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147 relations: Adelaide, AkzoNobel, Aluminium, Aquifer, Aragonite, Bewl Water, Bicarbonate, Birmingham, Boiler, Boiling, Brewing, Brewing methods, Brisbane, Bristol Reservoirs, Calcite, Calcium, Calcium bicarbonate, Calcium carbonate, Calcium chloride, Calcium hydroxide, Calcium stearate, Calcium sulfate, Calgary, Canberra, Carbon dioxide, Carbonate hardness, Cardiovascular disease, Chalk, Charlottetown, Chemical compound, Chemical equilibrium, Child, Chloride, Concentration, Cooling tower, Coordination complex, Cornwall, Corrosion, Darwin, Northern Territory, Dermatitis, Detergent, Devon, DGH, Distillation, Divalent, Dolomite, Drinking water, Elan Valley Reservoirs, Electrolyte, England, ..., Fahrenheit, Foam, Fouling, Gallon, Galvanic corrosion, Glacial period, Grain (unit), Grains per gallon, Great Lakes, Guelph, Gypsum, Hawaii, Haweswater Reservoir, Heat exchanger, Hermann Weingärtner, Hobart, Industrial Revolution, Instrumental chemistry, Ion, Ion exchange, Ion-exchange resin, Iron, Lake District, Lead, Lee Valley Reservoir Chain, Lime (material), Lime softening, Limescale, Limestone, Longdendale Chain, Magnesium, Magnesium bicarbonate, Magnesium chloride, Magnesium hydroxide, Magnesium sulfate, Manchester, Manganese, Manitoba, Melbourne, Mendip Hills, Mineral, Molar concentration, Montreal, National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Negative relationship, New England, North West England, Pacific Northwest, Parts-per notation, Pennines, Percolation, Perth, PH, Potassium, Prairie, Prince Edward Island, Rain, Regina, Saskatchewan, Regional Municipality of Waterloo, River Lea, River source, River Thames, Rust, Saint John, New Brunswick, Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Soap, Soap scum, Sodium, Sodium carbonate, Sodium stearate, Soft water, Solubility, Stalactite, Stalagmite, Stuart Pocock, Sulfate, Surfactant, Sydney, Temperature, Tennessee, Thirlmere, Thomas Clark (chemist), Toronto, Turbidity, Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, United States Geological Survey, Valence (chemistry), Vancouver, Wales, Water, Water purification, Water quality, Water softening, Water treatment, Winnipeg, World Health Organization. Expand index (97 more) »
Adelaide
Adelaide is the capital city of the state of South Australia, and the fifth-most populous city of Australia.
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AkzoNobel
Akzo Nobel N.V., trading as AkzoNobel, is a Dutch multinational company which creates paints and performance coatings and produces specialty chemicals for both industry and consumers worldwide.
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Aluminium
Aluminium or aluminum is a chemical element with symbol Al and atomic number 13.
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Aquifer
An aquifer is an underground layer of water-bearing permeable rock, rock fractures or unconsolidated materials (gravel, sand, or silt).
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Aragonite
Aragonite is a carbonate mineral, one of the two most common, naturally occurring, crystal forms of calcium carbonate, CaCO3 (the other forms being the minerals calcite and vaterite).
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Bewl Water
Bewl Water is a reservoir in the valley of the River Bewl (which is a tributary of the River Teise), straddling the boundary between Kent and East Sussex.
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Bicarbonate
In inorganic chemistry, bicarbonate (IUPAC-recommended nomenclature: hydrogencarbonate) is an intermediate form in the deprotonation of carbonic acid.
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Birmingham
Birmingham is a city and metropolitan borough in the West Midlands, England, with an estimated population of 1,101,360, making it the second most populous city of England and the United Kingdom.
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Boiler
A boiler is a closed vessel in which fluid (generally water) is heated.
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Boiling
Boiling is the rapid vaporization of a liquid, which occurs when a liquid is heated to its boiling point, the temperature at which the vapour pressure of the liquid is equal to the pressure exerted on the liquid by the surrounding atmosphere.
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Brewing
Brewing is the production of beer by steeping a starch source (commonly cereal grains, the most popular of which is barley) in water and fermenting the resulting sweet liquid with yeast.
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Brewing methods
Beer is produced through steeping a sugar source (commonly malted cereal grains) in water and then fermenting with yeast.
