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122 relations: Acyl CoA dehydrogenase, Adenine, Adenosine monophosphate, Adenosine triphosphate, Adrenodoxin reductase, Aldehyde, Alkene, Amine oxide, Amino acid, Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Anemia, Aqueous solution, Archaea, Aromaticity, Beta oxidation, Biochemistry, Bioluminescence, Biopsy, Cancer, Carbocation, Cardiovascular disease, Catabolism, Cellular respiration, Chemical bond, Chorismate synthase, Chronobiology, Citric acid cycle, Coenzyme A, Coenzyme Q10, Cofactor (biochemistry), Collagen, Cytochrome P450 reductase, Cytosol, D-amino acid oxidase, Dopamine, Drug design, Electron paramagnetic resonance, Electron transport chain, Enzyme, Eukaryote, Fatty acid metabolism, Flavin group, Flavin mononucleotide, Flavin-containing monooxygenase, Flavoprotein, Fluorescence, Fluorescence spectroscopy, FMN adenylyltransferase, Food coloring, Fumaric acid, ..., Glucose oxidase, Glutaric acidemia type 2, Glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase, Glutathione reductase, Glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase, Glycosidic bond, Heme, Hugo Theorell, Hydride, Hydronium, Hydroquinone, Imine, Isoleucine, Isomerase, Isovaleryl-CoA dehydrogenase, Ketone, Leucine, Ligase, Lyase, Lysine, Metabolism, Migraine, Mitochondrion, Monoamine oxidase, Nicotinamide, Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, Norepinephrine, Nucleic acid nomenclature, Nucleophile, Nucleophilic addition, Nucleophilic substitution, Nucleotide, Optogenetics, Oral cancer, Oral submucous fibrosis, Otto Heinrich Warburg, Oxidative phosphorylation, Oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex, PH, Phosphate, Photoreceptor cell, Photoreceptor protein, Pigment, Polarizability, Porphyrin, Protein, Protein Data Bank, Protein isoform, Purine, Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, Quinone, Radical (chemistry), Reaction mechanism, Redox, Reduction potential, Resonance, Ribitol, Riboflavin, Riboflavin kinase, Ribose, Semiquinone, Serotonin, Shikimate pathway, Site-directed mutagenesis, Spectroscopy, Succinate dehydrogenase, Succinic acid, Transferase, Ubiquinol, Ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy, Valine, Xanthine oxidase. Expand index (72 more) »
Acyl CoA dehydrogenase
Acyl-CoA dehydrogenases (ACADs) are a class of enzymes that function to catalyze the initial step in each cycle of fatty acid β-oxidation in the mitochondria of cells.
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Adenine
Adenine (A, Ade) is a nucleobase (a purine derivative).
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Adenosine monophosphate
Adenosine monophosphate (AMP), also known as 5'-adenylic acid, is a nucleotide.
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Adenosine triphosphate
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a complex organic chemical that participates in many processes.
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Adrenodoxin reductase
Adrenodoxin reductase (Enzyme Nomenclature name: adrenodoxin-NADP+ reductase, EC 1.18.1.6), was first isolated from bovine adrenal cortex where it functions as the first enzyme in the mitochondrial P450 systems that catalyze essential steps in steroid hormone biosynthesis.
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Aldehyde
An aldehyde or alkanal is an organic compound containing a functional group with the structure −CHO, consisting of a carbonyl center (a carbon double-bonded to oxygen) with the carbon atom also bonded to hydrogen and to an R group, which is any generic alkyl or side chain.
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Alkene
In organic chemistry, an alkene is an unsaturated hydrocarbon that contains at least one carbon–carbon double bond.
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Amine oxide
An amine oxide, also known as amine-N-oxide and N-oxide, is a chemical compound that contains the functional group R3N+−O−, an N−O coordinate covalent bond with three additional hydrogen and/or hydrocarbon side chains attached to N. Sometimes it is written as R3N→O or, wrongly, as R3N.
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Amino acid
Amino acids are organic compounds containing amine (-NH2) and carboxyl (-COOH) functional groups, along with a side chain (R group) specific to each amino acid.
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Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), also known as motor neurone disease (MND), and Lou Gehrig's disease, is a specific disease which causes the death of neurons controlling voluntary muscles.
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Anemia
Anemia is a decrease in the total amount of red blood cells (RBCs) or hemoglobin in the blood, or a lowered ability of the blood to carry oxygen.
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Aqueous solution
An aqueous solution is a solution in which the solvent is water.
