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194 relations: Abiogenesis, Absorption band, Accretion (astrophysics), Achelous (crater), Airglow, Albedo, Allotropes of oxygen, Almost periodic function, Ammonia, Apsis, Ariane 5, Astrobiology, Astronomy Now, Atmosphere, Aurora, Axial tilt, BBC News, Bow shocks in astrophysics, Callisto (moon), Carbon dioxide, Charged particle, Cold trap (astronomy), Conjunction (astronomy), Convection, Cryovolcano, Cyanogen, Density, Diatomic molecule, Dimer (chemistry), Dipole, Dissipation, Dissociation (chemistry), Earth, Ecliptic, Ejecta blanket, Electrical resistivity and conductivity, Electron, Electronvolt, Elsevier, Equator, Europa (moon), Europa Jupiter System Mission – Laplace, European Space Agency, Exosphere, Extreme ultraviolet, Field line, Field strength, Formation and evolution of the Solar System, G-force, Galilean moons, ..., Galileo (spacecraft), Galileo Galilei, Galileo Regio, Gan De, Ganymede (mythology), Geologic map, Gram, Gravitational constant, Greek mythology, Gregory Benford, H chondrite, Heat flux, Horst and graben, House of Medici, Hubble Space Telescope, Hydrogen, Hydrogen atom, Icarus (journal), Ice, Impact crater, Infrared, Io (moon), Ion, Ion thruster, Ionosphere, Iron, Iron oxide, Iron(II) sulfide, Iron–nickel alloy, JAXA, Johannes Kepler, Juno (spacecraft), Jupiter, Jupiter Europa Orbiter, Jupiter Ganymede Orbiter, Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer, Jupiter Icy Moons Orbiter, Jupiter Magnetospheric Orbiter, Jupiter's moons in fiction, Kappa Centauri, L chondrite, Late Heavy Bombardment, Latitude, List of craters on Ganymede, List of geological features on Ganymede, List of natural satellites, Lithosphere, LL chondrite, Longitude, Lunar and Planetary Institute, Magnesium sulfate, Magnetic field, Magnetic moment, Magnetic reconnection, Magnetosphere, Magnetosphere of Jupiter, Mantle (geology), Mass fraction (chemistry), Mercury (planet), Mercury's magnetic field, Micrometre, Moment (physics), Moment of inertia factor, Moon, Moons of Jupiter, Nanometre, NASA, Natural satellite, Nature Geoscience, New Horizons, Nicolas-Claude Fabri de Peiresc, Nuclear fission, Number density, Occultation, Ocean, Olivine, Opposition (planets), Orbit, Orbital eccentricity, Orbital inclination, Orbital plane (astronomy), Orbital resonance, Ordinary chondrite, Organic compound, Oxygen, Ozone, Palimpsest (planetary astronomy), Pascal (unit), Pedestal crater, Perturbation (astronomy), Phase transition, Pioneer 10, Pioneer 11, Planetary core, Planetary differentiation, Planetary habitability, Planetary science, Planetary Science Decadal Survey, Plasma (physics), Plume (fluid dynamics), Pluto, Pyroxene, Radioactive decay, Radiogenic nuclide, Rampart crater, Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics, Rock (geology), Russian Space Research Institute, Saturn, Scale height, Silicate, Silicon, Simon Marius, Sodium, Sodium sulfate, Solar wind, Spectroscopy, Spectrum, Speed of sound, Sputtering, Sulfate, Sulfur, Sulfur dioxide, Sun, Supersonic speed, Tectonics, Tesla (unit), The New York Times, Thermal expansion, Thermal runaway, Tidal heating, Tidal locking, Titan (moon), Titan Saturn System Mission, Tros (mythology), Ultraviolet, Uruk Sulcus, Van Allen radiation belt, Visible spectrum, Voyager 1, Voyager 2, Voyager program, Wavelength, Zeus. Expand index (144 more) »
Abiogenesis
Abiogenesis, or informally the origin of life,Compare: Also occasionally called biopoiesis.
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Absorption band
According to quantum mechanics, atoms and molecules can only hold certain defined quantities of energy, or exist in specific states.
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Accretion (astrophysics)
In astrophysics, accretion is the accumulation of particles into a massive object by gravitationally attracting more matter, typically gaseous matter, in an accretion disk.
