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204 relations: Acetamide, Addiction, Agonist, Alazocine, Alcohol dependence, Alkaloid, Allostasis, Amentoflavone, Amygdala, Analgesic, Anhedonia, Anticonvulsant, Antidote, Antipruritic, Anxiety, Aryl, Asimadoline, AT-076, Aversives, Benzomorphan, Big dynorphin, Binaltorphimine, Bipolar disorder, Brain, Bremazocine, BRL-52537, BU09059, Buprenorphine, Buprenorphine/samidorphan, Butorphanol, C-Jun N-terminal kinases, Caudate nucleus, CERC-501, Chronic stress, Claustrum, Clerodane diterpene, Complementary DNA, Consciousness, CR665, Cyclazocine, Cyclic adenosine monophosphate, Cyclorphan, Depression (mood), Dezocine, Diarrhea, Difelikefalin, Diprenorphine, Dissociation (psychology), Dissociative, Diterpene, ..., Diuretic, Dopamine, Dopamine receptor D2, Dopaminergic, Dorsal raphe nucleus, Drug development, Drug overdose, Dynorphin, Dynorphin A, Dynorphin B, Dysphoria, Electroconvulsive therapy, Eluxadoline, Enadoline, Epileptic seizure, Eptazocine, Erinacine, Etorphine, Euphoria, Extracellular signal–regulated kinases, Fedotozine, Functional selectivity, G protein, G protein–coupled receptor, Gene, Gi alpha subunit, GR-89696, Hallucination, Hallucinogen, Hippocampus, Homeostasis, Hypothalamus, Hypoventilation, Hypoxia (medical), HZ-2, Ibogaine, ICI-199,441, ICI-204,448, Insular cortex, Inward-rectifier potassium channel, Irritable bowel syndrome, Ischemia, Itch, Δ-opioid receptor, Μ-opioid receptor, JDTic, Ketamine, Ketazocine, Levallorphan, Levomethorphan, Levorphanol, Ligand (biochemistry), Locus coeruleus, LPK-26, LY-2459989, LY-255582, Lysergic acid diethylamide, Major depressive disorder, Mania, Memory, Mentha aquatica, Menthol, Mescaline, Mesolimbic pathway, Metazocine, Methylnaltrexone, Midline nuclear group, Mitogen-activated protein kinase, Mood (psychology), Morphinan, Morphine, Motor control, N-type calcium channel, Nalbuphine, Nalfurafine, Nalmefene, Nalodeine, Nalorphine, Naloxone, Naltrexone, Neurochemical, Neuroprotection, Nociception, Norbinaltorphimine, Norbuprenorphine, Norbuprenorphine-3-glucuronide, Norepinephrine, Noribogaine, Nucleus accumbens, Olfactory tubercle, Opioid, Opioid peptide, Opioid receptor, Opioid use disorder, Oxilorphan, Oxycodone, P38 mitogen-activated protein kinases, Pain, Parabrachial nuclei, Pawhuskin A, Pentazocine, Peppermint, Peptide, Periaqueductal gray, PF-4455242, Phenazocine, Phosphodiesterase, Prefrontal cortex, Prolactin, Protein–protein interaction, Proxorphan, Psilocybin, Psychedelic drug, Psychoactive drug, Putamen, Quadazocine, Raphe nuclei, RB-64, Receptor (biochemistry), Salvia divinorum, Salvinorin A, Salvinorin B methoxymethyl ether, Samidorphan, Serotonin, Side effect, Sodium-hydrogen antiporter 3 regulator 1, Solitary nucleus, Spearmint, Spinal cord, Spinal trigeminal nucleus, Spiradoline, Stress (biology), Stria terminalis, Striatum, Substance use disorder, Substantia gelatinosa of Rolando, Substantia nigra, Synesthesia, Terpene, Terpenoid, Tifluadom, Toxicity, TRPM8, U-50488, U-69,593, Ubiquitin C, Vasopressin, Ventral tegmental area, Xorphanol, Zyklophin, 5'-Guanidinonaltrindole, 5-HT1A receptor, 6'-Guanidinonaltrindole, 8-Carboxamidocyclazocine. Expand index (154 more) »
Acetamide
Acetamide (systematic name: ethanamide) is an organic compound with the formula CH3CONH2.
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Addiction
Addiction is a brain disorder characterized by compulsive engagement in rewarding stimuli despite adverse consequences.
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Agonist
An agonist is a chemical that binds to a receptor and activates the receptor to produce a biological response.
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Alazocine
Alazocine (developmental code name -10047), also known more commonly as N-allylnormetazocine (NANM), is a synthetic opioid analgesic of the benzomorphan family related to metazocine which was never marketed.
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Alcohol dependence
Alcohol dependence is a previous psychiatric diagnosis in which an individual is physically or psychologically dependent upon alcohol (also known formally as ethanol).
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Alkaloid
Alkaloids are a class of naturally occurring chemical compounds that mostly contain basic nitrogen atoms.
