) is an organic compound with the chemical formula.
See Amino acid and Glutathione
Glutathione synthetase
Glutathione synthetase (GSS) is the second enzyme in the glutathione (GSH) biosynthesis pathway.
See Amino acid and Glutathione synthetase
Glyceraldehyde
Glyceraldehyde (glyceral) is a triose monosaccharide with chemical formula C3H6O3.
See Amino acid and Glyceraldehyde
Glycine
Glycine (symbol Gly or G) is an amino acid that has a single hydrogen atom as its side chain.
Glycolysis
Glycolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose into pyruvate and, in most organisms, occurs in the liquid part of cells (the cytosol).
Glycoprotein
Glycoproteins are proteins which contain oligosaccharide (sugar) chains covalently attached to amino acid side-chains.
See Amino acid and Glycoprotein
Guanidine
Guanidine is the compound with the formula HNC(NH2)2.
Heme
Heme (American English), or haem (Commonwealth English, both pronounced /hi:m/), is a ring-shaped iron-containing molecular component of hemoglobin, which is necessary to bind oxygen in the bloodstream.
High-throughput screening
High-throughput screening (HTS) is a method for scientific discovery especially used in drug discovery and relevant to the fields of biology, materials science and chemistry.
See Amino acid and High-throughput screening
Histidine
Histidine (symbol His or H) is an essential amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins.
Homochirality
Homochirality is a uniformity of chirality, or handedness.
See Amino acid and Homochirality
Homocysteine
Homocysteine or Hcy: is a non-proteinogenic α-amino acid.
See Amino acid and Homocysteine
Human body
The human body is the entire structure of a human being.
Hydrolysis
Hydrolysis is any chemical reaction in which a molecule of water breaks one or more chemical bonds.
Hydrophile
A hydrophile is a molecule or other molecular entity that is attracted to water molecules and tends to be dissolved by water.
Hydrophobe
In chemistry, hydrophobicity is the physical property of a molecule that is seemingly repelled from a mass of water (known as a hydrophobe).
Hydrophobicity scales
Hydrophobicity scales are values that define the relative hydrophobicity or hydrophilicity of amino acid residues.
See Amino acid and Hydrophobicity scales
Hydroxylation
In chemistry, hydroxylation can refer to.
See Amino acid and Hydroxylation
Hydroxyproline
(2S,4R)-4-Hydroxyproline, or L-hydroxyproline (C5H9O3N), is an amino acid, abbreviated as Hyp or O, e.g., in Protein Data Bank.
See Amino acid and Hydroxyproline
Hyperaminoacidemia
Hyperaminoacidemia refers to the condition of having an excess of amino acids in the bloodstream.
See Amino acid and Hyperaminoacidemia
Hypusine
Hypusine is an uncommon amino acid found in all eukaryotes and in some archaea, but not in bacteria.
Imino acid
In organic chemistry, an imino acid is any molecule that contains both imine (>C.
Integral membrane protein
An integral, or intrinsic, membrane protein (IMP) is a type of membrane protein that is permanently attached to the biological membrane.
See Amino acid and Integral membrane protein
International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
The International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology (IUBMB) is an international non-governmental organisation concerned with biochemistry and molecular biology.
See Amino acid and International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) is an international federation of National Adhering Organizations working for the advancement of the chemical sciences, especially by developing nomenclature and terminology.
See Amino acid and International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
Ion
An ion is an atom or molecule with a net electrical charge.
Ionization
Ionization (or ionisation specifically in Britain, Ireland, Australia and New Zealand) is the process by which an atom or a molecule acquires a negative or positive charge by gaining or losing electrons, often in conjunction with other chemical changes.
Isoelectric point
The isoelectric point (pI, pH(I), IEP), is the pH at which a molecule carries no net electrical charge or is electrically neutral in the statistical mean.
See Amino acid and Isoelectric point
Isoleucine
Isoleucine (symbol Ile or I) is an α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins.
Β-Alanine
β-Alanine (or beta-alanine) is a naturally occurring beta amino acid, which is an amino acid in which the amino group is attached to the β-carbon (i.e. the carbon two carbon atoms away from the carboxylate group) instead of the more usual α-carbon for alanine (α-alanine).
Joint Commission
The Joint Commission is a United States-based nonprofit tax-exempt 501(c) organization that accredits more than 22,000 US health care organizations and programs.
