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202 relations: A-site, ABO blood group system, Acetyl group, Acetyl-CoA, Acetylcholine, Acyl group, Acyltransferase, Alcohol, Alcohol sulfotransferase, Aldehyde, Alkyl, Alzheimer's disease, Amine, Amino acid, Aminoacyl-tRNA, Ammonia, Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Anorexia (symptom), Antigen, Apnea, Aryl, Aspartate carbamoyltransferase, Aspartate transaminase, Autonomic nervous system, Bernard Katz, Beta-galactosidase, Biosensor, Biosynthesis, Blood type, Brain, Carbon, Carboxylic acid, Carnitine palmitoyltransferase II, Carnitine palmitoyltransferase II deficiency, Cataract, Catechol-O-methyltransferase, Catecholamine, Cellular waste product, Chemical synapse, Chemotherapy, Chlorophyll synthase, Choline, Choline acetyltransferase, Chromosome 10, Chromosome 9, Circulatory system, Clinical Laboratory, Coenzyme A, Cofactor (biochemistry), Congenital myasthenic syndrome, ..., Cultigen, Cyclin, Cyclin-dependent kinase, Cysteine, Cysteine synthase, Deficiency (medicine), Dendrite, Deoxyribonucleotide, Directionality (molecular biology), Disaccharide, Disease, DNA, DNA methyltransferase, Drosophila, Drug resistance, Duarte galactosemia, Enzyme, Enzyme Commission number, Erythrose 4-phosphate, Exon, Fatty acid, Frontal lobe, Fructose 6-phosphate, Functional group, Galactitol, Galactokinase, Galactose, Galactose 1-phosphate, Galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase, Galactosemia, Gamma-Glutamylmethylamide, Glucose, Glucose 1-phosphate, Glutamic acid, Glutathione S-transferase, Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, Glycolipid, Glycoprotein, Glycosyl, Glycosyltransferase, Helianthus, Heparan sulfate 2-O-sulfotransferase, Hevea brasiliensis, Hexose, Hexosyltransferase, Homo sapiens, Human body, Huntington's disease, Hydrogen, Hypothalamus, Intron, Isotopic labeling, Julius Axelrod, Keto acid, Ketoacidosis, Ketone, Kinase, Lactose, Lactose synthase, Mesopontine, Metabolic pathway, Methyl group, Methylamine, Methylamine—glutamate N-methyltransferase, Methyltransferase, Mitochondrion, Molecule, Molybdate, Molybdenum, Molybdenum cofactor, Molybdopterin molybdotransferase, Monosaccharide, Mutation, N-acetyltransferase, Natural rubber, Nerve, Neuromuscular junction, Neurotransmitter, Nitrogen, Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, Nucleotide, Nucleotidyltransferase, Nucleus accumbens, OXCT1, Oxidative stress, Oxidoreductase, Oximinotransferase, P-site, Parietal lobe, Pentose, Pentosyltransferase, Peptide bond, Peptidyl transferase, Phenylalanine, Phosphatase, Phosphate, Phosphorus, Phosphotransferase, Plasmid, Polymerase, Polysaccharide, Protease, Protein kinase, Protein subunit, Pyrophosphate, Pyruvate dehydrogenase, Pyruvic acid, Radionuclide, Respiratory system, Riboflavin synthase, Ribosome, Ribozyme, RNA, RNA polymerase, Rudolph Schoenheimer, Sedoheptulose 7-phosphate, Selenium, Selenotransferase, Sepsis, Spinal cord, Sticky and blunt ends, Striatum, Succinyl-CoA:3-oxoacid CoA transferase deficiency, Sudden infant death syndrome, Sulfotransferase, Sulfur, Sulfurtransferase, Symptom, Synapse, Synthetic rubber, Systematic name, Temporal lobe, Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase, Thioester, Tobacco, Transaldolase, Transaminase, Transamination, Transfer RNA, Transferase, Transgenesis, Transketolase, Translation (biology), Tryptophan, Tungsten, Tyrosine, Ulf von Euler, Uridine diphosphate, Uridine diphosphate glucose, Uridine triphosphate, UTP—glucose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase, 3'-Phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate. Expand index (152 more) »
A-site
The A-site (A for aminoacyl) of a ribosome is a binding site for charged t-RNA molecules during protein synthesis.
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ABO blood group system
The ABO blood group system is used to denote the presence of one, both, or neither of the A and B antigens on erythrocytes.
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Acetyl group
In organic chemistry, acetyl is a moiety, the acyl with chemical formula CH3CO.