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Allostasis
Allostasis is the process of achieving stability, or homeostasis, through physiological or behavioral change.
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Amentoflavone
Amentoflavone is a biflavonoid (bis-apigenin coupled at 8 and 3' positions, or 3′,8′′-biapigenin) constituent of a number of plants including Ginkgo biloba, Chamaecyparis obtusa (hinoki), Hypericum perforatum (St. John’s Wort) and Xerophyta plicata.
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Amygdala
The amygdala (plural: amygdalae; also corpus amygdaloideum; Latin from Greek, ἀμυγδαλή, amygdalē, 'Almond', 'tonsil') is one of two almond-shaped groups of nuclei located deep and medially within the temporal lobes of the brain in complex vertebrates, including humans.
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Analgesic
An analgesic or painkiller is any member of the group of drugs used to achieve analgesia, relief from pain.
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Anhedonia
Anhedonia refers to a diverse array of deficits in hedonic function, including reduced motivation or ability to experience pleasure.
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Anticonvulsant
Anticonvulsants (also commonly known as antiepileptic drugs or as antiseizure drugs) are a diverse group of pharmacological agents used in the treatment of epileptic seizures.
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Antidote
An antidote is a substance which can counteract a form of poisoning.
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Antipruritic
Antipruritics, also known as anti-itch drugs, are medications that inhibit the itching (Latin: pruritus) often associated with sunburns, allergic reactions, eczema, psoriasis, chickenpox, fungal infections, insect bites and stings like those from mosquitoes, fleas, and mites, and contact dermatitis and urticaria caused by plants such as poison ivy (urushiol-induced contact dermatitis) or stinging nettle.
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Anxiety
Anxiety is an emotion characterized by an unpleasant state of inner turmoil, often accompanied by nervous behaviour such as pacing back and forth, somatic complaints, and rumination.
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Aryl
In the context of organic molecules, aryl is any functional group or substituent derived from an aromatic ring, usually an aromatic hydrocarbon, such as phenyl and naphthyl.
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Asimadoline
Asimadoline (EMD-61753) is a drug which acts as a peripherally selective κ-opioid receptor (KOR) agonist.
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AT-076
AT-076 is a so-called opioid "pan" antagonist and is the first reasonably balanced antagonist known of all four opioid receptor types.
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Aversives
In psychology, aversives are unpleasant stimuli that induce changes in behavior through punishment; by applying an aversive immediately following a behavior, the likelihood of the behavior occurring in the future is reduced.
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Benzomorphan
Benzomorphan is a chemical compound.
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Big dynorphin
Big dynorphin is an endogenous opioid peptide of the dynorphin family that is composed of both dynorphin A and dynorphin B. Big dynorphin has the amino acid sequence: Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Leu-Arg-Arg-Ile-Arg-Pro-Lys-Leu-Lys-Trp-Asp-Asn-Gln-Lys-Arg-Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Leu-Arg-Arg-Gln-Phe-Lys-Val-Val-Thr.
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Binaltorphimine
Binaltorphimine (BNI) is a selective antagonist of the κ-opioid receptor (KOR).
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Bipolar disorder
Bipolar disorder, previously known as manic depression, is a mental disorder that causes periods of depression and periods of abnormally elevated mood.
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Brain
The brain is an organ that serves as the center of the nervous system in all vertebrate and most invertebrate animals.
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Bremazocine
Bremazocine is a κ-opioid receptor agonist related to pentazocine.
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BRL-52537
BRL-52537 is a drug which acts as a potent and highly selective κ-opioid agonist.
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BU09059
BU09059 is a potent, selective, short-acting (non-"inactivating") antagonist of the κ-opioid receptor (KOR).
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Buprenorphine
Buprenorphine, sold under the brand name Subutex, among others, is an opioid used to treat opioid addiction, acute pain, and chronic pain.
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Buprenorphine/samidorphan
Buprenorphine/samidorphan (developmental code name ALKS-5461) is a combination drug formulation of buprenorphine and samidorphan acting as a κ-opioid receptor (KOR) antagonist which is under development by Alkermes as an adjunct to antidepressant therapy in treatment-resistant depression (TRD).
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Butorphanol
Butorphanol (BC 2627) is a morphinan-type synthetic agonist–antagonist opioid analgesic developed by Bristol-Myers.
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C-Jun N-terminal kinases
c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNKs), were originally identified as kinases that bind and phosphorylate c-Jun on Ser-63 and Ser-73 within its transcriptional activation domain.
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Caudate nucleus
The caudate nucleus is one of the structures that make up the dorsal striatum, which is a component of the basal ganglia.
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CERC-501
CERC-501 (originally known as LY-2456302) is a selective antagonist of the κ-opioid receptor (KOR) which was originally developed by Eli Lilly and is now under development by Janssen Pharmaceuticals for the treatment of major depressive disorder and substance use disorders including alcoholism, nicotine addiction, and illicit drug dependence.