See Amino acid and Joint Commission
Journal of Animal Science
The Journal of Animal Science is a peer-reviewed scientific journal in the field of animal science.
See Amino acid and Journal of Animal Science
Keto acid
In organic chemistry, keto acids or ketoacids (also called oxo acids or oxoacids) are organic compounds that contain a carboxylic acid group and a ketone group.
Kjeldahl method
The Kjeldahl method or Kjeldahl digestion in analytical chemistry is a method for the quantitative determination of a sample's organic nitrogen plus ammonia/ammonium.
See Amino acid and Kjeldahl method
L-DOPA
-DOPA, also known as levodopa and -3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine, is made and used as part of the normal biology of some plants and animals, including humans.
L-Photo-methionine
L-Photo-methionine is a photo-reactive amino acid derivative of L-methionine that was synthetically formed in 2005.
See Amino acid and L-Photo-methionine
Lanthionine
Lanthionine is a nonproteinogenic amino acid with the chemical formula (HOOC-CH(NH2)-CH2-S-CH2-CH(NH2)-COOH).
See Amino acid and Lanthionine
Lantibiotics
Lantibiotics are a class of polycyclic peptide antibiotics that contain the characteristic thioether amino acids lanthionine or methyllanthionine, as well as the unsaturated amino acids dehydroalanine, and 2-aminoisobutyric acid.
See Amino acid and Lantibiotics
Legume
Legumes are plants in the family Fabaceae (or Leguminosae), or the fruit or seeds of such plants.
Leucine
Leucine (symbol Leu or L) is an essential amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins.
Leucines
The leucines are primarily the four isomeric amino acids: leucine, isoleucine, ''tert''-leucine (terleucine, pseudoleucine) and norleucine.
Levothyroxine
Levothyroxine, also known as -thyroxine, is a synthetic form of the thyroid hormone thyroxine (T4).
See Amino acid and Levothyroxine
Lipid
Lipids are a broad group of organic compounds which include fats, waxes, sterols, fat-soluble vitamins (such as vitamins A, D, E and K), monoglycerides, diglycerides, phospholipids, and others.
Lipid bilayer
The lipid bilayer (or phospholipid bilayer) is a thin polar membrane made of two layers of lipid molecules.
See Amino acid and Lipid bilayer
Lipoprotein
A lipoprotein is a biochemical assembly whose primary function is to transport hydrophobic lipid (also known as fat) molecules in water, as in blood plasma or other extracellular fluids.
See Amino acid and Lipoprotein
Locant
In the nomenclature of organic chemistry, a locant is a term to indicate the position of a functional group or substituent within a molecule.
Louis Nicolas Vauquelin
Louis Nicolas Vauquelin FRS(For) HFRSE (16 May 1763 – 14 November 1829) was a French pharmacist and chemist.
See Amino acid and Louis Nicolas Vauquelin
Low complexity regions in proteins
Low complexity regions (LCRs) in protein sequences, also defined in some contexts as compositionally biased regions (CBRs), are regions in protein sequences that differ from the composition and complexity of most proteins that is normally associated with globular structure.
See Amino acid and Low complexity regions in proteins
Lysine
Lysine (symbol Lys or K) is an α-amino acid that is a precursor to many proteins.
Lysosome
A lysosome is a single membrane-bound organelle found in many animal cells.
Macmillan Publishers
Macmillan Publishers (occasionally known as the Macmillan Group; formally Macmillan Publishers Ltd in the UK and Macmillan Publishing Group, LLC in the US) is a British publishing company traditionally considered to be one of the 'Big Five' English language publishers (along with Penguin Random House, Hachette, HarperCollins and Simon & Schuster).
See Amino acid and Macmillan Publishers
Messenger RNA
In molecular biology, messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) is a single-stranded molecule of RNA that corresponds to the genetic sequence of a gene, and is read by a ribosome in the process of synthesizing a protein.
See Amino acid and Messenger RNA
Metabolic pathway
In biochemistry, a metabolic pathway is a linked series of chemical reactions occurring within a cell.
See Amino acid and Metabolic pathway
Methane
Methane is a chemical compound with the chemical formula (one carbon atom bonded to four hydrogen atoms).
Methanogen
Methanogens are anaerobic archaea that produce methane as a byproduct of their energy metabolism, i.e., catabolism.