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Brisbane
Brisbane is the capital of and most populous city in the Australian state of Queensland, and the third most populous city in Australia.
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Bristol Reservoirs
The Bristol Reservoirs are six reservoirs or sets of reservoirs in the area south of Bristol.
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Calcite
Calcite is a carbonate mineral and the most stable polymorph of calcium carbonate (CaCO3).
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Calcium
Calcium is a chemical element with symbol Ca and atomic number 20.
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Calcium bicarbonate
Calcium bicarbonate, also called calcium hydrogen carbonate, has a chemical formula Ca(HCO3)2.
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Calcium carbonate
Calcium carbonate is a chemical compound with the formula CaCO3.
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Calcium chloride
Calcium chloride is an inorganic compound, a salt with the chemical formula CaCl2.
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Calcium hydroxide
Calcium hydroxide (traditionally called slaked lime) is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula Ca(OH)2.
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Calcium stearate
Calcium stearate is a carboxylate of calcium, classified as a calcium soap.
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Calcium sulfate
Calcium sulfate (or calcium sulphate) is the inorganic compound with the formula CaSO4 and related hydrates.
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Calgary
Calgary is a city in the Canadian province of Alberta.
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Canberra
Canberra is the capital city of Australia.
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Carbon dioxide
Carbon dioxide (chemical formula) is a colorless gas with a density about 60% higher than that of dry air.
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Carbonate hardness
Carbonate hardness, is a measure of the water hardness caused by the presence of carbonate and bicarbonate anions.
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Cardiovascular disease
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a class of diseases that involve the heart or blood vessels.
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Chalk
Chalk is a soft, white, porous, sedimentary carbonate rock, a form of limestone composed of the mineral calcite.
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Charlottetown
Charlottetown (Baile Sheàrlot) is the capital and largest city of the Canadian province of Prince Edward Island, and the county seat of Queens County.
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Chemical compound
A chemical compound is a chemical substance composed of many identical molecules (or molecular entities) composed of atoms from more than one element held together by chemical bonds.
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Chemical equilibrium
In a chemical reaction, chemical equilibrium is the state in which both reactants and products are present in concentrations which have no further tendency to change with time, so that there is no observable change in the properties of the system.
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Child
Biologically, a child (plural: children) is a human being between the stages of birth and puberty.
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Chloride
The chloride ion is the anion (negatively charged ion) Cl−.
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Concentration
In chemistry, concentration is the abundance of a constituent divided by the total volume of a mixture.
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Cooling tower
A cooling tower is a heat rejection device that rejects waste heat to the atmosphere through the cooling of a water stream to a lower temperature.
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Coordination complex
In chemistry, a coordination complex consists of a central atom or ion, which is usually metallic and is called the coordination centre, and a surrounding array of bound molecules or ions, that are in turn known as ligands or complexing agents.
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Cornwall
Cornwall (Kernow) is a county in South West England in the United Kingdom.
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Corrosion
Corrosion is a natural process, which converts a refined metal to a more chemically-stable form, such as its oxide, hydroxide, or sulfide.
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Darwin, Northern Territory
Darwin is the capital city of the Northern Territory of Australia.
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Dermatitis
Dermatitis, also known as eczema, is a group of diseases that results in inflammation of the skin.
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Detergent
A detergent is a surfactant or a mixture of surfactants with cleaning properties in dilute solutions.
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Devon
Devon, also known as Devonshire, which was formerly its common and official name, is a county of England, reaching from the Bristol Channel in the north to the English Channel in the south.
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DGH
Degrees of general hardness (dGH or °GH) is a unit of water hardness, specifically of general hardness.
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Distillation
Distillation is the process of separating the components or substances from a liquid mixture by selective boiling and condensation.
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Divalent
In chemistry, a divalent (sometimes bivalent) element, ion, functional group, or molecule has a valence of two.
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Dolomite
Dolomite is an anhydrous carbonate mineral composed of calcium magnesium carbonate, ideally The term is also used for a sedimentary carbonate rock composed mostly of the mineral dolomite.
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Drinking water
Drinking water, also known as potable water, is water that is safe to drink or to use for food preparation.
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Elan Valley Reservoirs
The Elan Valley Reservoirs are a chain of man-made lakes created from damming the Elan and Claerwen rivers within the Elan Valley in Mid Wales.
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Electrolyte
An electrolyte is a substance that produces an electrically conducting solution when dissolved in a polar solvent, such as water.