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Acetyl-CoA
Acetyl-CoA (acetyl coenzyme A) is a molecule that participates in many biochemical reactions in protein, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism.
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Acetylcholine
Acetylcholine (ACh) is an organic chemical that functions in the brain and body of many types of animals, including humans, as a neurotransmitter—a chemical message released by nerve cells to send signals to other cells.
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Acyl group
An acyl group is a moiety derived by the removal of one or more hydroxyl groups from an oxoacid, including inorganic acids.
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Acyltransferase
Acyltransferase is a type of transferase enzyme that acts upon acyl groups.
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Alcohol
In chemistry, an alcohol is any organic compound in which the hydroxyl functional group (–OH) is bound to a carbon.
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Alcohol sulfotransferase
Alcohol sulfotransferase is an enzyme that catalyzes the sulfate conjugation of primary and secondary alcohols including many hormones, neurotransmitters, drugs, and xenobiotic compounds.
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Aldehyde
An aldehyde or alkanal is an organic compound containing a functional group with the structure −CHO, consisting of a carbonyl center (a carbon double-bonded to oxygen) with the carbon atom also bonded to hydrogen and to an R group, which is any generic alkyl or side chain.
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Alkyl
In organic chemistry, an alkyl substituent is an alkane missing one hydrogen.
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Alzheimer's disease
Alzheimer's disease (AD), also referred to simply as Alzheimer's, is a chronic neurodegenerative disease that usually starts slowly and worsens over time.
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Amine
In organic chemistry, amines are compounds and functional groups that contain a basic nitrogen atom with a lone pair.
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Amino acid
Amino acids are organic compounds containing amine (-NH2) and carboxyl (-COOH) functional groups, along with a side chain (R group) specific to each amino acid.
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Aminoacyl-tRNA
Aminoacyl-tRNA (also aa-tRNA or charged tRNA) is tRNA to which its cognated amino acid is chemically bonded (charged).
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Ammonia
Ammonia is a compound of nitrogen and hydrogen with the formula NH3.
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Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), also known as motor neurone disease (MND), and Lou Gehrig's disease, is a specific disease which causes the death of neurons controlling voluntary muscles.
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Anorexia (symptom)
Anorexia (from Ancient Greek ανορεξία: 'ἀν-' "without" + 'όρεξις', spelled 'órexis' meaning "appetite") is the decreased sensation of appetite.
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Antigen
In immunology, an antigen is a molecule capable of inducing an immune response (to produce an antibody) in the host organism.
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Apnea
Apnea or apnoea is suspension of breathing.
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Aryl
In the context of organic molecules, aryl is any functional group or substituent derived from an aromatic ring, usually an aromatic hydrocarbon, such as phenyl and naphthyl.
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Aspartate carbamoyltransferase
Aspartate carbamoyltransferase (also known as aspartate transcarbamoylase or ATCase) catalyzes the first step in the pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway.
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Aspartate transaminase
Aspartate transaminase (AST) or aspartate aminotransferase, also known as AspAT/ASAT/AAT or serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT), is a pyridoxal phosphate (PLP)-dependent transaminase enzyme that was first described by Arthur Karmen and colleagues in 1954.
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Autonomic nervous system
The autonomic nervous system (ANS), formerly the vegetative nervous system, is a division of the peripheral nervous system that supplies smooth muscle and glands, and thus influences the function of internal organs.
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Bernard Katz
Sir Bernard Katz, FRS (26 March 1911 – 20 April 2003) was a German-born Australian physician and biophysicist, noted for his work on nerve physiology.
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Beta-galactosidase
β-galactosidase, also called lactase, beta-gal or β-gal, is a glycoside hydrolase enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of β-galactosides into monosaccharides through the breaking of a glycosidic bond.
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Biosensor
A biosensor is an analytical device, used for the detection of an analyte, that combines a biological component with a physicochemical detector.
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Biosynthesis
Biosynthesis (also called anabolism) is a multi-step, enzyme-catalyzed process where substrates are converted into more complex products in living organisms.
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Blood type
A blood type (also called a blood group) is a classification of blood based on the presence and absence of antibodies and also based on the presence or absence of inherited antigenic substances on the surface of red blood cells (RBCs).
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Brain
The brain is an organ that serves as the center of the nervous system in all vertebrate and most invertebrate animals.
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Carbon
Carbon (from carbo "coal") is a chemical element with symbol C and atomic number 6.
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Carboxylic acid
A carboxylic acid is an organic compound that contains a carboxyl group (C(.