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Achelous (crater)
Achelous is a relatively fresh crater on Ganymede adjacent to the similarly sized Gula.
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Airglow
Airglow (also called nightglow) is a faint emission of light by a planetary atmosphere.
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Albedo
Albedo (albedo, meaning "whiteness") is the measure of the diffuse reflection of solar radiation out of the total solar radiation received by an astronomical body (e.g. a planet like Earth).
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Allotropes of oxygen
There are several known allotropes of oxygen.
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Almost periodic function
In mathematics, an almost periodic function is, loosely speaking, a function of a real number that is periodic to within any desired level of accuracy, given suitably long, well-distributed "almost-periods".
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Ammonia
Ammonia is a compound of nitrogen and hydrogen with the formula NH3.
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Apsis
An apsis (ἁψίς; plural apsides, Greek: ἁψῖδες) is an extreme point in the orbit of an object.
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Ariane 5
Ariane 5 is a European heavy-lift launch vehicle that is part of the Ariane rocket family, an expendable launch system used to deliver payloads into geostationary transfer orbit (GTO) or low Earth orbit (LEO).
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Astrobiology
Astrobiology is a branch of biology concerned with the origins, early evolution, distribution, and future of life in the universe.
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Astronomy Now
Astronomy Now is a monthly British magazine on astronomy and space.
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Atmosphere
An atmosphere is a layer or a set of layers of gases surrounding a planet or other material body, that is held in place by the gravity of that body.
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Aurora
An aurora (plural: auroras or aurorae), sometimes referred to as polar lights, northern lights (aurora borealis) or southern lights (aurora australis), is a natural light display in the Earth's sky, predominantly seen in the high-latitude regions (around the Arctic and Antarctic).
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Axial tilt
In astronomy, axial tilt, also known as obliquity, is the angle between an object's rotational axis and its orbital axis, or, equivalently, the angle between its equatorial plane and orbital plane.
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BBC News
BBC News is an operational business division of the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) responsible for the gathering and broadcasting of news and current affairs.
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Bow shocks in astrophysics
Bow shocks form the boundary between a magnetosphere and an ambient magnetized medium.
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Callisto (moon)
Callisto (Jupiter IV) is the second-largest moon of Jupiter, after Ganymede.
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Carbon dioxide
Carbon dioxide (chemical formula) is a colorless gas with a density about 60% higher than that of dry air.
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Charged particle
In physics, a charged particle is a particle with an electric charge.
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Cold trap (astronomy)
A cold trap is a concept in Planetary Sciences that describes an area cold enough to freeze (trap) volatiles.
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Conjunction (astronomy)
In astronomy, a conjunction occurs when two astronomical objects or spacecraft have either the same right ascension or the same ecliptic longitude, usually as observed from Earth.
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Convection
Convection is the heat transfer due to bulk movement of molecules within fluids such as gases and liquids, including molten rock (rheid).
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Cryovolcano
A cryovolcano (sometimes informally called an ice volcano) is a type of volcano that erupts volatiles such as water, ammonia or methane, instead of molten rock.
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Cyanogen
Cyanogen is the chemical compound with the formula (CN)2.
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Density
The density, or more precisely, the volumetric mass density, of a substance is its mass per unit volume.
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Diatomic molecule
Diatomic molecules are molecules composed of only two atoms, of the same or different chemical elements.
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Dimer (chemistry)
A dimer (di-, "two" + -mer, "parts") is an oligomer consisting of two monomers joined by bonds that can be either strong or weak, covalent or intermolecular.
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Dipole
In electromagnetism, there are two kinds of dipoles.
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Dissipation
Dissipation is the result of an irreversible process that takes place in homogeneous thermodynamic systems.
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Dissociation (chemistry)
Dissociation in chemistry and biochemistry is a general process in which molecules (or ionic compounds such as salts, or complexes) separate or split into smaller particles such as atoms, ions or radicals, usually in a reversible manner.
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Earth
Earth is the third planet from the Sun and the only astronomical object known to harbor life.
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Ecliptic
The ecliptic is the circular path on the celestial sphere that the Sun follows over the course of a year; it is the basis of the ecliptic coordinate system.
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Ejecta blanket
An ejecta blanket is a generally symmetrical apron of ejecta that surrounds an impact crater; it is layered thickly at the crater’s rim and thin to discontinuous at the blanket’s outer edge.