Methionine
Methionine (symbol Met or M) is an essential amino acid in humans.
Methylene group
A methylene group is any part of a molecule that consists of two hydrogen atoms bound to a carbon atom, which is connected to the remainder of the molecule by two single bonds.
See Amino acid and Methylene group
MG132
MG132 is a potent, reversible, and cell-permeable proteasome inhibitor (Ki.
Microorganism
A microorganism, or microbe, is an organism of microscopic size, which may exist in its single-celled form or as a colony of cells. The possible existence of unseen microbial life was suspected from ancient times, such as in Jain scriptures from sixth century BC India. The scientific study of microorganisms began with their observation under the microscope in the 1670s by Anton van Leeuwenhoek.
See Amino acid and Microorganism
Miller–Urey experiment
The Miller–Urey experiment (or Miller experiment) was an experiment in chemical synthesis carried out in 1952 that simulated the conditions thought at the time to be present in the atmosphere of the early, prebiotic Earth.
See Amino acid and Miller–Urey experiment
Mimosine
Mimosine or leucenol is a toxic non-protein amino acid chemically similar to tyrosine.
Mitochondrion
A mitochondrion is an organelle found in the cells of most eukaryotes, such as animals, plants and fungi.
See Amino acid and Mitochondrion
Moiety (chemistry)
In organic chemistry, a moiety is a part of a molecule that is given a name because it is identified as a part of other molecules as well.
See Amino acid and Moiety (chemistry)
Molar absorption coefficient
In chemistry, the molar absorption coefficient or molar attenuation coefficient is a measurement of how strongly a chemical species absorbs, and thereby attenuates, light at a given wavelength.
See Amino acid and Molar absorption coefficient
Molecular mass
The molecular mass (m) is the mass of a given molecule.
See Amino acid and Molecular mass
Monomer
A monomer (mono-, "one" + -mer, "part") is a molecule that can react together with other monomer molecules to form a larger polymer chain or three-dimensional network in a process called polymerization.
Muscle
Muscle is a soft tissue, one of the four basic types of animal tissue.
N-Formylmethionine
N-Formylmethionine (fMet, HCO-Met, For-Met) is a derivative of the amino acid methionine in which a formyl group has been added to the amino group.
See Amino acid and N-Formylmethionine
Neuromodulation
Neuromodulation is the physiological process by which a given neuron uses one or more chemicals to regulate diverse populations of neurons.
See Amino acid and Neuromodulation
Neurotransmitter
A neurotransmitter is a signaling molecule secreted by a neuron to affect another cell across a synapse.
See Amino acid and Neurotransmitter
Nitric oxide
Nitric oxide (nitrogen oxide or nitrogen monoxide) is a colorless gas with the formula. Amino acid and Nitric oxide are nitrogen cycle.
See Amino acid and Nitric oxide
Non-proteinogenic amino acids
In biochemistry, non-coded or non-proteinogenic amino acids are distinct from the 22 proteinogenic amino acids (21 in eukaryotesplus formylmethionine in eukaryotes with prokaryote organelles like mitochondria), which are naturally encoded in the genome of organisms for the assembly of proteins. Amino acid and non-proteinogenic amino acids are amino acids.
See Amino acid and Non-proteinogenic amino acids
Nonribosomal peptide
Nonribosomal peptides (NRP) are a class of peptide secondary metabolites, usually produced by microorganisms like bacteria and fungi.
See Amino acid and Nonribosomal peptide
Norepinephrine
Norepinephrine (NE), also called noradrenaline (NA) or noradrenalin, is an organic chemical in the catecholamine family that functions in the brain and body as a hormone, neurotransmitter and neuromodulator.
See Amino acid and Norepinephrine
Nucleic acid
Nucleic acids are large biomolecules that are crucial in all cells and viruses.
See Amino acid and Nucleic acid
Nucleic acid notation
The nucleic acid notation currently in use was first formalized by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) in 1970.
See Amino acid and Nucleic acid notation
Nucleic acid sequence
A nucleic acid sequence is a succession of bases within the nucleotides forming alleles within a DNA (using GACT) or RNA (GACU) molecule.
See Amino acid and Nucleic acid sequence
Nucleotide
Nucleotides are organic molecules composed of a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar and a phosphate.
Open-chain compound
In chemistry, an open-chain compound (or open chain compound) or acyclic compound (Greek prefix α 'without' and κύκλος 'cycle') is a compound with a linear structure, rather than a cyclic one.