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England
England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom.
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Fahrenheit
The Fahrenheit scale is a temperature scale based on one proposed in 1724 by Dutch-German-Polish physicist Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686–1736).
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Foam
Foam is a substance formed by trapping pockets of gas in a liquid or solid.
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Fouling
Fouling is the accumulation of unwanted material on solid surfaces to the detriment of function.
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Gallon
The gallon is a unit of measurement for fluid capacity in both the US customary units and the British imperial systems of measurement.
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Galvanic corrosion
Galvanic corrosion (also called bimetallic corrosion) is an electrochemical process in which one metal corrodes preferentially when it is in electrical contact with another, in the presence of an electrolyte.
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Glacial period
A glacial period (alternatively glacial or glaciation) is an interval of time (thousands of years) within an ice age that is marked by colder temperatures and glacier advances.
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Grain (unit)
A grain is a unit of measurement of mass, and in the troy weight, avoirdupois, and Apothecaries' system, equal to exactly.
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Grains per gallon
The grain per gallon (gpg) is a unit of water hardness defined as 1 grain (64.8 milligrams) of calcium carbonate dissolved in 1 US gallon of water (3.785412 L).
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Great Lakes
The Great Lakes (les Grands-Lacs), also called the Laurentian Great Lakes and the Great Lakes of North America, are a series of interconnected freshwater lakes located primarily in the upper mid-east region of North America, on the Canada–United States border, which connect to the Atlantic Ocean through the Saint Lawrence River.
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Guelph
Guelph (Canada 2016 Census population 131,794) is a city in southwestern Ontario, Canada.
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Gypsum
Gypsum is a soft sulfate mineral composed of calcium sulfate dihydrate, with the chemical formula CaSO4·2H2O.
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Hawaii
Hawaii (Hawaii) is the 50th and most recent state to have joined the United States, having received statehood on August 21, 1959.
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Haweswater Reservoir
Haweswater is a reservoir in the English Lake District, built in the valley of Mardale in the county of Cumbria.
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Heat exchanger
A heat exchanger is a device used to transfer heat between two or more fluids.
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Hermann Weingärtner
Hermann Weingärtner (27 August 1864 – 22 December 1919) was a German gymnast.
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Hobart
Hobart is the capital and most populous city of the Australian island state of Tasmania.
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Industrial Revolution
The Industrial Revolution was the transition to new manufacturing processes in the period from about 1760 to sometime between 1820 and 1840.
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Instrumental chemistry
Instrumental analysis is a field of analytical chemistry that investigates analytes using scientific instruments.
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Ion
An ion is an atom or molecule that has a non-zero net electrical charge (its total number of electrons is not equal to its total number of protons).
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Ion exchange
Ion exchange is an exchange of ions between two electrolytes or between an electrolyte solution and a complex.
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Ion-exchange resin
An ion-exchange resin or ion-exchange polymer is a resin or polymer that acts as a medium for ion exchange.
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Iron
Iron is a chemical element with symbol Fe (from ferrum) and atomic number 26.
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Lake District
The Lake District, also known as the Lakes or Lakeland, is a mountainous region in North West England.
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Lead
Lead is a chemical element with symbol Pb (from the Latin plumbum) and atomic number 82.
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Lee Valley Reservoir Chain
The Lee Valley Reservoir Chain is located in the Lee Valley, and comprises 13 reservoirs that supply drinking water to London.
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Lime (material)
Lime is a calcium-containing inorganic mineral in which oxides, and hydroxides predominate.
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Lime softening
Lime softening, also known as Clark's process, is a type of water treatment used for water softening which uses the addition of limewater (calcium hydroxide) to remove hardness (calcium and magnesium) ions by precipitation.
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Limescale
Limescale is the hard, off-white, chalky deposit found in kettles, hot-water boilers and the inside of inadequately maintained hot-water central heating systems.
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Limestone
Limestone is a sedimentary rock, composed mainly of skeletal fragments of marine organisms such as coral, forams and molluscs.
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Longdendale Chain
The Longdendale Chain is a sequence of six reservoirs on the River Etherow in the Longdendale Valley, in northern Derbyshire.
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Magnesium
Magnesium is a chemical element with symbol Mg and atomic number 12.
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Magnesium bicarbonate
Magnesium bicarbonate or magnesium hydrogen carbonate, Mg(HCO3)2, is the bicarbonate salt of magnesium.