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Electrical resistivity and conductivity
Electrical resistivity (also known as resistivity, specific electrical resistance, or volume resistivity) is a fundamental property that quantifies how strongly a given material opposes the flow of electric current.
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Electron
The electron is a subatomic particle, symbol or, whose electric charge is negative one elementary charge.
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Electronvolt
In physics, the electronvolt (symbol eV, also written electron-volt and electron volt) is a unit of energy equal to approximately joules (symbol J).
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Elsevier
Elsevier is an information and analytics company and one of the world's major providers of scientific, technical, and medical information.
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Equator
An equator of a rotating spheroid (such as a planet) is its zeroth circle of latitude (parallel).
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Europa (moon)
Europa or as Ευρώπη (Jupiter II) is the smallest of the four Galilean moons orbiting Jupiter, and the sixth-closest to the planet.
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Europa Jupiter System Mission – Laplace
The Europa Jupiter System Mission – Laplace (EJSM/Laplace) was a proposed joint NASA/ESA unmanned space mission slated to launch around 2020 for the in-depth exploration of Jupiter's moons with a focus on Europa, Ganymede and Jupiter's magnetosphere.
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European Space Agency
The European Space Agency (ESA; Agence spatiale européenne, ASE; Europäische Weltraumorganisation) is an intergovernmental organisation of 22 member states dedicated to the exploration of space.
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Exosphere
The exosphere (ἔξω éxō "outside, external, beyond", σφαῖρα sphaĩra "sphere") is a thin, atmosphere-like volume surrounding a planet or natural satellite where molecules are gravitationally bound to that body, but where the density is too low for them to behave as a gas by colliding with each other.
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Extreme ultraviolet
Extreme ultraviolet radiation (EUV or XUV) or high-energy ultraviolet radiation is electromagnetic radiation in the part of the electromagnetic spectrum spanning wavelengths from 124 nm down to 10 nm, and therefore (by the Planck–Einstein equation) having photons with energies from 10 eV up to 124 eV (corresponding to 124 nm to 10 nm respectively).
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Field line
A field line is a locus that is defined by a vector field and a starting location within the field.
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Field strength
In physics, field strength means the magnitude of a vector-valued field (e.g., in volts per meter, V/m, for an electric field E).
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Formation and evolution of the Solar System
The formation and evolution of the Solar System began 4.6 billion years ago with the gravitational collapse of a small part of a giant molecular cloud.
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G-force
The gravitational force, or more commonly, g-force, is a measurement of the type of acceleration that causes a perception of weight.
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Galilean moons
The Galilean moons are the four largest moons of Jupiter—Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto.
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Galileo (spacecraft)
Galileo was an American unmanned spacecraft that studied the planet Jupiter and its moons, as well as several other Solar System bodies.
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Galileo Galilei
Galileo Galilei (15 February 1564Drake (1978, p. 1). The date of Galileo's birth is given according to the Julian calendar, which was then in force throughout Christendom. In 1582 it was replaced in Italy and several other Catholic countries with the Gregorian calendar. Unless otherwise indicated, dates in this article are given according to the Gregorian calendar. – 8 January 1642) was an Italian polymath.
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Galileo Regio
Galileo Regio is a large, dark surface feature on Jupiter's moon Ganymede.
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Gan De
Gan De (fl. 4th century BC) was a Chinese astronomer/astrologer born in the State of Qi also known as the Lord Gan (Gan Gong).
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Ganymede (mythology)
In Greek mythology, Ganymede or Ganymedes (Greek: Γανυμήδης, Ganymēdēs) is a divine hero whose homeland was Troy.
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Geologic map
A geologic map or geological map is a special-purpose map made to show geological features.
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Gram
The gram (alternative spelling: gramme; SI unit symbol: g) (Latin gramma, from Greek γράμμα, grámma) is a metric system unit of mass.
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Gravitational constant
The gravitational constant (also known as the "universal gravitational constant", the "Newtonian constant of gravitation", or the "Cavendish gravitational constant"), denoted by the letter, is an empirical physical constant involved in the calculation of gravitational effects in Sir Isaac Newton's law of universal gravitation and in Albert Einstein's general theory of relativity.