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Archaea
Archaea (or or) constitute a domain of single-celled microorganisms.
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Aromaticity
In organic chemistry, the term aromaticity is used to describe a cyclic (ring-shaped), planar (flat) molecule with a ring of resonance bonds that exhibits more stability than other geometric or connective arrangements with the same set of atoms.
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Beta oxidation
In biochemistry and metabolism, beta-oxidation is the catabolic process by which fatty acid molecules are broken down in the cytosol in prokaryotes and in the mitochondria in eukaryotes to generate acetyl-CoA, which enters the citric acid cycle, and NADH and FADH2, which are co-enzymes used in the electron transport chain.
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Biochemistry
Biochemistry, sometimes called biological chemistry, is the study of chemical processes within and relating to living organisms.
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Bioluminescence
Bioluminescence is the production and emission of light by a living organism.
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Biopsy
A biopsy is a medical test commonly performed by a surgeon, interventional radiologist, or an interventional cardiologist involving extraction of sample cells or tissues for examination to determine the presence or extent of a disease.
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Cancer
Cancer is a group of diseases involving abnormal cell growth with the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body.
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Carbocation
A carbocation (/karbɔkətaɪː'jɔ̃/) is an ion with a positively charged carbon atom.
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Cardiovascular disease
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is a class of diseases that involve the heart or blood vessels.
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Catabolism
Catabolism (from Greek κάτω kato, "downward" and βάλλειν ballein, "to throw") is the set of metabolic pathways that breaks down molecules into smaller units that are either oxidized to release energy or used in other anabolic reactions.
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Cellular respiration
Cellular respiration is a set of metabolic reactions and processes that take place in the cells of organisms to convert biochemical energy from nutrients into adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and then release waste products.
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Chemical bond
A chemical bond is a lasting attraction between atoms, ions or molecules that enables the formation of chemical compounds.
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Chorismate synthase
In enzymology, a chorismate synthase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction Hence, this enzyme has one substrate, 5-O-(1-carboxyvinyl)-3-phosphoshikimate, and two products, chorismate and phosphate.
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Chronobiology
Chronobiology is a field of biology that examines periodic (cyclic) phenomena in living organisms and their adaptation to solar- and lunar-related rhythms.
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Citric acid cycle
The citric acid cycle (CAC) – also known as the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle or the Krebs cycle – is a series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to release stored energy through the oxidation of acetyl-CoA derived from carbohydrates, fats, and proteins into carbon dioxide and chemical energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
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Coenzyme A
Coenzyme A (CoA,SCoA,CoASH) is a coenzyme, notable for its role in the synthesis and oxidation of fatty acids, and the oxidation of pyruvate in the citric acid cycle.
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Coenzyme Q10
Coenzyme Q10, also known as ubiquinone, ubidecarenone, coenzyme Q, and abbreviated at times to CoQ10, CoQ, or Q10 is a coenzyme that is ubiquitous in animals and most bacteria (hence the name ubiquinone).
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Cofactor (biochemistry)
A cofactor is a non-protein chemical compound or metallic ion that is required for an enzyme's activity.
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Collagen
Collagen is the main structural protein in the extracellular space in the various connective tissues in animal bodies.
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Cytochrome P450 reductase
Cytochrome P450 reductase (also known as NADPH:ferrihemoprotein oxidoreductase, NADPH:hemoprotein oxidoreductase, NADPH:P450 oxidoreductase, P450 reductase, POR, CPR, CYPOR) is a membrane-bound enzyme required for electron transfer from NADPH to cytochrome P450 in the endoplasmic reticulum of the eukaryotic cell.
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Cytosol
The cytosol, also known as intracellular fluid (ICF) or cytoplasmic matrix, is the liquid found inside cells.
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D-amino acid oxidase
D-amino acid oxidase (DAAO; also DAO, OXDA, DAMOX) is an enzyme with the function on a molecular level to oxidize D-amino acids to the corresponding imino acids, producing ammonia and hydrogen peroxide.
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Dopamine
Dopamine (DA, a contraction of 3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamine) is an organic chemical of the catecholamine and phenethylamine families that plays several important roles in the brain and body.
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Drug design
Drug design, often referred to as rational drug design or simply rational design, is the inventive process of finding new medications based on the knowledge of a biological target.
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Electron paramagnetic resonance
Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) or electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy is a method for studying materials with unpaired electrons.