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Chronic stress
Chronic stress is the response to emotional pressure suffered for a prolonged period of time in which an individual perceives he or she has little or no control.
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Claustrum
The claustrum is a thin, irregular sheet of neurons that is attached to the underside of the neocortex in the center of the brain.
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Clerodane diterpene
Clerodane diterpenes, also known as clerodanoids, is a large group of bicyclic 20-carbon terpene compounds.
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Complementary DNA
In genetics, complementary DNA (cDNA) is DNA synthesized from a single stranded RNA (e.g., messenger RNA (mRNA) or microRNA) template in a reaction catalyzed by the enzyme reverse transcriptase.
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Consciousness
Consciousness is the state or quality of awareness, or, of being aware of an external object or something within oneself.
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CR665
CR665 (H-D-Phe-D-Phe-D-Nle-D-Arg-NH-4-Picolyl), also known by the previous developmental code names FE-200665 and JNJ-38488502, is an all D-amino acid peptide that acts as a peripherally restricted κ-opioid receptor agonist.
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Cyclazocine
Cyclazocine is a mixed opioid agonist/antagonist related to dezocine, pentazocine and phenazocine.
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Cyclic adenosine monophosphate
Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP, cyclic AMP, or 3',5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate) is a second messenger important in many biological processes.
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Cyclorphan
Cyclorphan is an opioid analgesic of the morphinan family that was never marketed.
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Depression (mood)
Depression is a state of low mood and aversion to activity that can affect a person's thoughts, behavior, tendencies, feelings, and sense of well-being.
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Dezocine
Dezocine (INN, USAN) (brand name Dalgan) is a marketed opioid analgesic of the benzomorphan group.
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Diarrhea
Diarrhea, also spelled diarrhoea, is the condition of having at least three loose or liquid bowel movements each day.
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Difelikefalin
Difelikefalin (INN) (developmental code names CR845, FE-202845), also known as D-Phe-D-Phe-D-Leu-D-Lys- (as the acetate salt), is an analgesic opioid peptide acting as a peripherally specific, highly selective agonist of the κ-opioid receptor (KOR).
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Diprenorphine
Diprenorphine (brand name Revivon; former developmental code name M5050), also known as diprenorfin, is a non-selective, high-affinity, weak partial agonist of the μ- (MOR), κ- (KOR), and δ-opioid receptor (DOR) (with equal affinity) that is employed in veterinary medicine as an opioid antagonist.
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Dissociation (psychology)
In psychology, dissociation is any of a wide array of experiences from mild detachment from immediate surroundings to more severe detachment from physical and emotional experiences.
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Dissociative
Dissociatives are a class of hallucinogen, which distort perceptions of sight and sound and produce feelings of detachment – dissociation – from the environment and self.
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Diterpene
Diterpenes are a class of chemical compounds composed of two terpene units, often with the molecular formula C20H32.
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Diuretic
A diuretic is any substance that promotes diuresis, the increased production of urine.
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Dopamine
Dopamine (DA, a contraction of 3,4-dihydroxyphenethylamine) is an organic chemical of the catecholamine and phenethylamine families that plays several important roles in the brain and body.
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Dopamine receptor D2
Dopamine receptor D2, also known as D2R, is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the DRD2 gene.
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Dopaminergic
Dopaminergic means "related to dopamine" (literally, "working on dopamine"), dopamine being a common neurotransmitter.
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Dorsal raphe nucleus
The dorsal raphe nucleus is located on the midline of the brainstem and is part of the raphe nucleus, consisting of the rostral and caudal subdivisions.
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Drug development
Drug development is the process of bringing a new pharmaceutical drug to the market once a lead compound has been identified through the process of drug discovery.
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Drug overdose
The term drug overdose (or simply overdose or OD) describes the ingestion or application of a drug or other substance in quantities greater than are recommended or generally practiced.
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Dynorphin
Dynorphins (Dyn) are a class of opioid peptides that arise from the precursor protein prodynorphin.
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Dynorphin A
Dynorphin A is a form of dynorphin and an endogenous opioid peptide with the amino acid sequence: Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Leu-Arg-Arg-Ile-Arg-Pro-Lys-Leu-Lys.
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Dynorphin B
Dynorphin B, also known as rimorphin, is a form of dynorphin and an endogenous opioid peptide with the amino acid sequence Tyr-Gly-Gly-Phe-Leu-Arg-Arg-Gln-Phe-Lys-Val-Val-Thr.
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Dysphoria
Dysphoria (from δύσφορος (dysphoros), δυσ-, difficult, and φέρειν, to bear) is a profound state of unease or dissatisfaction.
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Electroconvulsive therapy
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), formerly known as electroshock therapy, and often referred to as shock treatment, is a psychiatric treatment in which seizures are electrically induced in patients to provide relief from mental disorders.