See Amino acid and Open-chain compound
Organic chemistry
Organic chemistry is a subdiscipline within chemistry involving the scientific study of the structure, properties, and reactions of organic compounds and organic materials, i.e., matter in its various forms that contain carbon atoms.
See Amino acid and Organic chemistry
Organic compound
Some chemical authorities define an organic compound as a chemical compound that contains a carbon–hydrogen or carbon–carbon bond; others consider an organic compound to be any chemical compound that contains carbon.
See Amino acid and Organic compound
Ornithine
Ornithine is a non-proteinogenic α-amino acid that plays a role in the urea cycle.
Ornithine decarboxylase
The enzyme ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) catalyzes the decarboxylation of ornithine (a product of the urea cycle) to form putrescine.
See Amino acid and Ornithine decarboxylase
Palmitic acid
Palmitic acid (hexadecanoic acid in IUPAC nomenclature) is a fatty acid with a 16-carbon chain.
See Amino acid and Palmitic acid
Pantothenic acid
Pantothenic acid (vitamin B5) is a B vitamin and an essential nutrient.
See Amino acid and Pantothenic acid
Parkinson's disease
Parkinson's disease (PD), or simply Parkinson's, is a long-term neurodegenerative disease of mainly the central nervous system that affects both the motor and non-motor systems of the body.
See Amino acid and Parkinson's disease
Pepsin
Pepsin is an endopeptidase that breaks down proteins into smaller peptides and amino acids.
Peptide
Peptides are short chains of amino acids linked by peptide bonds.
Peptide synthesis
In organic chemistry, peptide synthesis is the production of peptides, compounds where multiple amino acids are linked via amide bonds, also known as peptide bonds.
See Amino acid and Peptide synthesis
Peripheral membrane protein
Peripheral membrane proteins, or extrinsic membrane proteins, are membrane proteins that adhere only temporarily to the biological membrane with which they are associated.
See Amino acid and Peripheral membrane protein
Phenethylamine
Phenethylamine (PEA) is an organic compound, natural monoamine alkaloid, and trace amine, which acts as a central nervous system stimulant in humans.
See Amino acid and Phenethylamine
Phenylalanine
Phenylalanine (symbol Phe or F) is an essential α-amino acid with the formula.
See Amino acid and Phenylalanine
Phenylpropanoid
The phenylpropanoids are a diverse family of organic compounds that are biosynthesized by plants from the amino acids phenylalanine and tyrosine in the shikimic acid pathway.
See Amino acid and Phenylpropanoid
Phospholipid
Phospholipids are a class of lipids whose molecule has a hydrophilic "head" containing a phosphate group and two hydrophobic "tails" derived from fatty acids, joined by an alcohol residue (usually a glycerol molecule).
See Amino acid and Phospholipid
Photo-reactive amino acid analog
Photo-reactive amino acid analogs are artificial analogs of natural amino acids that can be used for crosslinking of protein complexes.
See Amino acid and Photo-reactive amino acid analog
Pierre Jean Robiquet
Pierre Jean Robiquet (13 January 1780 – 29 April 1840) was a French chemist.
See Amino acid and Pierre Jean Robiquet
Plant defense against herbivory
Plant defense against herbivory or host-plant resistance (HPR) is a range of adaptations evolved by plants which improve their survival and reproduction by reducing the impact of herbivores.
See Amino acid and Plant defense against herbivory
Plastid
A plastid is a membrane-bound organelle found in the cells of plants, algae, and some other eukaryotic organisms.
Polyamine
A polyamine is an organic compound having more than two amino groups.
Polyaspartic acid
Polyaspartic acid (PASA) is a biodegradable, water-soluble condensation polymer based on the amino acid aspartic acid.
See Amino acid and Polyaspartic acid
Polymer
A polymer is a substance or material consisting of very large molecules linked together into chains of repeating subunits.
Polymerization
In polymer chemistry, polymerization (American English), or polymerisation (British English), is a process of reacting monomer molecules together in a chemical reaction to form polymer chains or three-dimensional networks.
See Amino acid and Polymerization
Polysaccharide
Polysaccharides, or polycarbohydrates, are the most abundant carbohydrates found in food.
See Amino acid and Polysaccharide
Porphyrin
Porphyrins are a group of heterocyclic macrocycle organic compounds, composed of four modified pyrrole subunits interconnected at their α carbon atoms via methine bridges (.