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Electron transport chain
An electron transport chain (ETC) is a series of complexes that transfer electrons from electron donors to electron acceptors via redox (both reduction and oxidation occurring simultaneously) reactions, and couples this electron transfer with the transfer of protons (H+ ions) across a membrane.
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Enzyme
Enzymes are macromolecular biological catalysts.
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Eukaryote
Eukaryotes are organisms whose cells have a nucleus enclosed within membranes, unlike Prokaryotes (Bacteria and other Archaea).
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Fatty acid metabolism
Fatty acid metabolism consists of catabolic processes that generate energy, and anabolic processes that create biologically important molecules (triglycerides, phospholipids, second messengers, local hormones and ketone bodies).
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Flavin group
Flavin (from Latin flavus, "yellow") is the common name for a group of organic compounds based on pteridine, formed by the tricyclic heterocycle isoalloxazine.
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Flavin mononucleotide
Flavin mononucleotide (FMN), or riboflavin-5′-phosphate, is a biomolecule produced from riboflavin (vitamin B2) by the enzyme riboflavin kinase and functions as prosthetic group of various oxidoreductases including NADH dehydrogenase as well as cofactor in biological blue-light photo receptors.
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Flavin-containing monooxygenase
The flavin-containing monooxygenase (FMO) protein family specializes in the oxidation of xeno-substrates in order to facilitate the excretion of these compounds from living organisms.
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Flavoprotein
Flavoproteins are proteins that contain a nucleic acid derivative of riboflavin: the flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) or flavin mononucleotide (FMN).
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Fluorescence
Fluorescence is the emission of light by a substance that has absorbed light or other electromagnetic radiation.
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Fluorescence spectroscopy
Fluorescence spectroscopy (also known as fluorometry or spectrofluorometry) is a type of electromagnetic spectroscopy that analyzes fluorescence from a sample.
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FMN adenylyltransferase
In enzymology, a FMN adenylyltransferase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are ATP and FMN, whereas its two products are diphosphate and FAD.
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Food coloring
Food coloring, or color additive, is any dye, pigment or substance that imparts color when it is added to food or drink.
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Fumaric acid
Fumaric acid or trans-butenedioic acid is the chemical compound with the formula HO2CCH.
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Glucose oxidase
The glucose oxidase enzyme (GOx) also known as notatin (EC number 1.1.3.4) is an oxido-reductase that catalyses the oxidation of glucose to hydrogen peroxide and D-glucono-δ-lactone.
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Glutaric acidemia type 2
Glutaric acidemia type 2 is an autosomal recessive metabolic disorder that is characterised by defects in the ability of the body to use proteins and fats for energy.
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Glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase
Glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase (GCDH) is an enzyme encoded by the GCDH gene on chromosome 19.
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Glutathione reductase
Glutathione reductase (GR) also known as glutathione-disulfide reductase (GSR) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the GSR gene.
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Glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
Glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH) is an enzyme that catalyzes the reversible redox conversion of dihydroxyacetone phosphate (a.k.a. glycerone phosphate, outdated) to sn-glycerol 3-phosphate.
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Glycosidic bond
In chemistry, a glycosidic bond or glycosidic linkage is a type of covalent bond that joins a carbohydrate (sugar) molecule to another group, which may or may not be another carbohydrate.
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Heme
Heme or haem is a coordination complex "consisting of an iron ion coordinated to a porphyrin acting as a tetradentate ligand, and to one or two axial ligands." The definition is loose, and many depictions omit the axial ligands.
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Hugo Theorell
Axel Hugo Theodor Theorell (6 July 1903 – 15 August 1982) was a Swedish scientist and Nobel Prize laureate in medicine.
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Hydride
In chemistry, a hydride is the anion of hydrogen, H−, or, more commonly, it is a compound in which one or more hydrogen centres have nucleophilic, reducing, or basic properties.
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Hydronium
In chemistry, hydronium is the common name for the aqueous cation, the type of oxonium ion produced by protonation of water.
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Hydroquinone
Hydroquinone, also benzene-1,4-diol or quinol, is an aromatic organic compound that is a type of phenol, a derivative of benzene, having the chemical formula C6H4(OH)2.
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Imine
An imine is a functional group or chemical compound containing a carbon–nitrogen double bond.
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Isoleucine
Isoleucine (symbol Ile or I) is an α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins.
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Isomerase
Isomerases are a general class of enzymes that convert a molecule from one isomer to another.
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Isovaleryl-CoA dehydrogenase
In enzymology, an isovaleryl-CoA dehydrogenase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are 3-methylbutanoyl-CoA and acceptor, whereas its two products are 3-methylbut-2-enoyl-CoA and reduced acceptor.