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Carnitine palmitoyltransferase II
Carnitine O-palmitoyltransferase 2, mitochondrial is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CPT2 gene.
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Carnitine palmitoyltransferase II deficiency
Carnitine palmitoyltransferase II deficiency (CPT-II) is an autosomal recessively inherited genetic metabolic disorder characterized by an enzymatic defect that prevents long-chain fatty acids from being transported into the mitochondria for utilization as an energy source.
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Cataract
A cataract is a clouding of the lens in the eye which leads to a decrease in vision.
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Catechol-O-methyltransferase
Catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) is one of several enzymes that degrade catecholamines (such as dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine), catecholestrogens, and various drugs and substances having a catechol structure.
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Catecholamine
A catecholamine (CA) is a monoamine, an organic compound that has a catechol (benzene with two hydroxyl side groups at carbons 1 and 2) and a side-chain amine.
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Cellular waste product
Cellular waste products are formed as a by-product of cellular respiration, a series of processes and reactions that generate energy for the cell, in the form of ATP.
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Chemical synapse
Chemical synapses are biological junctions through which neurons' signals can be exchanged to each other and to non-neuronal cells such as those in muscles or glands.
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Chemotherapy
Chemotherapy (often abbreviated to chemo and sometimes CTX or CTx) is a type of cancer treatment that uses one or more anti-cancer drugs (chemotherapeutic agents) as part of a standardized chemotherapy regimen.
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Chlorophyll synthase
In enzymology, a chlorophyll synthase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are chlorophyllide a and phytyl diphosphate, whereas its two products are chlorophyll a and diphosphate.
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Choline
Choline is a water-soluble vitamin-like essential nutrient.
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Choline acetyltransferase
Choline acetyltransferase (commonly abbreviated as ChAT, but sometimes CAT) is a transferase enzyme responsible for the synthesis of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.
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Chromosome 10
Chromosome 10 is one of the 23 pairs of chromosomes in humans.
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Chromosome 9
Chromosome 9 is one of the 23 pairs of chromosomes in humans.
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Circulatory system
The circulatory system, also called the cardiovascular system or the vascular system, is an organ system that permits blood to circulate and transport nutrients (such as amino acids and electrolytes), oxygen, carbon dioxide, hormones, and blood cells to and from the cells in the body to provide nourishment and help in fighting diseases, stabilize temperature and pH, and maintain homeostasis.
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Clinical Laboratory
Clinical Laboratory is a monthly peer-reviewed medical journal covering all aspects of laboratory medicine and transfusion medicine as well as tissue transplantation and hematopoietic, cellular, and gene therapies.
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Coenzyme A
Coenzyme A (CoA,SCoA,CoASH) is a coenzyme, notable for its role in the synthesis and oxidation of fatty acids, and the oxidation of pyruvate in the citric acid cycle.
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Cofactor (biochemistry)
A cofactor is a non-protein chemical compound or metallic ion that is required for an enzyme's activity.
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Congenital myasthenic syndrome
Congenital myasthenic syndrome (CMS) is an inherited neuromuscular disorder caused by defects of several types at the neuromuscular junction.
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Cultigen
A cultigen (from the Latin cultus – cultivated, and gens – kind) is a plant that has been deliberately altered or selected by humans; it is the result of artificial selection.
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Cyclin
Cyclin is a family of proteins that control the progression of cells through the cell cycle by activating cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) enzymes.
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Cyclin-dependent kinase
Gap phase 2. The duration of mitosis in relation to the other phases has been exaggerated in this diagram Cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) are a family of sugar kinases first discovered for their role in regulating the cell cycle.
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Cysteine
Cysteine (symbol Cys or C) is a semi-essential proteinogenic amino acid with the formula HO2CCH(NH2)CH2SH.
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Cysteine synthase
In enzymology, a cysteine synthase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are O3-acetyl-L-serine and hydrogen sulfide, whereas its two products are L-cysteine and acetate.
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Deficiency (medicine)
In medicine, a deficiency is a lack or shortage of a functional entity, by less than normal or necessary supply or function.
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Dendrite
Dendrites (from Greek δένδρον déndron, "tree"), also dendrons, are branched protoplasmic extensions of a nerve cell that propagate the electrochemical stimulation received from other neural cells to the cell body, or soma, of the neuron from which the dendrites project.
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Deoxyribonucleotide
A deoxyribonucleotide is the monomer, or single unit, of DNA, or deoxyribonucleic acid.
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Directionality (molecular biology)
Directionality, in molecular biology and biochemistry, is the end-to-end chemical orientation of a single strand of nucleic acid.