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Eluxadoline
Eluxadoline, sold under the brand names Viberzi in the US and Truberzi in Europe, is a medication taken by mouth for the treatment of diarrhea and abdominal pain in individuals with diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome (IBS-D).
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Enadoline
Enadoline is a drug which acts as a highly selective κ-opioid agonist.
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Epileptic seizure
An epileptic seizure is a brief episode of signs or symptoms due to abnormally excessive or synchronous neuronal activity in the brain.
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Eptazocine
Eptazocine (Sedapain) is an opioid analgesic which was introduced in Japan by Morishita in 1987.
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Erinacine
Erinacines are natural substances isolated from Hericium erinaceum.
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Etorphine
Etorphine (M99) is a semi-synthetic opioid possessing an analgesic potency approximately 1,000–3,000 times that of morphine.
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Euphoria
Euphoria is an affective state in which a person experiences pleasure or excitement and intense feelings of well-being and happiness.
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Extracellular signal–regulated kinases
In molecular biology, extracellular signal–regulated kinases (ERKs) or classical MAP kinases are widely expressed protein kinase intracellular signalling molecules that are involved in functions including the regulation of meiosis, mitosis, and postmitotic functions in differentiated cells.
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Fedotozine
Fedotozine (INN; JO 1196 for the (-) tartrate salt) is an opioid drug of the arylacetamide series which acts as a peripherally-specific, selective κ1-opioid receptor agonist with preference for the κ1A subtype.
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Functional selectivity
Functional selectivity (or “agonist trafficking”, “biased agonism”, “biased signalling”, "ligand bias" and “differential engagement”) is the ligand-dependent selectivity for certain signal transduction pathways relative to a reference ligand (often the endogenous hormone or peptide) at the same receptor.
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G protein
G proteins, also known as guanine nucleotide-binding proteins, are a family of proteins that act as molecular switches inside cells, and are involved in transmitting signals from a variety of stimuli outside a cell to its interior.
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G protein–coupled receptor
G protein–coupled receptors (GPCRs), also known as seven-(pass)-transmembrane domain receptors, 7TM receptors, heptahelical receptors, serpentine receptor, and G protein–linked receptors (GPLR), constitute a large protein family of receptors that detect molecules outside the cell and activate internal signal transduction pathways and, ultimately, cellular responses.
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Gene
In biology, a gene is a sequence of DNA or RNA that codes for a molecule that has a function.
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Gi alpha subunit
Gi alpha subunit (Gαi, or Gi/G0 or Gi protein) is a heterotrimeric G protein subunit that inhibits the production of cAMP from ATP.
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GR-89696
GR-89696 is a drug which acts as a highly selective κ-opioid agonist.
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Hallucination
A hallucination is a perception in the absence of external stimulus that has qualities of real perception.
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Hallucinogen
A hallucinogen is a psychoactive agent which can cause hallucinations, perceptual anomalies, and other substantial subjective changes in thoughts, emotion, and consciousness.
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Hippocampus
The hippocampus (named after its resemblance to the seahorse, from the Greek ἱππόκαμπος, "seahorse" from ἵππος hippos, "horse" and κάμπος kampos, "sea monster") is a major component of the brains of humans and other vertebrates.
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Homeostasis
Homeostasis is the tendency of organisms to auto-regulate and maintain their internal environment in a stable state.
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Hypothalamus
The hypothalamus(from Greek ὑπό, "under" and θάλαμος, thalamus) is a portion of the brain that contains a number of small nuclei with a variety of functions.
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Hypoventilation
Hypoventilation (also known as respiratory depression) occurs when ventilation is inadequate (hypo meaning "below") to perform needed gas exchange.
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Hypoxia (medical)
Hypoxia is a condition in which the body or a region of the body is deprived of adequate oxygen supply at the tissue level.
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HZ-2
HZ-2 is a drug which acts as a highly selective κ-opioid agonist.
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Ibogaine
Ibogaine is a naturally occurring psychoactive substance found in plants in the Apocynaceae family such as Tabernanthe iboga, Voacanga africana and Tabernaemontana undulata.
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ICI-199,441
ICI-199,441 is a drug which acts as a potent and selective κ-opioid agonist, and has analgesic effects.
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ICI-204,448
ICI-204,448 is a drug which acts as a potent and peripherally selective κ-opioid agonist, with possible uses in the treatment of heart attack as well as anti-itching effects.
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Insular cortex
In each hemisphere of the mammalian brain the insular cortex (also insula and insular lobe) is a portion of the cerebral cortex folded deep within the lateral sulcus (the fissure separating the temporal lobe from the parietal and frontal lobes).
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Inward-rectifier potassium channel
Inward-rectifier potassium channels (Kir, IRK) are a specific subset of potassium channels.
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Irritable bowel syndrome
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a group of symptoms—including abdominal pain and changes in the pattern of bowel movements without any evidence of underlying damage.