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Magnesium chloride
Magnesium chloride is the name for the chemical compound with the formula MgCl2 and its various hydrates MgCl2(H2O)x.
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Magnesium hydroxide
Magnesium hydroxide is the inorganic compound with the chemical formula Mg(OH)2.
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Magnesium sulfate
Magnesium sulfate is an inorganic salt with the formula MgSO4(H2O)x where 0≤x≤7.
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Manchester
Manchester is a city and metropolitan borough in Greater Manchester, England, with a population of 530,300.
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Manganese
Manganese is a chemical element with symbol Mn and atomic number 25.
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Manitoba
Manitoba is a province at the longitudinal centre of Canada.
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Melbourne
Melbourne is the state capital of Victoria and the second-most populous city in Australia and Oceania.
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Mendip Hills
The Mendip Hills (commonly called the Mendips) is a range of limestone hills to the south of Bristol and Bath in Somerset, England.
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Mineral
A mineral is a naturally occurring chemical compound, usually of crystalline form and not produced by life processes.
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Molar concentration
Molar concentration (also called molarity, amount concentration or substance concentration) is a measure of the concentration of a chemical species, in particular of a solute in a solution, in terms of amount of substance per unit volume of solution.
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Montreal
Montreal (officially Montréal) is the most populous municipality in the Canadian province of Quebec and the second-most populous municipality in Canada.
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National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (also known as "NASEM" or "the National Academies") is the collective scientific national academy of the United States.
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Negative relationship
In statistics, there is a negative relationship or inverse relationship between two variables if higher values of one variable tend to be associated with lower values of the other.
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New England
New England is a geographical region comprising six states of the northeastern United States: Maine, Vermont, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island and Connecticut.
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North West England
North West England, one of nine official regions of England, consists of the five counties of Cheshire, Cumbria, Greater Manchester, Lancashire and Merseyside.
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Pacific Northwest
The Pacific Northwest (PNW), sometimes referred to as Cascadia, is a geographic region in western North America bounded by the Pacific Ocean to the west and (loosely) by the Cascade Mountain Range on the east.
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Parts-per notation
In science and engineering, the parts-per notation is a set of pseudo-units to describe small values of miscellaneous dimensionless quantities, e.g. mole fraction or mass fraction.
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Pennines
The Pennines, also known as the Pennine Chain or Pennine Hills, are a range of mountains and hills in England separating North West England from Yorkshire and North East England.
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Percolation
In physics, chemistry and materials science, percolation (from Latin percōlāre, "to filter" or "trickle through") refers to the movement and filtering of fluids through porous materials.
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Perth
Perth is the capital and largest city of the Australian state of Western Australia.
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PH
In chemistry, pH is a logarithmic scale used to specify the acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution.
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Potassium
Potassium is a chemical element with symbol K (from Neo-Latin kalium) and atomic number 19.
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Prairie
Prairies are ecosystems considered part of the temperate grasslands, savannas, and shrublands biome by ecologists, based on similar temperate climates, moderate rainfall, and a composition of grasses, herbs, and shrubs, rather than trees, as the dominant vegetation type.
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Prince Edward Island
Prince Edward Island (PEI or P.E.I.; Île-du-Prince-Édouard) is a province of Canada consisting of the island of the same name, and several much smaller islands.
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Rain
Rain is liquid water in the form of droplets that have condensed from atmospheric water vapor and then becomes heavy enough to fall under gravity.
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Regina, Saskatchewan
Regina is the capital city of the Canadian province of Saskatchewan.
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Regional Municipality of Waterloo
The Regional Municipality of Waterloo is a regional municipality located in Southern Ontario, Canada.
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River Lea
The River Lea in England originates in Leagrave, Luton in the Chiltern Hills and flows generally southeast, east, and then south through east London where it meets the River Thames, the last looping section being known as Bow Creek.
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River source
The source or headwaters of a river or stream is the furthest place in that river or stream from its estuary or confluence with another river, as measured along the course of the river.
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River Thames
The River Thames is a river that flows through southern England, most notably through London.
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Rust
Rust is an iron oxide, a usually red oxide formed by the redox reaction of iron and oxygen in the presence of water or air moisture.
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Saint John, New Brunswick
Saint John is the port city of the Bay of Fundy in the Canadian province of New Brunswick.