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Disaccharide
A disaccharide (also called a double sugar or bivose) is the sugar formed when two monosaccharides (simple sugars) are joined by glycosidic linkage.
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Disease
A disease is any condition which results in the disorder of a structure or function in an organism that is not due to any external injury.
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DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is a thread-like chain of nucleotides carrying the genetic instructions used in the growth, development, functioning and reproduction of all known living organisms and many viruses.
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DNA methyltransferase
In biochemistry, the DNA methyltransferase (DNA MTase) family of enzymes catalyze the transfer of a methyl group to DNA.
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Drosophila
Drosophila is a genus of flies, belonging to the family Drosophilidae, whose members are often called "small fruit flies" or (less frequently) pomace flies, vinegar flies, or wine flies, a reference to the characteristic of many species to linger around overripe or rotting fruit.
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Drug resistance
Drug resistance is the reduction in effectiveness of a medication such as an antimicrobial or an antineoplastic in curing a disease or condition.
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Duarte galactosemia
Duarte galactosemia (also known as Duarte variant galactosemia, DG, or biochemical variant galactosemia) is an inherited condition associated with diminished ability to metabolize galactose due to a partial deficiency of the enzyme galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase.
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Enzyme
Enzymes are macromolecular biological catalysts.
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Enzyme Commission number
The Enzyme Commission number (EC number) is a numerical classification scheme for enzymes, based on the chemical reactions they catalyze.
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Erythrose 4-phosphate
Erythrose 4-phosphate is a phosphate of the simple sugar erythrose.
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Exon
An exon is any part of a gene that will encode a part of the final mature RNA produced by that gene after introns have been removed by RNA splicing.
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Fatty acid
In chemistry, particularly in biochemistry, a fatty acid is a carboxylic acid with a long aliphatic chain, which is either saturated or unsaturated.
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Frontal lobe
The frontal lobe, located at the front of the brain, is the largest of the four major lobes of the cerebral cortex in the mammalian brain.
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Fructose 6-phosphate
Fructose 6-phosphate (sometimes called the Neuberg ester) is a derivative of fructose, which has been phosphorylated at the 6-hydroxy group.
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Functional group
In organic chemistry, functional groups are specific substituents or moieties within molecules that are responsible for the characteristic chemical reactions of those molecules.
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Galactitol
Galactitol (dulcitol) is a sugar alcohol, the reduction product of galactose.
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Galactokinase
Galactokinase is an enzyme (phosphotransferase) that facilitates the phosphorylation of α-D-galactose to galactose 1-phosphate at the expense of one molecule of ATP.
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Galactose
Galactose (galacto- + -ose, "milk sugar"), sometimes abbreviated Gal, is a monosaccharide sugar that is about as sweet as glucose, and about 30% as sweet as sucrose.
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Galactose 1-phosphate
D-Galactose-1-phosphate is an intermediate in the intraconversion of glucose and galactose.
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Galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase
Galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (or GALT) is an enzyme responsible for converting ingested galactose to glucose.
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Galactosemia
Galactosemia (British galactosaemia, from Greek γαλακτόζη + αίμα, meaning galactose + blood, accumulation of galactose in blood) is a rare genetic metabolic disorder that affects an individual's ability to metabolize the sugar galactose properly.
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Gamma-Glutamylmethylamide
γ-Glutamylmethylamide (gamma-Glutamylmethylamide, abbrev. GMA, synonyms N-methyl-L-glutamine, metheanine) is an amino acid analog of the proteinogenic amino acids L-glutamic acid and L-glutamine, found primarily in plant and fungal species; simply speaking, it is L-glutamine methylated on the amide nitrogen.
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Glucose
Glucose is a simple sugar with the molecular formula C6H12O6.
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Glucose 1-phosphate
Glucose 1-phosphate (also called cori ester) is a glucose molecule with a phosphate group on the 1'-carbon.
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Glutamic acid
Glutamic acid (symbol Glu or E) is an α-amino acid with formula.
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Glutathione S-transferase
Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs), previously known as ligandins, comprise a family of eukaryotic and prokaryotic phase II metabolic isozymes best known for their ability to catalyze the conjugation of the reduced form of glutathione (GSH) to xenobiotic substrates for the purpose of detoxification.
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Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, also known as triose phosphate or 3-phosphoglyceraldehyde and abbreviated as G3P, GA3P, GADP, GAP, TP, GALP or PGAL, is the metabolite that occurs as an intermediate in several central pathways of all organisms.
