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206 relations: Actinolite, Adirondack (Mars), Adsorption, Aeolian processes, Aeolis Mensae, Aeolis Palus, Alluvial fan, American Geophysical Union, Apollinaris Mons, Arabia Terra, Argon, Astrogeology Research Program, Athabasca Valles, Australia, Basalt, Benzene, Biosignature, Boeddicker (crater), Boron, Boron on Mars, Bradbury Landing, Bromine, Butane, Buttes, Calcium, Calcium perchlorate, Calcium sulfate, Canyon, Carbon, Carbon dioxide, Carbonate, Carbonates on Mars, Chlorine, Chloroform, Chloromethane, Clay, Clay minerals, Climate of Mars, Color balance, Columbia Hills (Mars), Composition of Mars, Cosmic ray, Cristobalite, Curiosity (rover), Dark slope streak, Dichloromethane, Dust, Dust devil, Elysium Planitia, Equatorial layered deposits, ..., Eridania quadrangle, Exploration of Mars, Extraterrestrial skies, False color, Feldspar, Forsterite, Fretted terrain, Galdakao (crater), Gale (crater), Geochemistry, Geology of Mars, Glenelg, Mars, Goethite, Graff (Martian crater), Grand Canyon, Granite, Great Artesian Basin, Groundwater on Mars, Gusev (Martian crater), Gypsum, Halloysite, Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park, Helium, Hematite, Hesperian, HiRISE, HiWish program, HuffPost, Hydrogen, Hydrogen sulfide, Hygroscopy, Impact crater, International Astronomical Union, Inverted relief, Iron, Iron(II) sulfate, Isotope, Jake Matijevic (rock), Jarosite, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Komatiite, Lake, Lakes on Mars, Landform, Latin, Linear ridge networks, List of quadrangles on Mars, List of rocks on Mars, Lithotroph, Ma'adim Vallis, Magnesite, Magnesium, Magnetism, Magnetite, Mangala Valles, Manganese, Mars, Mars Global Surveyor, Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter, Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, Mars rover, Mars Science Laboratory, Martian meteorite, Martian soil, Mass spectrometry, Mössbauer spectroscopy, Medusae Fossae Formation, Mesa, Meteorite, Microorganism, Mineral, Mineral hydration, Mini-TES, Molesworth (crater), Montmorillonite, Mount Sharp, MSN, Mud cracks on Mars, Mudstone, NASA, NASA TV, Neon, Nickel, Nitrogen, Noachian, Nodule (geology), Olivine, Organic acid anhydride, Organic compound, Oxygen, Pancam, Peace Vallis, Perchlorate, PH, Phaethontis quadrangle, Phosphorus, Picrite basalt, Plagioclase, Planetary geology, Planetary science, Propane, Pyroxene, Quadrangle (geography), Quartz, Radiation assessment detector, Radioresistance, Redox, Reuyl (crater), RNA, Robert P. Sharp, Rock (geology), Rock Abrasion Tool, Rocknest (Mars), Salinity, Salt (chemistry), Sample Analysis at Mars, Sandstone, Saponite, Science (journal), Scientific information from the Mars Exploration Rover mission, Sediment, Sedimentary rock, Sedimentary structures, Sievert, Silicate minerals, Silicon dioxide, Soil test, Solar energetic particles, Space.com, Spectrometer, Spirit (rover), Stream bed, Sulfate, Sulfide, Sulfur, Sulfur dioxide, Terra Cimmeria, Terra Sirenum, Tharsis, The New York Times, Thermal Emission Imaging System, Timeline of Mars Science Laboratory, Tintina (rock), Titanium, Toluene, Trachyte, Tridymite, United States Geological Survey, Valley, Vein (geology), Water, Water on Mars, Yardang, Yardangs on Mars, Zinc, 2001 Mars Odyssey. Expand index (156 more) »
Actinolite
Actinolite is an amphibole silicate mineral with the chemical formula.
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Adirondack (Mars)
Adirondack is the nickname for Mars Exploration Rover ''Spirit'''s first target rock.
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Adsorption
Adsorption is the adhesion of atoms, ions or molecules from a gas, liquid or dissolved solid to a surface.
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Aeolian processes
Aeolian processes, also spelled eolian or æolian, pertain to wind activity in the study of geology and weather and specifically to the wind's ability to shape the surface of the Earth (or other planets).
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Aeolis Mensae
Aeolis Mensae is tableland feature in the Aeolis quadrangle of Mars.
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Aeolis Palus
Aeolis Palus is a plain between the northern wall of Gale crater and the northern foothills of Aeolis Mons (Mount Sharp) on Mars.
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Alluvial fan
An alluvial fan is a fan- or cone-shaped deposit of sediment crossed and built up by streams.
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American Geophysical Union
The American Geophysical Union (AGU) is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization of geophysicists, consisting of over 62,000 members from 144 countries.