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Ketone
In chemistry, a ketone (alkanone) is an organic compound with the structure RC(.
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Leucine
Leucine (symbol Leu or L) is an essential amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins.
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Ligase
In biochemistry, a ligase is an enzyme that can catalyze the joining of two large molecules by forming a new chemical bond, usually with accompanying hydrolysis of a small pendant chemical group on one of the larger molecules or the enzyme catalyzing the linking together of two compounds, e.g., enzymes that catalyze joining of C-O, C-S, C-N, etc.
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Lyase
In biochemistry, a lyase is an enzyme that catalyzes the breaking (an "elimination" reaction) of various chemical bonds by means other than hydrolysis (a "substitution" reaction) and oxidation, often forming a new double bond or a new ring structure.
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Lysine
Lysine (symbol Lys or K) is an α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins.
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Metabolism
Metabolism (from μεταβολή metabolē, "change") is the set of life-sustaining chemical transformations within the cells of organisms.
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Migraine
A migraine is a primary headache disorder characterized by recurrent headaches that are moderate to severe.
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Mitochondrion
The mitochondrion (plural mitochondria) is a double-membrane-bound organelle found in most eukaryotic organisms.
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Monoamine oxidase
L-Monoamine oxidases (MAO) are a family of enzymes that catalyze the oxidation of monoamines.
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Nicotinamide
Nicotinamide (NAA), also known as niacinamide, is a form of vitamin B3 found in food and used as a dietary supplement and medication.
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Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is a coenzyme found in all living cells.
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Norepinephrine
Norepinephrine (NE), also called noradrenaline (NA) or noradrenalin, is an organic chemical in the catecholamine family that functions in the brain and body as a hormone and neurotransmitter.
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Nucleic acid nomenclature
Molecular biologists use several shorthand terms when referring to nucleic acid molecules, such as DNA and RNA, collectively referred to as nucleic acid nomenclature.
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Nucleophile
Nucleophile is a chemical species that donates an electron pair to an electrophile to form a chemical bond in relation to a reaction.
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Nucleophilic addition
In organic chemistry, a nucleophilic addition reaction is an addition reaction where a chemical compound with an electron-deficient or electrophilic double or triple bond, a π bond, reacts with electron-rich reactant, termed a nucleophile, with disappearance of the double bond and creation of two new single, or σ, bonds.
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Nucleophilic substitution
In organic and inorganic chemistry, nucleophilic substitution is a fundamental class of reactions in which an electron rich nucleophile selectively bonds with or attacks the positive or partially positive charge of an atom or a group of atoms to replace a leaving group; the positive or partially positive atom is referred to as an electrophile.
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Nucleotide
Nucleotides are organic molecules that serve as the monomer units for forming the nucleic acid polymers deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA), both of which are essential biomolecules within all life-forms on Earth.
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Optogenetics
Optogenetics is a biological technique which involves the use of light to control cells in living tissue, typically neurons, that have been genetically modified to express light-sensitive ion channels.
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Oral cancer
Oral cancer, also known as mouth cancer, is a type of head and neck cancer and is any cancerous tissue growth located in the oral cavity.
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Oral submucous fibrosis
Oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF or OSF) is a chronic, complex, premalignant (1% transformation risk) condition of the oral cavity, characterized by juxta-epithelial inflammatory reaction and progressive fibrosis of the submucosal tissues (the lamina propria and deeper connective tissues).
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Otto Heinrich Warburg
Otto Heinrich Warburg (8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970), son of physicist Emil Warburg, was a German physiologist, medical doctor, and Nobel laureate.
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Oxidative phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation (or OXPHOS in short) (UK, US) is the metabolic pathway in which cells use enzymes to oxidize nutrients, thereby releasing energy which is used to produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP).
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Oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex
The oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex (OGDC) or α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex is an enzyme complex, most commonly known for its role in the citric acid cycle.
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PH
In chemistry, pH is a logarithmic scale used to specify the acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution.
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Phosphate
A phosphate is chemical derivative of phosphoric acid.
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Photoreceptor cell
A photoreceptor cell is a specialized type of neuroepithelial cell found in the retina that is capable of visual phototransduction.
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Photoreceptor protein
Photoreceptor proteins are light-sensitive proteins involved in the sensing and response to light in a variety of organisms.
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Pigment
A pigment is a material that changes the color of reflected or transmitted light as the result of wavelength-selective absorption.