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Glycolipid
Glycolipids are lipids with a carbohydrate attached by a glycosidic bond or covalently bonded.
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Glycoprotein
Glycoproteins are proteins that contain oligosaccharide chains (glycans) covalently attached to amino acid side-chains.
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Glycosyl
A glycosyl group is a univalent free radical or substituent structure obtained by removing the hemiacetal hydroxyl group from the cyclic form of a monosaccharide and, by extension, of a lower oligosaccharide.
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Glycosyltransferase
Glycosyltransferases (GTFs, Gtfs) are enzymes (EC 2.4) that establish natural glycosidic linkages.
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Helianthus
Helianthus or sunflower is a genus of plants comprising about 70 species Flora of North America.
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Heparan sulfate 2-O-sulfotransferase
Heparan sulfate 2-O-sulfotransferase is a sulfotransferase enzyme.
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Hevea brasiliensis
Hevea brasiliensis, the Pará rubber tree, sharinga tree, seringueira, or, most commonly, the rubber tree or rubber plant, is a tree belonging to the family Euphorbiaceae.
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Hexose
In bio-organic chemistry, a hexose is a monosaccharide with six carbon atoms, having the chemical formula C6H12O6.
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Hexosyltransferase
Hexosyltransferases are a type of glycosyltransferase that catalyze the transfer of a hexose.
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Homo sapiens
Homo sapiens is the systematic name used in taxonomy (also known as binomial nomenclature) for the only extant human species.
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Human body
The human body is the entire structure of a human being.
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Huntington's disease
Huntington's disease (HD), also known as Huntington's chorea, is an inherited disorder that results in death of brain cells.
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Hydrogen
Hydrogen is a chemical element with symbol H and atomic number 1.
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Hypothalamus
The hypothalamus(from Greek ὑπό, "under" and θάλαμος, thalamus) is a portion of the brain that contains a number of small nuclei with a variety of functions.
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Intron
An intron is any nucleotide sequence within a gene that is removed by RNA splicing during maturation of the final RNA product.
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Isotopic labeling
Isotopic labeling (or isotopic labelling) is a technique used to track the passage of an isotope (an atom with a detectable variation) through a reaction, metabolic pathway, or cell.
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Julius Axelrod
Julius Axelrod (May 30, 1912 – December 29, 2004) was an American biochemist.
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Keto acid
Keto acids or ketoacids (also called oxo acids or oxoacids) are organic compounds that contain a carboxylic acid group and a ketone group.
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Ketoacidosis
Ketoacidosis is a metabolic state associated with high concentrations of ketone bodies, formed by the breakdown of fatty acids and the deamination of amino acids.
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Ketone
In chemistry, a ketone (alkanone) is an organic compound with the structure RC(.
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Kinase
In biochemistry, a kinase is an enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of phosphate groups from high-energy, phosphate-donating molecules to specific substrates.
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Lactose
Lactose is a disaccharide.
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Lactose synthase
Lactose synthase is an enzyme that generates lactose from glucose and UDP-galactose.
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Mesopontine
Mesopontine refers to an area of tissue that lies at the junction of mesencephalon and the pons.
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Metabolic pathway
In biochemistry, a metabolic pathway is a linked series of chemical reactions occurring within a cell.
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Methyl group
A methyl group is an alkyl derived from methane, containing one carbon atom bonded to three hydrogen atoms — CH3.
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Methylamine
Methylamine is an organic compound with a formula of CH3NH2.
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Methylamine—glutamate N-methyltransferase
In enzymology, a methylamine-glutamate N-methyltransferase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are methylamine and L-glutamate, whereas its two products are NH3 and N-methyl-L-glutamate.
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Methyltransferase
Methyltransferases are a large group of enzymes that all methylate their substrates but can be split into several subclasses based on their structural features.
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Mitochondrion
The mitochondrion (plural mitochondria) is a double-membrane-bound organelle found in most eukaryotic organisms.
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Molecule
A molecule is an electrically neutral group of two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds.
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Molybdate
In chemistry a molybdate is a compound containing an oxoanion with molybdenum in its highest oxidation state of 6.
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Molybdenum
Molybdenum is a chemical element with symbol Mo and atomic number 42.
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Molybdenum cofactor
Molybdenum cofactor has two meanings, which are sometimes used interchangeably.
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Molybdopterin molybdotransferase
Molybdopterin molybdotransferase (MoeA, Cnx1) is an enzyme with systematic name adenylyl-molybdopterin:molybdate molybdate transferase (AMP-forming).