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Apollinaris Mons
Apollinaris Mons is an ancient shield volcano in the southern hemisphere of Mars.
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Arabia Terra
Arabia Terra is a large upland region in the north of Mars that lies mostly in the Arabia quadrangle, but a small part is in the Mare Acidalium quadrangle.
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Argon
Argon is a chemical element with symbol Ar and atomic number 18.
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Astrogeology Research Program
The Astrogeology Research Program is a program of the United States Geological Survey concerned with the study of planetary geology and planetary cartography.
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Athabasca Valles
Athabasca Valles is an outflow channel on Mars, cut into its surface by catastrophic flooding.
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Australia
Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a sovereign country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania and numerous smaller islands.
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Basalt
Basalt is a common extrusive igneous (volcanic) rock formed from the rapid cooling of basaltic lava exposed at or very near the surface of a planet or moon.
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Benzene
Benzene is an important organic chemical compound with the chemical formula C6H6.
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Biosignature
A biosignature (sometimes called chemical fossil or molecular fossil) is any substance – such as an element, isotope, molecule, or phenomenon – that provides scientific evidence of past or present life.
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Boeddicker (crater)
Boeddicker is a crater in the Aeolis quadrangle of Mars, located at 15° south latitude and 197.7° west longitude.
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Boron
Boron is a chemical element with symbol B and atomic number 5.
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Boron on Mars
Researchers in December 2016 announced the discovery of the element boron by Curiosity in mineral veins.
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Bradbury Landing
Bradbury Landing is a landing location on the planet Mars inside Gale crater.
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Bromine
Bromine is a chemical element with symbol Br and atomic number 35.
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Butane
Butane is an organic compound with the formula C4H10 that is an alkane with four carbon atoms.
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Buttes
Buttes was a municipality in the district of Val-de-Travers in the canton of Neuchâtel in Switzerland.
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Calcium
Calcium is a chemical element with symbol Ca and atomic number 20.
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Calcium perchlorate
Calcium perchlorate is classified as a metal perchlorate salt with the molecular formula Ca(ClO4)2.
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Calcium sulfate
Calcium sulfate (or calcium sulphate) is the inorganic compound with the formula CaSO4 and related hydrates.
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Canyon
A canyon (Spanish: cañón; archaic British English spelling: cañon) or gorge is a deep cleft between escarpments or cliffs resulting from weathering and the erosive activity of a river over geologic timescales.
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Carbon
Carbon (from carbo "coal") is a chemical element with symbol C and atomic number 6.
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Carbon dioxide
Carbon dioxide (chemical formula) is a colorless gas with a density about 60% higher than that of dry air.
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Carbonate
In chemistry, a carbonate is a salt of carbonic acid (H2CO3), characterized by the presence of the carbonate ion, a polyatomic ion with the formula of.
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Carbonates on Mars
Head (vessel) Evidence for carbonates on Mars was first discovered in 2008.
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Chlorine
Chlorine is a chemical element with symbol Cl and atomic number 17.
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Chloroform
Chloroform, or trichloromethane, is an organic compound with formula CHCl3.
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Chloromethane
Chloromethane, also called methyl chloride, Refrigerant-40, R-40 or HCC 40, is a chemical compound of the group of organic compounds called haloalkanes.
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Clay
Clay is a finely-grained natural rock or soil material that combines one or more clay minerals with possible traces of quartz (SiO2), metal oxides (Al2O3, MgO etc.) and organic matter.
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Clay minerals
Clay minerals are hydrous aluminium phyllosilicates, sometimes with variable amounts of iron, magnesium, alkali metals, alkaline earths, and other cations found on or near some planetary surfaces.
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Climate of Mars
The climate of the planet Mars has been an issue of scientific curiosity for centuries, in part because it is the only terrestrial planet whose surface can be directly observed in detail from the Earth with help from a telescope.
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Color balance
In photography and image processing, color balance is the global adjustment of the intensities of the colors (typically red, green, and blue primary colors).
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Columbia Hills (Mars)
The Columbia Hills are a range of low hills inside Gusev crater on Mars.
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Composition of Mars
The composition of Mars covers the branch of the geology of Mars that describes the make-up of the planet Mars.
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Cosmic ray
Cosmic rays are high-energy radiation, mainly originating outside the Solar System and even from distant galaxies.
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Cristobalite
The mineral cristobalite is a high-temperature polymorph of silica, meaning that it has the same chemical formula as quartz, SiO2, but a distinct crystal structure.
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Curiosity (rover)
Curiosity is a car-sized rover designed to explore Gale Crater on Mars as part of NASA's Mars Science Laboratory mission (MSL).
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Dark slope streak
Dark slope streaks are narrow, avalanche-like features common on dust-covered slopes in the equatorial regions of Mars.
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Dichloromethane
Methylene dichloride (DCM, or methylene chloride, or dichloromethane) is a geminal organic compound with the formula CH2Cl2.