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Ischemia
Ischemia or ischaemia is a restriction in blood supply to tissues, causing a shortage of oxygen that is needed for cellular metabolism (to keep tissue alive).
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Itch
Itch (also known as pruritus) is a sensation that causes the desire or reflex to scratch.
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Δ-opioid receptor
The δ-opioid receptor, also known as delta opioid receptor or simply delta receptor, abbreviated DOR, is an inhibitory 7-transmembrane G-protein coupled receptor coupled to the G protein Gi/G0 and has enkephalins as its endogenous ligands.
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Μ-opioid receptor
The μ-opioid receptors (MOR) are a class of opioid receptors with a high affinity for enkephalins and beta-endorphin, but a low affinity for dynorphins.
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JDTic
JDTic is a selective, long-acting ("inactivating") antagonist of the κ-opioid receptor (KOR).
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Ketamine
Ketamine, sold under the brand name Ketalar among others, is a medication mainly used for starting and maintaining anesthesia.
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Ketazocine
Ketazocine (INN), also known as ketocyclazocine, is a benzomorphan derivative used in opioid receptor research.
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Levallorphan
Levallorphan (INN, BAN) (brand names Lorfan, Naloxifan, Naloxiphan), also known as levallorphan tartrate (USAN), is an opioid modulator of the morphinan family used as an opioid analgesic and opioid antagonist/antidote.
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Levomethorphan
Levomethorphan (INN, BAN) is an opioid analgesic of the morphinan family that has never been marketed.
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Levorphanol
Levorphanol (INN; brand name Levo-Dromoran) is an opioid medication used to treat moderate to severe pain.
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Ligand (biochemistry)
In biochemistry and pharmacology, a ligand is a substance that forms a complex with a biomolecule to serve a biological purpose.
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Locus coeruleus
The locus coeruleus (\-si-ˈrü-lē-əs\, also spelled locus caeruleus or locus ceruleus) is a nucleus in the pons of the brainstem involved with physiological responses to stress and panic.
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LPK-26
LPK-26 is a potent and selective κ-opioid agonist, and has analgesic effects.
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LY-2459989
LY-2459989 is a silent antagonist of the κ-opioid receptor (KOR) that has been developed by Eli Lilly as a radiotracer of the aforementioned receptor, labeled either with carbon-11 or fluorine-18.
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LY-255582
LY-255582 is a phenylpiperidine non-selective opioid antagonist.
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Lysergic acid diethylamide
Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), also known as acid, is a psychedelic drug known for its psychological effects, which may include altered awareness of one's surroundings, perceptions, and feelings as well as sensations and images that seem real though they are not.
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Major depressive disorder
Major depressive disorder (MDD), also known simply as depression, is a mental disorder characterized by at least two weeks of low mood that is present across most situations.
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Mania
Mania, also known as manic syndrome, is a state of abnormally elevated arousal, affect, and energy level, or "a state of heightened overall activation with enhanced affective expression together with lability of affect." Although mania is often conceived as a "mirror image" to depression, the heightened mood can be either euphoric or irritable; indeed, as the mania intensifies, irritability can be more pronounced and result in violence, or anxiety.
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Memory
Memory is the faculty of the mind by which information is encoded, stored, and retrieved.
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Mentha aquatica
Mentha aquatica (water mint; syn. Mentha hirsuta Huds.Euro+Med Plantbase Project) is a perennial flowering plant in the mint family Lamiaceae.
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Menthol
Menthol is an organic compound made synthetically or obtained from corn mint, peppermint, or other mint oils.
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Mescaline
Mescaline (3,4,5-trimethoxyphenethylamine) is a naturally occurring psychedelic alkaloid of the phenethylamine class, known for its hallucinogenic effects comparable to those of LSD and psilocybin.
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Mesolimbic pathway
The mesolimbic pathway, sometimes referred to as the reward pathway, is a dopaminergic pathway in the brain.
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Metazocine
Metazocine is an opioid analgesic related to pentazocine.
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Methylnaltrexone
Methylnaltrexone (MNTX, brand name Relistor), used in form of methylnaltrexone bromide (INN, USAN, BAN), is one of the newer agents of peripherally acting μ-opioid antagonists that act to reverse some of the side effects of opioid drugs such as constipation without affecting analgesia or precipitating withdrawals.
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Midline nuclear group
The midline nuclear group (or midline thalamic nuclei) is a region of the thalamus consisting of the following nuclei.
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Mitogen-activated protein kinase
A mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK or MAP kinase) is a type of protein kinase that is specific to the amino acids serine and threonine (i.e., a serine/threonine-specific protein kinase).
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Mood (psychology)
In psychology, a mood is an emotional state.
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Morphinan
Morphinan is the prototype chemical structure of a large chemical class of psychoactive drugs, consisting of opiate analgesics, cough suppressants, and dissociative hallucinogens, among others.
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Morphine
Morphine is a pain medication of the opiate variety which is found naturally in a number of plants and animals.