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Monosaccharide
Monosaccharides (from Greek monos: single, sacchar: sugar), also called simple sugars, are the most basic units of carbohydrates.
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Mutation
In biology, a mutation is the permanent alteration of the nucleotide sequence of the genome of an organism, virus, or extrachromosomal DNA or other genetic elements.
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N-acetyltransferase
N-acetyltransferase (NAT) is an enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of acetyl groups from acetyl-CoA to arylamines.
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Natural rubber
Natural rubber, also called India rubber or caoutchouc, as initially produced, consists of polymers of the organic compound isoprene, with minor impurities of other organic compounds, plus water.
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Nerve
A nerve is an enclosed, cable-like bundle of axons (nerve fibers, the long and slender projections of neurons) in the peripheral nervous system.
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Neuromuscular junction
A neuromuscular junction (or myoneural junction) is a chemical synapse formed by the contact between a motor neuron and a muscle fiber.
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Neurotransmitter
Neurotransmitters are endogenous chemicals that enable neurotransmission.
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Nitrogen
Nitrogen is a chemical element with symbol N and atomic number 7.
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Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (Nobelpriset i fysiologi eller medicin), administered by the Nobel Foundation, is awarded once a year for outstanding discoveries in the fields of life sciences and medicine.
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Nucleotide
Nucleotides are organic molecules that serve as the monomer units for forming the nucleic acid polymers deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA), both of which are essential biomolecules within all life-forms on Earth.
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Nucleotidyltransferase
Nucleotidyltransferases are transferase enzymes of phosphorus-containing groups, e.g., substituents of nucleotidylic acids or simply nucleoside monophosphates.
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Nucleus accumbens
The nucleus accumbens (NAc or NAcc), also known as the accumbens nucleus, or formerly as the nucleus accumbens septi (Latin for nucleus adjacent to the septum) is a region in the basal forebrain rostral to the preoptic area of the hypothalamus.
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OXCT1
3-oxoacid CoA-transferase 1 (OXCT1) is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the OXCT1 gene.
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Oxidative stress
Oxidative stress reflects an imbalance between the systemic manifestation of reactive oxygen species and a biological system's ability to readily detoxify the reactive intermediates or to repair the resulting damage.
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Oxidoreductase
In biochemistry, an oxidoreductase is an enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of electrons from one molecule, the reductant, also called the electron donor, to another, the oxidant, also called the electron acceptor.
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Oximinotransferase
In enzymology, an oximinotransferase is an enzyme that catalyzes the chemical reaction Thus, the two substrates of this enzyme are pyruvate oxime and acetone, whereas its two products are pyruvate and acetone oxime.
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P-site
The P-site (for peptidyl) is the second binding site for tRNA in the ribosome.
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Parietal lobe
The parietal lobe is one of the four major lobes of the cerebral cortex in the brain of mammals. The parietal lobe is positioned above the temporal lobe and behind the frontal lobe and central sulcus. The parietal lobe integrates sensory information among various modalities, including spatial sense and navigation (proprioception), the main sensory receptive area for the sense of touch (mechanoreception) in the somatosensory cortex which is just posterior to the central sulcus in the postcentral gyrus, and the dorsal stream of the visual system. The major sensory inputs from the skin (touch, temperature, and pain receptors), relay through the thalamus to the parietal lobe. Several areas of the parietal lobe are important in language processing. The somatosensory cortex can be illustrated as a distorted figure – the homunculus (Latin: "little man"), in which the body parts are rendered according to how much of the somatosensory cortex is devoted to them.Schacter, D. L., Gilbert, D. L. & Wegner, D. M. (2009). Psychology. (2nd ed.). New York (NY): Worth Publishers. The superior parietal lobule and inferior parietal lobule are the primary areas of body or spacial awareness. A lesion commonly in the right superior or inferior parietal lobule leads to hemineglect. The name comes from the parietal bone, which is named from the Latin paries-, meaning "wall".
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Pentose
A pentose is a monosaccharide with five carbon atoms.
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Pentosyltransferase
Pentosyltransferases are a type of glycosyltransferase that catalyze the transfer of a pentose.
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Peptide bond
A peptide bond is a covalent chemical bond linking two consecutive amino acid monomers along a peptide or protein chain.
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Peptidyl transferase
The peptidyl transferase is an aminoacyltransferase as well as the primary enzymatic function of the ribosome, which forms peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids using tRNAs during the translation process of protein biosynthesis.
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Phenylalanine
Phenylalanine (symbol Phe or F) is an α-amino acid with the formula.