Post-translational modification
In molecular biology, post-translational modification (PTM) is the covalent process of changing proteins following protein biosynthesis.
See Amino acid and Post-translational modification
Primordial soup
Primordial soup, also known as prebiotic soup, is the hypothetical set of conditions present on the Earth around 3.7 to 4.0 billion years ago.
See Amino acid and Primordial soup
Proline
Proline (symbol Pro or P) is an organic acid classed as a proteinogenic amino acid (used in the biosynthesis of proteins), although it does not contain the amino group but is rather a secondary amine.
Prosthesis
In medicine, a prosthesis (prostheses; from addition, application, attachment), or a prosthetic implant, is an artificial device that replaces a missing body part, which may be lost through physical trauma, disease, or a condition present at birth (congenital disorder).
Protecting group
A protecting group or protective group is introduced into a molecule by chemical modification of a functional group to obtain chemoselectivity in a subsequent chemical reaction.
See Amino acid and Protecting group
Protein
Proteins are large biomolecules and macromolecules that comprise one or more long chains of amino acid residues.
Protein folding
Protein folding is the physical process by which a protein, after synthesis by a ribosome as a linear chain of amino acids, changes from an unstable random coil into a more ordered three-dimensional structure.
See Amino acid and Protein folding
Protein sequencing
Protein sequencing is the practical process of determining the amino acid sequence of all or part of a protein or peptide.
See Amino acid and Protein sequencing
Protein structure
Protein structure is the three-dimensional arrangement of atoms in an amino acid-chain molecule.
See Amino acid and Protein structure
Protein–protein interaction
Protein–protein interactions (PPIs) are physical contacts of high specificity established between two or more protein molecules as a result of biochemical events steered by interactions that include electrostatic forces, hydrogen bonding and the hydrophobic effect.
See Amino acid and Protein–protein interaction
Proteinogenic amino acid
Proteinogenic amino acids are amino acids that are incorporated biosynthetically into proteins during translation. Amino acid and Proteinogenic amino acid are nitrogen cycle.
See Amino acid and Proteinogenic amino acid
Pyrazinoic acid
Pyrazinoic acid is a pyrazinamide metabolite.
See Amino acid and Pyrazinoic acid
Pyrrolysine
Pyrrolysine (symbol Pyl or O; encoded by the 'amber' stop codon UAG) is an α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins in some methanogenic archaea and bacteria; it is not present in humans.
See Amino acid and Pyrrolysine
Raw material
A raw material, also known as a feedstock, unprocessed material, or primary commodity, is a basic material that is used to produce goods, finished goods, energy, or intermediate materials that are feedstock for future finished products.
See Amino acid and Raw material
Reticulorumen
The reticulorumen represents the first chamber in the alimentary canal of ruminant animals.
See Amino acid and Reticulorumen
Ribosome
Ribosomes are macromolecular machines, found within all cells, that perform biological protein synthesis (messenger RNA translation).
Ribozyme
Ribozymes (ribonucleic acid enzymes) are RNA molecules that have the ability to catalyze specific biochemical reactions, including RNA splicing in gene expression, similar to the action of protein enzymes.
RNA
Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is a polymeric molecule that is essential for most biological functions, either by performing the function itself (non-coding RNA) or by forming a template for the production of proteins (messenger RNA).
RNA world
The RNA world is a hypothetical stage in the evolutionary history of life on Earth, in which self-replicating RNA molecules proliferated before the evolution of DNA and proteins.
Ruminant
Ruminants are herbivorous grazing or browsing artiodactyls belonging to the suborder Ruminantia that are able to acquire nutrients from plant-based food by fermenting it in a specialized stomach prior to digestion, principally through microbial actions.
S-Adenosyl methionine
S-Adenosyl methionine (SAM), also known under the commercial names of SAMe, SAM-e, or AdoMet, is a common cosubstrate involved in methyl group transfers, transsulfuration, and aminopropylation.
See Amino acid and S-Adenosyl methionine
Salt bridge (protein and supramolecular)
In chemistry, a salt bridge is a combination of two non-covalent interactions: hydrogen bonding and ionic bonding (Figure 1).
See Amino acid and Salt bridge (protein and supramolecular)
SECIS element
In biology, the SECIS element (SECIS: selenocysteine insertion sequence) is an RNA element around 60 nucleotides in length that adopts a stem-loop structure.