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Greek mythology
Greek mythology is the body of myths and teachings that belong to the ancient Greeks, concerning their gods and heroes, the nature of the world, and the origins and significance of their own cult and ritual practices.
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Gregory Benford
Gregory Benford (born January 30, 1941) is an American science fiction author and astrophysicist who is on the faculty of the Department of Physics and Astronomy at the University of California, Irvine.
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H chondrite
The H type ordinary chondrites are the most common type of meteorite, accounting for approximately 40% of all those catalogued, 46% of the ordinary chondrites, and 44% of the chondrites.
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Heat flux
Heat flux or thermal flux, sometimes also referred to as heat flux density or heat flow rate intensity is a flow of energy per unit of area per unit of time.
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Horst and graben
In geology, horst and graben refer to regions that lie between normal faults and are either higher or lower than the area beyond the faults.
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House of Medici
The House of Medici was an Italian banking family and political dynasty that first began to gather prominence under Cosimo de' Medici in the Republic of Florence during the first half of the 15th century.
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Hubble Space Telescope
The Hubble Space Telescope (HST) is a space telescope that was launched into low Earth orbit in 1990 and remains in operation.
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Hydrogen
Hydrogen is a chemical element with symbol H and atomic number 1.
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Hydrogen atom
A hydrogen atom is an atom of the chemical element hydrogen.
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Icarus (journal)
Icarus is a scientific journal dedicated to the field of planetary science.
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Ice
Ice is water frozen into a solid state.
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Impact crater
An impact crater is an approximately circular depression in the surface of a planet, moon, or other solid body in the Solar System or elsewhere, formed by the hypervelocity impact of a smaller body.
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Infrared
Infrared radiation (IR) is electromagnetic radiation (EMR) with longer wavelengths than those of visible light, and is therefore generally invisible to the human eye (although IR at wavelengths up to 1050 nm from specially pulsed lasers can be seen by humans under certain conditions). It is sometimes called infrared light.
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Io (moon)
Io (Jupiter I) is the innermost of the four Galilean moons of the planet Jupiter.
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Ion
An ion is an atom or molecule that has a non-zero net electrical charge (its total number of electrons is not equal to its total number of protons).
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Ion thruster
An ion thruster or ion drive is a form of electric propulsion used for spacecraft propulsion.
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Ionosphere
The ionosphere is the ionized part of Earth's upper atmosphere, from about to altitude, a region that includes the thermosphere and parts of the mesosphere and exosphere.
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Iron
Iron is a chemical element with symbol Fe (from ferrum) and atomic number 26.
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Iron oxide
Iron oxides are chemical compounds composed of iron and oxygen.
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Iron(II) sulfide
Iron(II) sulfide or ferrous sulfide (Br.E. sulphide) is one of a family chemical compounds and minerals with the approximate formula.
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Iron–nickel alloy
An iron–nickel alloy or nickel–iron alloy, abbreviated FeNi or NiFe, is a group of alloys consisting primarily of the elements nickel (Ni) and iron (Fe).
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JAXA
The is the Japanese national aerospace and space agency.
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Johannes Kepler
Johannes Kepler (December 27, 1571 – November 15, 1630) was a German mathematician, astronomer, and astrologer.
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Juno (spacecraft)
Juno is a NASA space probe orbiting the planet Jupiter.
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Jupiter
Jupiter is the fifth planet from the Sun and the largest in the Solar System.
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Jupiter Europa Orbiter
As a part of the defunct Europa Jupiter System Mission – Laplace (EJSM/Laplace), the Jupiter Europa Orbiter (JEO) was a proposed orbiter probe slated for lift-off in 2020 and planned for detailed studies of Jupiter's moons Europa and Io as well as the Jovian magnetosphere.
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Jupiter Ganymede Orbiter
Jupiter Ganymede Orbiter (JGO) was a part of the international Europa Jupiter System Mission (EJSM).
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Jupiter Icy Moons Explorer
The JUpiter ICy moons Explorer (JUICE) is an interplanetary spacecraft in development by the European Space Agency (ESA) with Airbus Defence and Space as the main contractor.
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Jupiter Icy Moons Orbiter
The Jupiter Icy Moons Orbiter (JIMO) was a proposed NASA spacecraft designed to explore the icy moons of Jupiter.