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Motor control
Motor control is the systematic regulation of movement in organisms that possess a nervous system.
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N-type calcium channel
N-type calcium channels are voltage gated calcium channels that are distributed throughout the entire body.
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Nalbuphine
Nalbuphine, sold under the brand names Nubain and Nalpain among others, is a opioid analgesic which is used in the treatment of pain.
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Nalfurafine
Nalfurafine (INN, USAN) (brand name Remitch; former developmental code names TRK-820, AC-820, MT-9938) is an antipruritic (anti-itch drug) that is marketed in Japan for the treatment of uremic pruritus in individuals with chronic kidney disease undergoing hemodialysis.
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Nalmefene
Nalmefene (trade name Selincro), originally known as nalmetrene, is an opioid antagonist used primarily in the management of alcohol dependence.
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Nalodeine
Nalodeine, also known more commonly as N-allylnorcodeine, is an opioid antagonist (specifically, an antagonist of the μ-opioid receptor) that was never marketed but is of notability in having been the first opioid antagonist to have been discovered.
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Nalorphine
Nalorphine (brand names Lethidrone, Nalline), also known as N-allylnormorphine, is a mixed opioid agonist–antagonist with opioid antagonist and analgesic properties.
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Naloxone
Naloxone, sold under the brandname Narcan among others, is a medication used to block the effects of opioids, especially in overdose.
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Naltrexone
Naltrexone, sold under the brand names ReVia and Vivitrol among others, is a medication primarily used to manage alcohol or opioid dependence.
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Neurochemical
A neurochemical is a small organic molecule or peptide that participates in neural activity.
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Neuroprotection
Neuroprotection refers to the relative preservation of neuronal structure and/or function.
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Nociception
Nociception (also nocioception or nociperception, from Latin nocere 'to harm or hurt') is the sensory nervous system's response to certain harmful or potentially harmful stimuli.
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Norbinaltorphimine
Norbinaltorphimine (nor-BNI or nBNI) is an opioid antagonist used in scientific research.
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Norbuprenorphine
Norbuprenorphine is a major active metabolite of the opioid modulator buprenorphine.
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Norbuprenorphine-3-glucuronide
Norbuprenorphine-3-glucuronide (N3G) is a major active metabolite of the opioid modulator buprenorphine.
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Norepinephrine
Norepinephrine (NE), also called noradrenaline (NA) or noradrenalin, is an organic chemical in the catecholamine family that functions in the brain and body as a hormone and neurotransmitter.
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Noribogaine
Noribogaine (actually O-desmethylibogaine), or 12-hydroxyibogamine, is the principal psychoactive metabolite of the oneirogen ibogaine.
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Nucleus accumbens
The nucleus accumbens (NAc or NAcc), also known as the accumbens nucleus, or formerly as the nucleus accumbens septi (Latin for nucleus adjacent to the septum) is a region in the basal forebrain rostral to the preoptic area of the hypothalamus.
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Olfactory tubercle
The olfactory tubercle (OT), also known as the tuberculum olfactorium, is a multi-sensory processing center that is contained within the olfactory cortex and ventral striatum and plays a role in reward cognition.
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Opioid
Opioids are substances that act on opioid receptors to produce morphine-like effects.
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Opioid peptide
Opioid peptides are peptides that bind to opioid receptors in the brain; opiates and opioids mimic the effect of these peptides.
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Opioid receptor
Opioid receptors are a group of inhibitory G protein-coupled receptors with opioids as ligands.
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Opioid use disorder
Opioid use disorder is a medical condition characterized by a problematic pattern of opioid use that causes clinically significant impairment or distress.
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Oxilorphan
Oxilorphan (INN, USAN) (developmental code name L-BC-2605) is an opioid antagonist of the morphinan family that was never marketed.
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Oxycodone
Oxycodone, sold under brand names such as Percocet and OxyContin among many others, is an opioid medication which is used for the relief of moderate to severe pain.
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P38 mitogen-activated protein kinases
P38 mitogen-activated protein kinases are a class of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) that are responsive to stress stimuli, such as cytokines, ultraviolet irradiation, heat shock, and osmotic shock, and are involved in cell differentiation, apoptosis and autophagy.
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Pain
Pain is a distressing feeling often caused by intense or damaging stimuli.
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Parabrachial nuclei
The parabrachial nuclei, also known as the parabrachial complex, are a group of nuclei in the dorsolateral pons that surrounds the superior cerebellar peduncle as it enters the brainstem from the cerebellum.
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Pawhuskin A
Pawhuskin A is a naturally occurring prenylated stilbene isolated from Dalea purpurea which acts as a competitive silent antagonist of the κ-, μ-, and δ-opioid receptors (Ke.
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Pentazocine
Pentazocine, sold under the brand name Talwin among others, is a painkiller used to treat moderate to severe pain.
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Peppermint
Peppermint (Mentha × piperita, also known as Mentha balsamea Wild.) is a hybrid mint, a cross between watermint and spearmint.