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Polarizability
Polarizability is the ability to form instantaneous dipoles.
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Porphyrin
Porphyrins (/phɔɹfɚɪn/ ''POUR-fer-in'') are a group of heterocyclic macrocycle organic compounds, composed of four modified pyrrole subunits interconnected at their α carbon atoms via methine bridges (.
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Protein
Proteins are large biomolecules, or macromolecules, consisting of one or more long chains of amino acid residues.
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Protein Data Bank
The Protein Data Bank (PDB) is a crystallographic database for the three-dimensional structural data of large biological molecules, such as proteins and nucleic acids.
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Protein isoform
A protein isoform, or "protein variant" is a member of a set of highly similar proteins that originate from a single gene or gene family and are the result of genetic differences.
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Purine
A purine is a heterocyclic aromatic organic compound that consists of a pyrimidine ring fused to an imidazole ring.
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Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex
Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC) is a complex of three enzymes that converts pyruvate into acetyl-CoA by a process called pyruvate decarboxylation.
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Quinone
The quinones are a class of organic compounds that are formally "derived from aromatic compounds by conversion of an even number of –CH.
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Radical (chemistry)
In chemistry, a radical (more precisely, a free radical) is an atom, molecule, or ion that has an unpaired valence electron.
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Reaction mechanism
In chemistry, a reaction mechanism is the step by step sequence of elementary reactions by which overall chemical change occurs.
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Redox
Redox (short for reduction–oxidation reaction) (pronunciation: or) is a chemical reaction in which the oxidation states of atoms are changed.
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Reduction potential
Reduction potential (also known as redox potential, oxidation / reduction potential, ORP, pE, ε, or E_) is a measure of the tendency of a chemical species to acquire electrons and thereby be reduced.
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Resonance
In physics, resonance is a phenomenon in which a vibrating system or external force drives another system to oscillate with greater amplitude at specific frequencies.
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Ribitol
Ribitol, or adonitol, is a crystalline pentose alcohol (C5H12O5) formed by the reduction of ribose.
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Riboflavin
Riboflavin, also known as vitamin B2, is a vitamin found in food and used as a dietary supplement.
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Riboflavin kinase
In enzymology, a riboflavin kinase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are ATP and riboflavin, whereas its two products are ADP and FMN.
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Ribose
Ribose is a carbohydrate with the formula C5H10O5; specifically, it is a pentose monosaccharide (simple sugar) with linear form H−(C.
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Semiquinone
Semiquinone (or ubisemiquinone) is a free radical resulting from the removal of one hydrogen atom with its electron during the process of dehydrogenation of a hydroquinone, such as hydroquinone itself or catechol, to a quinone or alternatively the addition of a single H atom to a quinone.
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Serotonin
Serotonin or 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) is a monoamine neurotransmitter.
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Shikimate pathway
The shikimate pathway (shikimic acid pathway) is a seven step metabolic route used by bacteria, fungi, algae, some protozoan parasites and plants for the biosynthesis of folates and aromatic amino acids (phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan).
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Site-directed mutagenesis
Site-directed mutagenesis is a molecular biology method that is used to make specific and intentional changes to the DNA sequence of a gene and any gene products.
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Spectroscopy
Spectroscopy is the study of the interaction between matter and electromagnetic radiation.
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Succinate dehydrogenase
Succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) or succinate-coenzyme Q reductase (SQR) or respiratory Complex II is an enzyme complex, found in many bacterial cells and in the inner mitochondrial membrane of eukaryotes.
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Succinic acid
Succinic acid is a dicarboxylic acid with the chemical formula (CH2)2(CO2H)2.
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Transferase
A transferase is any one of a class of enzymes that enact the transfer of specific functional groups (e.g. a methyl or glycosyl group) from one molecule (called the donor) to another (called the acceptor).
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Ubiquinol
Ubiquinol is an electron-rich (reduced) form of coenzyme Q10.
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Ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy
Ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy or ultraviolet–visible spectrophotometry (UV–Vis or UV/Vis) refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflectance spectroscopy in the ultraviolet-visible spectral region.
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Valine
Valine (symbol Val or V) is an α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins.
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Xanthine oxidase
Xanthine oxidase (XO, sometimes XAO) is a form of xanthine oxidoreductase, a type of enzyme that generates reactive oxygen species.
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Redirects here:
C27H33N9O15P2, FAD, FADH, FADH2, FADH₂, Flavin-adenine dinucleotide.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavin_adenine_dinucleotide