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Jupiter Magnetospheric Orbiter
The Jupiter Magnetospheric Orbiter (木星磁気圏オービター, JMO) is a cancelled space probe proposed by the Japanese Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), to undertake detailed in situ studies of the magnetosphere of Jupiter as a template for an astrophysical magnetised disk.
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Jupiter's moons in fiction
Jupiter's extensive system of natural satellites – in particular the four large Galilean moons (Io, Europa, Ganymede and Callisto) – has been a common science fiction setting.
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Kappa Centauri
Kappa Centauri (κ Cen, κ Centauri) is a binary star in the southern constellation of Centaurus.
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L chondrite
The L type ordinary chondrites are the second most common group of meteorites, accounting for approximately 35% of all those catalogued, and 40% of the ordinary chondrites.
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Late Heavy Bombardment
The Late Heavy Bombardment (abbreviated LHB and also known as the lunar cataclysm) is an event thought to have occurred approximately 4.1 to 3.8 billion years (Ga) ago, at a time corresponding to the Neohadean and Eoarchean eras on Earth.
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Latitude
In geography, latitude is a geographic coordinate that specifies the north–south position of a point on the Earth's surface.
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List of craters on Ganymede
Ganymede is the largest moon in the solar system, and thus has many craters covering its hard surface.
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List of geological features on Ganymede
This is a list of named geological features, except craters, on Ganymede, a moon of Jupiter.
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List of natural satellites
The Solar System's planets and officially recognized dwarf planets are known to be orbited by 184 natural satellites, or moons.
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Lithosphere
A lithosphere (λίθος for "rocky", and σφαίρα for "sphere") is the rigid, outermost shell of a terrestrial-type planet, or natural satellite, that is defined by its rigid mechanical properties.
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LL chondrite
The LL chondrites are a group of stony meteorites, the least abundant group of the ordinary chondrites, accounting for about 10–11% of observed ordinary-chondrite falls and 8–9% of all meteorite falls (see meteorite fall statistics).
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Longitude
Longitude, is a geographic coordinate that specifies the east-west position of a point on the Earth's surface.
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Lunar and Planetary Institute
The Lunar and Planetary Institute (LPI) is a scientific research institute dedicated to study of the solar system, its formation, evolution, and current state.
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Magnesium sulfate
Magnesium sulfate is an inorganic salt with the formula MgSO4(H2O)x where 0≤x≤7.
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Magnetic field
A magnetic field is a vector field that describes the magnetic influence of electrical currents and magnetized materials.
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Magnetic moment
The magnetic moment is a quantity that represents the magnetic strength and orientation of a magnet or other object that produces a magnetic field.
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Magnetic reconnection
Magnetic reconnection is a physical process in highly conducting plasmas in which the magnetic topology is rearranged and magnetic energy is converted to kinetic energy, thermal energy, and particle acceleration.
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Magnetosphere
A magnetosphere is the region of space surrounding an astronomical object in which charged particles are manipulated or affected by that object's magnetic field.
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Magnetosphere of Jupiter
The magnetosphere of Jupiter is the cavity created in the solar wind by the planet's magnetic field.
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Mantle (geology)
The mantle is a layer inside a terrestrial planet and some other rocky planetary bodies.
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Mass fraction (chemistry)
In chemistry, the mass fraction w_i is the ratio of one substance with mass m_i to the mass of the total mixture m_\text, defined as The symbol Y_i is also used to denote mass fraction.
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Mercury (planet)
Mercury is the smallest and innermost planet in the Solar System.
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Mercury's magnetic field
Mercury's magnetic field is approximately a magnetic dipole (meaning the field has only two magnetic poles) apparently global, on planet Mercury.
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Micrometre
The micrometre (International spelling as used by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures; SI symbol: μm) or micrometer (American spelling), also commonly known as a micron, is an SI derived unit of length equaling (SI standard prefix "micro-".
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Moment (physics)
In physics, a moment is an expression involving the product of a distance and a physical quantity, and in this way it accounts for how the physical quantity is located or arranged.
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Moment of inertia factor
In planetary sciences, the moment of inertia factor or normalized polar moment of inertia is a dimensionless quantity that characterizes the radial distribution of mass inside a planet or satellite.
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Moon
The Moon is an astronomical body that orbits planet Earth and is Earth's only permanent natural satellite.