See Amino acid and SECIS element
Selenocysteine
Selenocysteine (symbol Sec or U, in older publications also as Se-Cys) is the 21st proteinogenic amino acid.
See Amino acid and Selenocysteine
Selenomethionine
Selenomethionine (SeMet) is a naturally occurring amino acid.
See Amino acid and Selenomethionine
Serine
Serine (symbol Ser or S) is an α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins.
Serine dehydratase
Serine dehydratase or L-serine ammonia lyase (SDH) is in the β-family of pyridoxal phosphate-dependent (PLP) enzymes.
See Amino acid and Serine dehydratase
Serotonin
Serotonin or 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) is a monoamine neurotransmitter.
Soybean
The soybean, soy bean, or soya bean (Glycine max) is a species of legume native to East Asia, widely grown for its edible bean, which has numerous uses.
Species
A species (species) is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which any two individuals of the appropriate sexes or mating types can produce fertile offspring, typically by sexual reproduction.
Springer Science+Business Media
Springer Science+Business Media, commonly known as Springer, is a German multinational publishing company of books, e-books and peer-reviewed journals in science, humanities, technical and medical (STM) publishing.
See Amino acid and Springer Science+Business Media
Stereocenter
In stereochemistry, a stereocenter of a molecule is an atom (center), axis or plane that is the focus of stereoisomerism; that is, when having at least three different groups bound to the stereocenter, interchanging any two different groups creates a new stereoisomer.
See Amino acid and Stereocenter
Stereochemistry
Stereochemistry, a subdiscipline of chemistry, involves the study of the relative spatial arrangement of atoms that form the structure of molecules and their manipulation.
See Amino acid and Stereochemistry
Stereoisomerism
In stereochemistry, stereoisomerism, or spatial isomerism, is a form of isomerism in which molecules have the same molecular formula and sequence of bonded atoms (constitution), but differ in the three-dimensional orientations of their atoms in space.
See Amino acid and Stereoisomerism
Stop codon
In molecular biology, a stop codon (or termination codon) is a codon (nucleotide triplet within messenger RNA) that signals the termination of the translation process of the current protein.
Strecker amino acid synthesis
The Strecker amino acid synthesis, also known simply as the Strecker synthesis, is a method for the synthesis of amino acids by the reaction of an aldehyde with cyanide in the presence of ammonia.
See Amino acid and Strecker amino acid synthesis
Substituent
In organic chemistry, a substituent is one or a group of atoms that replaces (one or more) atoms, thereby becoming a moiety in the resultant (new) molecule.
See Amino acid and Substituent
Sugar substitute
A sugar substitute is a food additive that provides a sweetness like that of sugar while containing significantly less food energy than sugar-based sweeteners, making it a zero-calorie or low-calorie sweetener.
See Amino acid and Sugar substitute
Sulfur
Sulfur (also spelled sulphur in British English) is a chemical element; it has symbol S and atomic number 16.
Threonine
Threonine (symbol Thr or T) is an amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins.
Tissue (biology)
In biology, tissue is an assembly of similar cells and their extracellular matrix from the same embryonic origin that together carry out a specific function.
See Amino acid and Tissue (biology)
Trace amine
Trace amines are an endogenous group of trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1) agonists – and hence, monoaminergic neuromodulators – that are structurally and metabolically related to classical monoamine neurotransmitters.
See Amino acid and Trace amine
Transaminase
Transaminases or aminotransferases are enzymes that catalyze a transamination reaction between an amino acid and an α-keto acid.
See Amino acid and Transaminase
Transfer RNA
Transfer RNA (abbreviated tRNA and formerly referred to as sRNA, for soluble RNA) is an adaptor molecule composed of RNA, typically 76 to 90 nucleotides in length (in eukaryotes), that serves as the physical link between the mRNA and the amino acid sequence of proteins.
See Amino acid and Transfer RNA
Transition metal amino acid complexes
Transition metal amino acid complexes are a large family of coordination complexes containing the conjugate bases of the amino acids, the 2-aminocarboxylates.
See Amino acid and Transition metal amino acid complexes
Translation (biology)
In biology, translation is the process in living cells in which proteins are produced using RNA molecules as templates.