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Phosphatase
A phosphatase is an enzyme that uses water to cleave a phosphoric acid monoester into a phosphate ion and an alcohol.
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Phosphate
A phosphate is chemical derivative of phosphoric acid.
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Phosphorus
Phosphorus is a chemical element with symbol P and atomic number 15.
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Phosphotransferase
Phosphotransferases are a category of enzymes (EC number 2.7) that catalyze phosphorylation reactions.
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Plasmid
A plasmid is a small DNA molecule within a cell that is physically separated from a chromosomal DNA and can replicate independently.
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Polymerase
A polymerase is an enzyme (EC 2.7.7.6/7/19/48/49) that synthesizes long chains of polymers or nucleic acids.
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Polysaccharide
Polysaccharides are polymeric carbohydrate molecules composed of long chains of monosaccharide units bound together by glycosidic linkages, and on hydrolysis give the constituent monosaccharides or oligosaccharides.
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Protease
A protease (also called a peptidase or proteinase) is an enzyme that performs proteolysis: protein catabolism by hydrolysis of peptide bonds.
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Protein kinase
A protein kinase is a kinase enzyme that modifies other proteins by chemically adding phosphate groups to them (phosphorylation).
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Protein subunit
In structural biology, a protein subunit is a single protein molecule that assembles (or "coassembles") with other protein molecules to form a protein complex.
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Pyrophosphate
In chemistry, a pyrophosphate is a phosphorus oxyanion.
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Pyruvate dehydrogenase
Pyruvate dehydrogenase is the first component enzyme of pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC).
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Pyruvic acid
Pyruvic acid (CH3COCOOH) is the simplest of the alpha-keto acids, with a carboxylic acid and a ketone functional group.
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Radionuclide
A radionuclide (radioactive nuclide, radioisotope or radioactive isotope) is an atom that has excess nuclear energy, making it unstable.
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Respiratory system
The respiratory system (also respiratory apparatus, ventilatory system) is a biological system consisting of specific organs and structures used for gas exchange in animals and plants.
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Riboflavin synthase
Riboflavin synthase is an enzyme that catalyzes the final reaction of riboflavin biosynthesis: (2) 6,7-dimethyl-8-ribityllumazine → riboflavin + 5-amino-6-ribitylamino-2,4(1''H'',3''H'')-pyrimidinedione.
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Ribosome
The ribosome is a complex molecular machine, found within all living cells, that serves as the site of biological protein synthesis (translation).
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Ribozyme
Ribozymes (ribonucleic acid enzymes) are RNA molecules that are capable of catalyzing specific biochemical reactions, similar to the action of protein enzymes.
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RNA
Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is a polymeric molecule essential in various biological roles in coding, decoding, regulation, and expression of genes.
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RNA polymerase
RNA polymerase (ribonucleic acid polymerase), both abbreviated RNAP or RNApol, official name DNA-directed RNA polymerase, is a member of a family of enzymes that are essential to life: they are found in all organisms (-species) and many viruses.
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Rudolph Schoenheimer
Rudolf Schoenheimer (May 10, 1898 – September 11, 1941) was a German/ U.S. biochemist who developed the technique of isotope tagging of biomolecules, enabling detailed study of metabolism.
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Sedoheptulose 7-phosphate
Sedoheptulose 7-phosphate is an intermediate in the pentose phosphate pathway.
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Selenium
Selenium is a chemical element with symbol Se and atomic number 34.
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Selenotransferase
A selenotransferase is a transferase enzyme that act upon atoms of selenium.
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Sepsis
Sepsis is a life-threatening condition that arises when the body's response to infection causes injury to its own tissues and organs.
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Spinal cord
The spinal cord is a long, thin, tubular bundle of nervous tissue and support cells that extends from the medulla oblongata in the brainstem to the lumbar region of the vertebral column.
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Sticky and blunt ends
DNA ends refer to the properties of the end of DNA molecules, which may be sticky ends (cohesive ends), blunt ends or in other forms.
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Striatum
The striatum, or corpus striatum (also called the neostriatum and the striate nucleus) is a nucleus (a cluster of neurons) in the subcortical basal ganglia of the forebrain.
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Succinyl-CoA:3-oxoacid CoA transferase deficiency
Succinyl-CoA:3-oxoacid CoA transferase deficiency (SCOT deficiency) is an inborn error of ketone body utilization.
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Sudden infant death syndrome
Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), also known as cot death or crib death, is the sudden unexplained death of a child less than one year of age.