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Saskatchewan
Saskatchewan is a prairie and boreal province in western Canada, the only province without natural borders.
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Saskatoon
Saskatoon is the largest city in the Canadian province of Saskatchewan.
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Soap
Soap is the term for a salt of a fatty acid or for a variety of cleansing and lubricating products produced from such a substance.
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Soap scum
Soap scum or lime soap is the white solid composed of calcium stearate, magnesium stearate, and similar insoluble compounds that result from the addition of soap and other anionic surfactants to hard water.
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Sodium
Sodium is a chemical element with symbol Na (from Latin natrium) and atomic number 11.
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Sodium carbonate
Sodium carbonate, Na2CO3, (also known as washing soda, soda ash and soda crystals, and in the monohydrate form as crystal carbonate) is the water-soluble sodium salt of carbonic acid.
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Sodium stearate
Sodium stearate is the sodium salt of stearic acid.
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Soft water
Soft water is surface water that contains low concentrations of ions and in particular is low in ions of calcium and magnesium.
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Solubility
Solubility is the property of a solid, liquid or gaseous chemical substance called solute to dissolve in a solid, liquid or gaseous solvent.
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Stalactite
A stalactite (from the Greek stalasso, (σταλάσσω), "to drip", and meaning "that which drips") is a type of formation that hangs from the ceiling of caves, hot springs, or manmade structures such as bridges and mines.
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Stalagmite
A stalagmite (or; from the Greek σταλαγμίτης -, from σταλαγμίας -, "dropping, trickling") is a type of rock formation that rises from the floor of a cave due to the accumulation of material deposited on the floor from ceiling drippings.
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Stuart Pocock
Stuart J. Pocock is a British medical statistician.
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Sulfate
The sulfate or sulphate (see spelling differences) ion is a polyatomic anion with the empirical formula.
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Surfactant
Surfactants are compounds that lower the surface tension (or interfacial tension) between two liquids, between a gas and a liquid, or between a liquid and a solid.
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Sydney
Sydney is the state capital of New South Wales and the most populous city in Australia and Oceania.
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Temperature
Temperature is a physical quantity expressing hot and cold.
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Tennessee
Tennessee (translit) is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States.
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Thirlmere
Thirlmere is a reservoir in the Borough of Allerdale in Cumbria and the English Lake District.
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Thomas Clark (chemist)
Thomas Clark (1801–1867) was a Scottish chemist.
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Toronto
Toronto is the capital city of the province of Ontario and the largest city in Canada by population, with 2,731,571 residents in 2016.
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Turbidity
Turbidity is the cloudiness or haziness of a fluid caused by large numbers of individual particles that are generally invisible to the naked eye, similar to smoke in air.
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Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry is a reference work related to industrial chemistry published in English and German.
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United States Geological Survey
The United States Geological Survey (USGS, formerly simply Geological Survey) is a scientific agency of the United States government.
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Valence (chemistry)
In chemistry, the valence or valency of an element is a measure of its combining power with other atoms when it forms chemical compounds or molecules.
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Vancouver
Vancouver is a coastal seaport city in western Canada, located in the Lower Mainland region of British Columbia.
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Wales
Wales (Cymru) is a country that is part of the United Kingdom and the island of Great Britain.
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Water
Water is a transparent, tasteless, odorless, and nearly colorless chemical substance that is the main constituent of Earth's streams, lakes, and oceans, and the fluids of most living organisms.
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Water purification
Water purification is the process of removing undesirable chemicals, biological contaminants, suspended solids and gases from water.
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Water quality
Water quality refers to the chemical, physical, biological, and radiological characteristics of water.
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Water softening
Water softening is the removal of calcium, magnesium, and certain other metal cations in hard water.
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Water treatment
Water treatment is any process that improves the quality of water to make it more acceptable for a specific end-use.
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Winnipeg
Winnipeg is the capital and largest city of the province of Manitoba in Canada.
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World Health Organization
The World Health Organization (WHO; French: Organisation mondiale de la santé) is a specialized agency of the United Nations that is concerned with international public health.
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Redirects here:
Calcite Saturation Index, Hard Water, Hard water area, HardWater, Hardness Tester, Hardness of water, Langelier Saturation Index, Langelier saturation index, Larson Iron Corrosion Index, Slippery water, Temporary hardness, Water Hardness, Water hardness, Water softness.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hard_water