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Peptide
Peptides (from Gr.: πεπτός, peptós "digested"; derived from πέσσειν, péssein "to digest") are short chains of amino acid monomers linked by peptide (amide) bonds.
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Periaqueductal gray
The periaqueductal gray (PAG, also known as the central gray) is the primary control center for descending pain modulation.
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PF-4455242
PF-4455242 is a selective, short-acting (non-"inactivating") antagonist of the κ-opioid receptor.
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Phenazocine
Phenazocine (brand names Prinadol, Narphen) is an opioid analgesic drug, which is related to pentazocine and has a similar profile of effects.
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Phosphodiesterase
A phosphodiesterase (PDE) is an enzyme that breaks a phosphodiester bond.
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Prefrontal cortex
In mammalian brain anatomy, the prefrontal cortex (PFC) is the cerebral cortex which covers the front part of the frontal lobe.
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Prolactin
Prolactin (PRL), also known as luteotropic hormone or luteotropin, is a protein that is best known for its role in enabling mammals, usually females, to produce milk.
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Protein–protein interaction
Protein–protein interactions (PPIs) are the physical contacts of high specificity established between two or more protein molecules as a result of biochemical events steered by electrostatic forces including the hydrophobic effect.
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Proxorphan
Proxorphan (INN), also known as proxorphan tartate (USAN) (developmental code name BL-5572M), is an opioid analgesic and antitussive drug of the morphinan family that was never marketed.
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Psilocybin
Psilocybin is a naturally occurring psychedelic prodrug compound produced by more than 200 species of mushrooms, collectively known as psilocybin mushrooms.
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Psychedelic drug
Psychedelics are a class of drug whose primary action is to trigger psychedelic experiences via serotonin receptor agonism, causing thought and visual/auditory changes, and altered state of consciousness.
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Psychoactive drug
A psychoactive drug, psychopharmaceutical, or psychotropic is a chemical substance that changes brain function and results in alterations in perception, mood, consciousness, cognition, or behavior.
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Putamen
The putamen is a round structure located at the base of the forebrain (telencephalon).
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Quadazocine
Quadazocine (WIN-44,441) is an opioid antagonist of the benzomorphan family which is used in scientific research.
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Raphe nuclei
The raphe nuclei (ῥαφή "seam"Liddell, H.G. & Scott, R. (1940). A Greek-English Lexicon. revised and augmented throughout by Sir Henry Stuart Jones. with the assistance of. Roderick McKenzie. Oxford: Clarendon Press.) are a moderate-size cluster of nuclei found in the brain stem.
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RB-64
RB-64 or 22-thiocyanatosalvinorin A is a semi-synthetic salvinorin derivative and a κ-opioid receptor (KOR) agonist which is used in scientific research.
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Receptor (biochemistry)
In biochemistry and pharmacology, a receptor is a protein molecule that receives chemical signals from outside a cell.
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Salvia divinorum
Salvia divinorum (also known as sage of the diviners, ska maría pastora, seer's sage, yerba de la pastora or simply salvia) is a plant species with transient psychoactive properties when its leaves are consumed by chewing, smoking or as a tea.
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Salvinorin A
Salvinorin A is the main active psychotropic molecule in Salvia divinorum, a Mexican plant which has a long history of use as an entheogen by indigenous Mazatec shamans.
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Salvinorin B methoxymethyl ether
Salvinorin B methoxymethyl ether (2-O-methoxymethylsalvinorin B) is a semi-synthetic analogue of the natural product salvinorin A used in scientific research.
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Samidorphan
Samidorphan (INN, USAN) (developmental code names ALKS-33, RDC-0313), also known as 3-carboxamido-4-hydroxynaltrexone, is an opioid antagonist that preferentially acts as an antagonist of the μ-opioid receptor (MOR).
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Serotonin
Serotonin or 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) is a monoamine neurotransmitter.
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Side effect
In medicine, a side effect is an effect, whether therapeutic or adverse, that is secondary to the one intended; although the term is predominantly employed to describe adverse effects, it can also apply to beneficial, but unintended, consequences of the use of a drug.
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Sodium-hydrogen antiporter 3 regulator 1
Sodium-hydrogen antiporter 3 regulator 1 is a regulator of Sodium-hydrogen antiporter 3.
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Solitary nucleus
In the human brainstem, the solitary nucleus (SN) (nucleus of the solitary tract, nucleus solitarius, nucleus tractus solitarii) is a series of purely sensory nuclei (clusters of nerve cell bodies) forming a vertical column of grey matter embedded in the medulla oblongata.
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Spearmint
Spearmint (binomial Mentha spicata, synonym Mentha viridis), also known as garden mint, common mint, lamb mint and mackerel mint, is a species of mint native to much of Europe and Asia (Middle East, Himalayas, China etc.), and naturalized in parts of northern and western Africa, North America, and South America, as well as various oceanic islands.