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Sulfotransferase
Sulfotransferases are transferase enzymes that catalyze the transfer of a sulfo group from a donor molecule to an acceptor alcohol or amine.
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Sulfur
Sulfur or sulphur is a chemical element with symbol S and atomic number 16.
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Sulfurtransferase
A sulfurtransferase is a transferase enzyme that act upon atoms of sulfur.
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Symptom
A symptom (from Greek σύμπτωμα, "accident, misfortune, that which befalls", from συμπίπτω, "I befall", from συν- "together, with" and πίπτω, "I fall") is a departure from normal function or feeling which is noticed by a patient, reflecting the presence of an unusual state, or of a disease.
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Synapse
In the nervous system, a synapse is a structure that permits a neuron (or nerve cell) to pass an electrical or chemical signal to another neuron or to the target efferent cell.
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Synthetic rubber
A synthetic rubber is any artificial elastomer.
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Systematic name
A systematic name is a name given in a systematic way to one unique group, organism, object or chemical substance, out of a specific population or collection.
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Temporal lobe
The temporal lobe is one of the four major lobes of the cerebral cortex in the brain of mammals.
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Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase
Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT), also known as DNA nucleotidylexotransferase (DNTT) or terminal transferase, is a specialized DNA polymerase expressed in immature, pre-B, pre-T lymphoid cells, and acute lymphoblastic leukemia/lymphoma cells.
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Thioester
In chemistry thioesters are compounds with the functional group R–S–CO–R'.
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Tobacco
Tobacco is a product prepared from the leaves of the tobacco plant by curing them.
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Transaldolase
Transaldolase is an enzyme of the non-oxidative phase of the pentose phosphate pathway.
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Transaminase
Transaminases or aminotransferases are enzymes that catalyze a transamination reaction between an amino acid and an α-keto acid.
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Transamination
Transamination, a chemical reaction that transfers an amino group to a ketoacid to form new amino acids.
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Transfer RNA
A transfer RNA (abbreviated tRNA and formerly referred to as sRNA, for soluble RNA) is an adaptor molecule composed of RNA, typically 76 to 90 nucleotides in length, that serves as the physical link between the mRNA and the amino acid sequence of proteins.
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Transferase
A transferase is any one of a class of enzymes that enact the transfer of specific functional groups (e.g. a methyl or glycosyl group) from one molecule (called the donor) to another (called the acceptor).
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Transgenesis
Transgenesis is the process of introducing an exogenous gene—called a transgene—into a living organism so that the organism will exhibit a new property and transmit that property to its offspring.
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Transketolase
Transketolase encoded by the TKT gene is an enzyme of both the pentose phosphate pathway in all organisms and the Calvin cycle of photosynthesis.
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Translation (biology)
In molecular biology and genetics, translation is the process in which ribosomes in the cytoplasm or ER synthesize proteins after the process of transcription of DNA to RNA in the cell's nucleus.
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Tryptophan
Tryptophan (symbol Trp or W) is an α-amino acid that is used in the biosynthesis of proteins.
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Tungsten
Tungsten, or wolfram, is a chemical element with symbol W (referring to wolfram) and atomic number 74.
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Tyrosine
Tyrosine (symbol Tyr or Y) or 4-hydroxyphenylalanine is one of the 20 standard amino acids that are used by cells to synthesize proteins.
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Ulf von Euler
Ulf Svante von Euler (7 February 1905 – 9 March 1983) was a Swedish physiologist and pharmacologist.
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Uridine diphosphate
Uridine diphosphate, abbreviated UDP, is a nucleotide diphosphate.
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Uridine diphosphate glucose
Uridine diphosphate glucose (uracil-diphosphate glucose, UDP-glucose) is a nucleotide sugar.
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Uridine triphosphate
Uridine-5'-triphosphate (UTP) is a pyrimidine nucleoside triphosphate, consisting of the organic base uracil linked to the 1' carbon of the ribose sugar, and esterified with tri-phosphoric acid at the 5' position.
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UTP—glucose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase
UTP—glucose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase also known as glucose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (or UDP–glucose pyrophosphorylase) is an enzyme involved in carbohydrate metabolism.
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3'-Phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate
3'-Phosphoadenosine-5'-phosphosulfate (PAPS) is a derivative of adenosine monophosphate that is phosphorylated at the 3' position and has a sulfate group attached to the 5' phosphate.
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Redirects here:
Alkyl and aryl transferases, Formyltransferase, Hydroxymethyltransferase, Transferases, Transferases (other substituted phosphate groups).
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transferase