See Amino acid and Translation (biology)
Transsulfuration pathway
The transsulfuration pathway is a metabolic pathway involving the interconversion of cysteine and homocysteine through the intermediate cystathionine. Amino acid and transsulfuration pathway are nitrogen cycle.
See Amino acid and Transsulfuration pathway
Tryptophan
Tryptophan (symbol Trp or W) is an α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins.
Tyrosine
-Tyrosine or tyrosine (symbol Tyr or Y) or 4-hydroxyphenylalanine is one of the 20 standard amino acids that are used by cells to synthesize proteins.
Urea
Urea, also called carbamide (because it is a diamide of carbonic acid), is an organic compound with chemical formula. Amino acid and Urea are nitrogen cycle.
Urea cycle
The urea cycle (also known as the ornithine cycle) is a cycle of biochemical reactions that produces urea (NH2)2CO from ammonia (NH3). Amino acid and urea cycle are nitrogen cycle.
Uric acid
Uric acid is a heterocyclic compound of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and hydrogen with the formula C5H4N4O3. Amino acid and Uric acid are nitrogen cycle.
Valine
Valine (symbol Val or V) is an α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins.
Water
Water is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula.
William Cumming Rose
William Cumming Rose (April 4, 1887 – September 25, 1985) was an American biochemist and nutritionist.
See Amino acid and William Cumming Rose
X-ray crystallography
X-ray crystallography is the experimental science of determining the atomic and molecular structure of a crystal, in which the crystalline structure causes a beam of incident X-rays to diffract in specific directions.
See Amino acid and X-ray crystallography
Zwitterion
In chemistry, a zwitterion, also called an inner salt or dipolar ion, is a molecule that contains an equal number of positively and negatively charged functional groups. Amino acid and zwitterion are zwitterions.
1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid
1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) is a disubstituted cyclic α-amino acid in which a cyclopropane ring is fused to the C atom of the amino acid.
See Amino acid and 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid
2-Aminoisobutyric acid
2-Aminoisobutyric acid (also known as α-aminoisobutyric acid, AIB, α-methylalanine, or 2-methylalanine) is the non-proteinogenic amino acid with the structural formula H2N-C(CH3)2-COOH.
See Amino acid and 2-Aminoisobutyric acid
2-Aminothiazoline-4-carboxylic acid
2-Aminothiazoline-4-carboxylic acid (ACTA) is the organosulfur compound and a heterocycle with the formula HO2CCHCH2SCNH2N.
See Amino acid and 2-Aminothiazoline-4-carboxylic acid
5-Hydroxytryptophan
5-Hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP), also known as oxitriptan, is a naturally occurring amino acid and chemical precursor as well as a metabolic intermediate in the biosynthesis of the neurotransmitter serotonin.
See Amino acid and 5-Hydroxytryptophan
See also
Zwitterions
- 2-Hydroxy-3-morpholinopropanesulfonic acid
- 3-Dehydrocarnitine
- ADA (buffer)
- Amino acid
- Arsenobetaine
- Betaine
- Bicine
- Burgess reagent
- Ceftazidime
- Cephaloridine
- Cylindrospermopsin
- D-Amino acid
- Dimethylsulfoniopropionate
- Diphthamide
- Edelfosine
- Fosmanogepix
- HEPBS
- Hydrogen isocyanide
- Isoionic point
- MSPI (nerve agent)
- Meldonium
- Mesoionic compounds
- Perifosine
- Phosphocholine
- Plakohypaphorine
- Polysulfobetaine
- Quinonoid zwitterion
- Sucrononic acid
- Tetrodotoxin
- Tricine
- Trigonelline
- Trimethylglycine
- Zwitterion
References
Also known as 1 letter amino acid notation, 1-letter amino acid notation, ATC code B05BA01, ATCvet code QB05BA01, Alpha amino acid, Alpha-Amino acids, Alpha-amino acid, Alphabetical amino acid notation, Amino Acids, Amino acid abbreviations, Amino acid alphabet, Amino acid alphabet notation, Amino acid alphabetical notation, Amino acid breakdown, Amino acid catabolism, Amino acid code, Amino acid degradation, Amino acid notation, Amino acides, Amino acids, sulfur, Amino-acid, Amino-acids, Aminoacid, Aminoacids, Aminoacyl, Artificial amino acid, Codon alphabet, Hydrophobic residues, L amino acid, L-amino acid, Nonbiological amino acid, One letter amino acid notation, One-letter amino acid code, One-letter amino acid notation, Receptors, amino acid, Residue (amino acid), Standard amino acid notation, Sulfur-containing amino acids, The Amino Acids, Three-letter amino acid code, Α-amino acid.