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Moons of Jupiter
There are 69 known moons of Jupiter.
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Nanometre
The nanometre (International spelling as used by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures; SI symbol: nm) or nanometer (American spelling) is a unit of length in the metric system, equal to one billionth (short scale) of a metre (m).
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NASA
The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is an independent agency of the executive branch of the United States federal government responsible for the civilian space program, as well as aeronautics and aerospace research.
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Natural satellite
A natural satellite or moon is, in the most common usage, an astronomical body that orbits a planet or minor planet (or sometimes another small Solar System body).
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Nature Geoscience
Nature Geoscience is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by the Nature Publishing Group.
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New Horizons
New Horizons is an interplanetary space probe that was launched as a part of NASA's New Frontiers program.
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Nicolas-Claude Fabri de Peiresc
Nicolas-Claude Fabri de Peiresc (1 December 1580 – 24 June 1637), often known simply as Peiresc, or by the Latin form of his name Peirescius, was a French astronomer, antiquary and savant, who maintained a wide correspondence with scientists, and was a successful organizer of scientific inquiry.
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Nuclear fission
In nuclear physics and nuclear chemistry, nuclear fission is either a nuclear reaction or a radioactive decay process in which the nucleus of an atom splits into smaller parts (lighter nuclei).
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Number density
In physics, astronomy, chemistry, biology and geography, number density (symbol: n or ρN) is an intensive quantity used to describe the degree of concentration of countable objects (particles, molecules, phonons, cells, galaxies, etc.) in physical space: three-dimensional volumetric number density, two-dimensional areal number density, or one-dimensional line number density.
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Occultation
An occultation is an event that occurs when one object is hidden by another object that passes between it and the observer.
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Ocean
An ocean (the sea of classical antiquity) is a body of saline water that composes much of a planet's hydrosphere.
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Olivine
The mineral olivine is a magnesium iron silicate with the formula (Mg2+, Fe2+)2SiO4.
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Opposition (planets)
In positional astronomy, two astronomical objects are said to be in opposition when they are on opposite sides of the celestial sphere, as observed from a given body (usually Earth).
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Orbit
In physics, an orbit is the gravitationally curved trajectory of an object, such as the trajectory of a planet around a star or a natural satellite around a planet.
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Orbital eccentricity
The orbital eccentricity of an astronomical object is a parameter that determines the amount by which its orbit around another body deviates from a perfect circle.
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Orbital inclination
Orbital inclination measures the tilt of an object's orbit around a celestial body.
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Orbital plane (astronomy)
The orbital plane of a revolving body is the geometric plane on which its orbit lies.
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Orbital resonance
In celestial mechanics, an orbital resonance occurs when orbiting bodies exert a regular, periodic gravitational influence on each other, usually because their orbital periods are related by a ratio of small integers.
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Ordinary chondrite
The ordinary chondrites (sometimes called the O chondrites) are a class of stony chondritic meteorites.
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Organic compound
In chemistry, an organic compound is generally any chemical compound that contains carbon.
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Oxygen
Oxygen is a chemical element with symbol O and atomic number 8.
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Ozone
Ozone, or trioxygen, is an inorganic molecule with the chemical formula.
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Palimpsest (planetary astronomy)
A palimpsest, in planetary astronomy, is an ancient crater on an icy moon of the outer Solar System whose relief has disappeared due to creep of the icy surface ("viscous relaxation") or subsequent cryovolcanic outpourings, leaving a circular albedo feature, perhaps with a "ghost" of a rim.
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Pascal (unit)
The pascal (symbol: Pa) is the SI derived unit of pressure used to quantify internal pressure, stress, Young's modulus and ultimate tensile strength.
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Pedestal crater
In planetary geology, a pedestal crater is a crater with its ejecta sitting above the surrounding terrain and thereby forming a raised platform (like a pedestal).
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Perturbation (astronomy)
In astronomy, perturbation is the complex motion of a massive body subject to forces other than the gravitational attraction of a single other massive body.
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Phase transition
The term phase transition (or phase change) is most commonly used to describe transitions between solid, liquid and gaseous states of matter, and, in rare cases, plasma.
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Pioneer 10
Pioneer 10 (originally designated Pioneer F) is an American space probe, launched in 1972 and weighing, that completed the first mission to the planet Jupiter.