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Spinal cord
The spinal cord is a long, thin, tubular bundle of nervous tissue and support cells that extends from the medulla oblongata in the brainstem to the lumbar region of the vertebral column.
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Spinal trigeminal nucleus
The spinal trigeminal nucleus is a nucleus in the medulla that receives information about deep/crude touch, pain, and temperature from the ipsilateral face.
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Spiradoline
Spiradoline (U-62066) is a drug which acts as a highly selective κ-opioid agonist.
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Stress (biology)
Physiological or biological stress is an organism's response to a stressor such as an environmental condition.
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Stria terminalis
The stria terminalis (or terminal stria) is a structure in the brain consisting of a band of fibers running along the lateral margin of the ventricular surface of the thalamus.
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Striatum
The striatum, or corpus striatum (also called the neostriatum and the striate nucleus) is a nucleus (a cluster of neurons) in the subcortical basal ganglia of the forebrain.
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Substance use disorder
A substance use disorder (SUD), also known as a drug use disorder, is a condition in which the use of one or more substances leads to a clinically significant impairment or distress.
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Substantia gelatinosa of Rolando
The apex of the posterior grey column, one of the three grey columns of the spinal cord, is capped by a V-shaped or crescentic mass of translucent, gelatinous neuroglia, termed the substantia gelatinosa of Rolando (or SGR) (or gelatinous substance of posterior horn of spinal cord), which contains both neuroglia cells, and small nerve cells.
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Substantia nigra
The substantia nigra (SN) is a basal ganglia structure located in the midbrain that plays an important role in reward and movement.
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Synesthesia
Synesthesia is a perceptual phenomenon in which stimulation of one sensory or cognitive pathway leads to automatic, involuntary experiences in a second sensory or cognitive pathway.
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Terpene
Terpenes are a large and diverse class of organic compounds, produced by a variety of plants, particularly conifers, and by some insects.
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Terpenoid
The terpenoids, sometimes called isoprenoids, are a large and diverse class of naturally occurring organic chemicals derived from terpenes.
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Tifluadom
Tifluadom is a benzodiazepine derivative with an unusual activity profile.
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Toxicity
Toxicity is the degree to which a chemical substance or a particular mixture of substances can damage an organism.
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TRPM8
Transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily M member 8 (TRPM8), also known as the cold and menthol receptor 1 (CMR1), is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TRPM8 gene.
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U-50488
U-50488 is a drug which acts as a highly selective κ-opioid agonist, but without any μ-opioid antagonist effects.
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U-69,593
U-69,593 is a drug which acts as a potent and selective κ1-opioid receptor agonist.
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Ubiquitin C
Polyubiquitin-C is a protein encoded by the UBC gene in humans.
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Vasopressin
Vasopressin, also named antidiuretic hormone (ADH), arginine vasopressin (AVP) or argipressin, is a hormone synthesized as a peptide prohormone in neurons in the hypothalamus, and is converted to AVP.
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Ventral tegmental area
The ventral tegmental area (VTA) (tegmentum is Latin for covering), also known as the ventral tegmental area of Tsai, or simply ventral tegmentum, is a group of neurons located close to the midline on the floor of the midbrain.
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Xorphanol
Xorphanol (INN) (developmental code name TR-5379 or TR-5379M), also known as xorphanol mesylate (USAN), is an opioid analgesic of the morphinan family that was never marketed.
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Zyklophin
Zyklophin is a semisynthetic peptide derived from dynorphin A and a highly selective antagonist of the κ-opioid receptor (KOR).
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5'-Guanidinonaltrindole
5'-Guanidinonaltrindole (5'-GNTI) is an opioid antagonist used in scientific research which is highly selective for the κ opioid receptor.
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5-HT1A receptor
The serotonin 1A receptor (or 5-HT1A receptor) is a subtype of serotonin receptor (5-HT receptor) that binds the neurotransmitter serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT).
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6'-Guanidinonaltrindole
6'-Guanidinonaltrindole (6'-GNTI) is a κ−δ-opioid receptor selective ligand used in scientific research.
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8-Carboxamidocyclazocine
8-Carboxamidocyclazocine (8-CAC) is an opioid analgesic drug related to cyclazocine, invented by medicinal chemist Mark P. Wentland and co-workers in Cogswell Laboratory at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute.
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K Opioid, K Opioid receptors, K-Opioid, K-Opioid receptor, K-Opioid receptors, K-opioid receptor, Kappa Opioid, Kappa Opioid Receptor Agonist, Kappa Opioid receptor, Kappa Opioid receptors, Kappa agonist, Kappa opioid receptor, Kappa receptor, Kappa receptor agonist, Kappa-Opioid, Kappa-Opioid receptor, Kappa-Opioid receptors, Kappa-opioid receptor, OPRK1, OPRK1 (gene), Κ-Opioid receptor.
References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Κ-opioid_receptor