, Chiral pool, Chirality (chemistry), Chloroplast, Citric acid cycle, Citrulline, Coenzyme A, Collagen, Condensation reaction, Connective tissue, Conserved sequence, Corrosion inhibitor, Cosmetics, Cyclic compound, Cysteine, Cystine, D-Amino acid, Deamination, Degron, Diaper, Disulfide, DNA, DNA and RNA codon tables, Dopamine, Drug delivery, Eflornithine, EIF5A, Electrophoresis, Emil Fischer, Enantiomer, Environmentally friendly, Erepsin, Essential amino acid, Ester, Eukaryotic initiation factor, Expanded genetic code, Flavoring, Food industry, Fouling, Franz Hofmeister, Fumaric acid, Functional group, GABA, Gene, Genetic code, Glucogenic amino acid, Gluconeogenesis, Glutamate–cysteine ligase, Glutamic acid, Glutamine, Glutathione, Glutathione synthetase, Glyceraldehyde, Glycine, Glycolysis, Glycoprotein, Guanidine, Heme, High-throughput screening, Histidine, Homochirality, Homocysteine, Human body, Hydrolysis, Hydrophile, Hydrophobe, Hydrophobicity scales, Hydroxylation, Hydroxyproline, Hyperaminoacidemia, Hypusine, Imino acid, Integral membrane protein, International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Ion, Ionization, Isoelectric point, Isoleucine, Β-Alanine, Joint Commission, Journal of Animal Science, Keto acid, Kjeldahl method, L-DOPA, L-Photo-methionine, Lanthionine, Lantibiotics, Legume, Leucine, Leucines, Levothyroxine, Lipid, Lipid bilayer, Lipoprotein, Locant, Louis Nicolas Vauquelin, Low complexity regions in proteins, Lysine, Lysosome, Macmillan Publishers, Messenger RNA, Metabolic pathway, Methane, Methanogen, Methionine, Methylene group, MG132, Microorganism, Miller–Urey experiment, Mimosine, Mitochondrion, Moiety (chemistry), Molar absorption coefficient, Molecular mass, Monomer, Muscle, N-Formylmethionine, Neuromodulation, Neurotransmitter, Nitric oxide, Non-proteinogenic amino acids, Nonribosomal peptide, Norepinephrine, Nucleic acid, Nucleic acid notation, Nucleic acid sequence, Nucleotide, Open-chain compound, Organic chemistry, Organic compound, Ornithine, Ornithine decarboxylase, Palmitic acid, Pantothenic acid, Parkinson's disease, Pepsin, Peptide, Peptide synthesis, Peripheral membrane protein, Phenethylamine, Phenylalanine, Phenylpropanoid, Phospholipid, Photo-reactive amino acid analog, Pierre Jean Robiquet, Plant defense against herbivory, Plastid, Polyamine, Polyaspartic acid, Polymer, Polymerization, Polysaccharide, Porphyrin, Post-translational modification, Primordial soup, Proline, Prosthesis, Protecting group, Protein, Protein folding, Protein sequencing, Protein structure, Protein–protein interaction, Proteinogenic amino acid, Pyrazinoic acid, Pyrrolysine, Raw material, Reticulorumen, Ribosome, Ribozyme, RNA, RNA world, Ruminant, S-Adenosyl methionine, Salt bridge (protein and supramolecular), SECIS element, Selenocysteine, Selenomethionine, Serine, Serine dehydratase, Serotonin, Soybean, Species, Springer Science+Business Media, Stereocenter, Stereochemistry, Stereoisomerism, Stop codon, Strecker amino acid synthesis, Substituent, Sugar substitute, Sulfur, Threonine, Tissue (biology), Trace amine, Transaminase, Transfer RNA, Transition metal amino acid complexes, Translation (biology), Transsulfuration pathway, Tryptophan, Tyrosine, Urea, Urea cycle, Uric acid, Valine, Water, William Cumming Rose, X-ray crystallography, Zwitterion, 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid, 2-Aminoisobutyric acid, 2-Aminothiazoline-4-carboxylic acid, 5-Hydroxytryptophan.