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Pioneer 11
Pioneer 11 (also known as Pioneer G) is a robotic space probe launched by NASA on April 6, 1973 to study the asteroid belt, the environment around Jupiter and Saturn, solar wind and cosmic rays.
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Planetary core
The planetary core consists of the innermost layer(s) of a planet; which may be composed of solid and liquid layers.
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Planetary differentiation
In planetary science, planetary differentiation is the process of separating out different constituents of a planetary body as a consequence of their physical or chemical behaviour, where the body develops into compositionally distinct layers; the denser materials of a planet sink to the center, while less dense materials rise to the surface, generally in a magma ocean.
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Planetary habitability
Planetary habitability is the measure of a planet's or a natural satellite's potential to have habitable environments hospitable to life, or its ability to generate life endogenously.
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Planetary science
Planetary science or, more rarely, planetology, is the scientific study of planets (including Earth), moons, and planetary systems (in particular those of the Solar System) and the processes that form them.
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Planetary Science Decadal Survey
The Planetary Science Decadal Survey is a publication of the United States National Research Council produced for NASA and other United States Government Agencies such as the National Science Foundation.
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Plasma (physics)
Plasma (Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek English Lexicon, on Perseus) is one of the four fundamental states of matter, and was first described by chemist Irving Langmuir in the 1920s.
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Plume (fluid dynamics)
In hydrodynamics, a plume is a column of one fluid moving through another.
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Pluto
Pluto (minor planet designation: 134340 Pluto) is a dwarf planet in the Kuiper belt, a ring of bodies beyond Neptune.
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Pyroxene
The pyroxenes (commonly abbreviated to Px) are a group of important rock-forming inosilicate minerals found in many igneous and metamorphic rocks.
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Radioactive decay
Radioactive decay (also known as nuclear decay or radioactivity) is the process by which an unstable atomic nucleus loses energy (in terms of mass in its rest frame) by emitting radiation, such as an alpha particle, beta particle with neutrino or only a neutrino in the case of electron capture, gamma ray, or electron in the case of internal conversion.
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Radiogenic nuclide
A radiogenic nuclide is a nuclide that is produced by a process of radioactive decay.
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Rampart crater
Rampart craters are a specific type of impact crater which are accompanied by distinctive fluidized ejecta features found mainly on Mars.
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Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics
Research in Astronomy and Astrophysics is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering all branches of astronomy and astrophysics.
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Rock (geology)
Rock or stone is a natural substance, a solid aggregate of one or more minerals or mineraloids.
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Russian Space Research Institute
The Russian Space Research Institute (Институт космических исследований Российской академии наук, Space Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Russian abbreviation: ИКИ РАН, IKI RAN) is the leading organization of the Russian Academy of Sciences on space exploration to benefit fundamental science.
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Saturn
Saturn is the sixth planet from the Sun and the second-largest in the Solar System, after Jupiter.
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Scale height
In various scientific contexts, a scale height is a distance over which a quantity decreases by a factor of e (approximately 2.72, the base of natural logarithms).
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Silicate
In chemistry, a silicate is any member of a family of anions consisting of silicon and oxygen, usually with the general formula, where 0 ≤ x Silicate anions are often large polymeric molecules with an extense variety of structures, including chains and rings (as in polymeric metasilicate), double chains (as in, and sheets (as in. In geology and astronomy, the term silicate is used to mean silicate minerals, ionic solids with silicate anions; as well as rock types that consist predominantly of such minerals. In that context, the term also includes the non-ionic compound silicon dioxide (silica, quartz), which would correspond to x.
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Silicon
Silicon is a chemical element with symbol Si and atomic number 14.
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Simon Marius
Simon Marius (Latinized from German Simon Mayr; January 20, 1573 – January 5, 1625) was a German astronomer.
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Sodium
Sodium is a chemical element with symbol Na (from Latin natrium) and atomic number 11.
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Sodium sulfate
Sodium sulfate, also known as sulfate of soda, is the inorganic compound with formula Na2SO4 as well as several related hydrates.
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Solar wind
The solar wind is a stream of charged particles released from the upper atmosphere of the Sun, called the corona.
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Spectroscopy
Spectroscopy is the study of the interaction between matter and electromagnetic radiation.
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Spectrum
A spectrum (plural spectra or spectrums) is a condition that is not limited to a specific set of values but can vary, without steps, across a continuum.
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Speed of sound
The speed of sound is the distance travelled per unit time by a sound wave as it propagates through an elastic medium.
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Sputtering
Sputtering is a process whereby particles are ejected from a solid target material due to bombardment of the target by energetic particles, particularly gas ions in a laboratory.
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Sulfate
The sulfate or sulphate (see spelling differences) ion is a polyatomic anion with the empirical formula.
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Sulfur
Sulfur or sulphur is a chemical element with symbol S and atomic number 16.
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Sulfur dioxide
Sulfur dioxide (also sulphur dioxide in British English) is the chemical compound with the formula.
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Sun
The Sun is the star at the center of the Solar System.
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Supersonic speed
Supersonic travel is a rate of travel of an object that exceeds the speed of sound (Mach 1).
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Tectonics
Tectonics is the process that controls the structure and properties of the Earth's crust and its evolution through time.
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Tesla (unit)
The tesla (symbol T) is a derived unit of magnetic flux density (informally, magnetic field strength) in the International System of Units.
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The New York Times
The New York Times (sometimes abbreviated as The NYT or The Times) is an American newspaper based in New York City with worldwide influence and readership.
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Thermal expansion
Thermal expansion is the tendency of matter to change in shape, area, and volume in response to a change in temperature.
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Thermal runaway
Thermal runaway occurs in situations where an increase in temperature changes the conditions in a way that causes a further increase in temperature, often leading to a destructive result.
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Tidal heating
Tidal heating (also known as tidal working or tidal flexing) occurs through the tidal friction processes: orbital energy is dissipated as heat in either the surface ocean or interior of a planet or satellite.
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Tidal locking
Tidal locking (also called gravitational locking or captured rotation) occurs when the long-term interaction between a pair of co-orbiting astronomical bodies drives the rotation rate of at least one of them into the state where there is no more net transfer of angular momentum between this body (e.g. a planet) and its orbit around the second body (e.g. a star); this condition of "no net transfer" must be satisfied over the course of one orbit around the second body.
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Titan (moon)
Titan is the largest moon of Saturn.
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Titan Saturn System Mission
Titan Saturn System Mission (TSSM) was a joint NASA–ESA proposal for an exploration of Saturn and its moons Titan and Enceladus, where many complex phenomena were revealed by Cassini.
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Tros (mythology)
In Greek mythology, Tros (Τρώς) was the founder of Troy and the son of Erichthonius by Astyoche (daughter of the river god Simoeis) or of Ilus I, from whom he inherited the throne.
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Ultraviolet
Ultraviolet (UV) is electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength from 10 nm to 400 nm, shorter than that of visible light but longer than X-rays.
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Uruk Sulcus
Uruk Sulcus is a bright region of grooved terrain adjacent to Galileo Regio on Jupiter's moon Ganymede.
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Van Allen radiation belt
A Van Allen radiation belt is a zone of energetic charged particles, most of which originate from the solar wind, that are captured by and held around a planet by that planet's magnetic field.
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Visible spectrum
The visible spectrum is the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that is visible to the human eye.
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Voyager 1
Voyager 1 is a space probe launched by NASA on September 5, 1977.
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Voyager 2
Voyager 2 is a space probe launched by NASA on August 20, 1977, to study the outer planets.
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Voyager program
The Voyager program is an American scientific program that employs two robotic probes, Voyager 1 and Voyager 2, to study the outer Solar System.
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Wavelength
In physics, the wavelength is the spatial period of a periodic wave—the distance over which the wave's shape repeats.
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Zeus
Zeus (Ζεύς, Zeús) is the sky and thunder god in ancient Greek religion, who rules as king of the gods of Mount Olympus.
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Astronomy Ganymede, Atmosphere of Ganymede, Exploration of Ganymede, Ganymede (astronomy), Ganymede (moon of Jupiter), Ganymede (satellite), Ganymede moon, Ganymedian magnetosphere, Jovian Moon Ganymede, Jovian Satellite Ganymede, Jupiter III, Largest Known Moon, Largest Moon, Life on Ganymede, Magnetosphere of Ganymede, Satellite Ganymede.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganymede_(moon)