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Dust
Dust are fine particles of matter.
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Dust devil
A dust devil is a strong, well-formed, and relatively long-lived whirlwind, ranging from small (half a metre wide and a few metres tall) to large (more than 10 metres wide and more than 1000 metres tall).
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Elysium Planitia
Elysium Planitia, located in the Elysium and Aeolis quadrangles, is a broad plain that straddles the equator of Mars, centered at.
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Equatorial layered deposits
Equatorial Layered Deposits (ELD’s) have been called Interior Layered Deposits (ILDs) in Valles Marineris.
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Eridania quadrangle
The Eridania quadrangle is one of a series of 30 quadrangle maps of Mars used by the United States Geological Survey (USGS) Astrogeology Research Program.
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Exploration of Mars
The planet Mars has been explored remotely by spacecraft.
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Extraterrestrial skies
In astronomy, an extraterrestrial sky is a view of outer space from the surface of a world other than Earth.
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False color
False color (or false colour) refers to a group of color rendering methods used to display images in color which were recorded in the visible or non-visible parts of the electromagnetic spectrum.
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Feldspar
Feldspars (KAlSi3O8 – NaAlSi3O8 – CaAl2Si2O8) are a group of rock-forming tectosilicate minerals that make up about 41% of the Earth's continental crust by weight.
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Forsterite
Forsterite (Mg2SiO4; commonly abbreviated as Fo) is the magnesium-rich end-member of the olivine solid solution series.
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Fretted terrain
Fretted terrain is a type of surface feature common to certain areas of Mars and was discovered in Mariner 9 images.
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Galdakao (crater)
Galdakao Crater is a topographic depression in the Aeolis quadrangle of Mars, located at 13.5° South and 183.5° West.
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Gale (crater)
Gale is a crater, and probable dry lake, on Mars near the northwestern part of the Aeolis quadrangle at.
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Geochemistry
Geochemistry is the science that uses the tools and principles of chemistry to explain the mechanisms behind major geological systems such as the Earth's crust and its oceans.
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Geology of Mars
The geology of Mars is the scientific study of the surface, crust, and interior of the planet Mars.
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Glenelg, Mars
Glenelg, Mars (or Glenelg Intrigue) is a location on Mars near the Mars Science Laboratory (Curiosity rover) landing site ("Bradbury Landing") in Gale Crater marked by a natural intersection of three kinds of terrain.
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Goethite
Goethite (FeO(OH)) is an iron bearing hydroxide mineral of the diaspore group.
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Graff (Martian crater)
Graff is an impact crater in the Aeolis quadrangle of Mars, located at 21.4°S latitude and 206.3°W longitude and is inside Terra Cimmeria.
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Grand Canyon
The Grand Canyon (Hopi: Ongtupqa; Wi:kaʼi:la, Navajo: Tsékooh Hatsoh, Spanish: Gran Cañón) is a steep-sided canyon carved by the Colorado River in Arizona, United States.
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Granite
Granite is a common type of felsic intrusive igneous rock that is granular and phaneritic in texture.
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Great Artesian Basin
The Great Artesian Basin (GAB), located in Australia, is the largest and deepest artesian basin in the world, stretching over, with measured temperatures ranging from.
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Groundwater on Mars
During past ages, there was rain and/or snow on Mars; especially in the Noachian and early Hesperian epochs.
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Gusev (Martian crater)
Gusev is a crater on the planet Mars and is located at and is in the Aeolis quadrangle.
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Gypsum
Gypsum is a soft sulfate mineral composed of calcium sulfate dihydrate, with the chemical formula CaSO4·2H2O.
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Halloysite
Halloysite is an aluminosilicate clay mineral with the empirical formula Al2Si2O5(OH)4.
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Hawaiʻi Volcanoes National Park
Hawaii Volcanoes National Park, established on August 1, 1916, is an American National Park located in the U.S. state of Hawaii on the island of Hawaii.
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Helium
Helium (from lit) is a chemical element with symbol He and atomic number 2.
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Hematite
Hematite, also spelled as haematite, is the mineral form of iron(III) oxide (Fe2O3), one of several iron oxides.
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Hesperian
The Hesperian is a geologic system and time period on the planet Mars characterized by widespread volcanic activity and catastrophic flooding that carved immense outflow channels across the surface.
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HiRISE
For the Apple accessory see Twelve South High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment is a camera on board the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter.
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HiWish program
HiWish is a program created by NASA so that anyone can suggest a place for the HiRISE camera on the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter to photograph.
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HuffPost
HuffPost (formerly The Huffington Post and sometimes abbreviated HuffPo) is a liberal American news and opinion website and blog that has both localized and international editions.
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Hydrogen
Hydrogen is a chemical element with symbol H and atomic number 1.
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Hydrogen sulfide
Hydrogen sulfide is the chemical compound with the chemical formula H2S.
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Hygroscopy
Hygroscopy is the phenomenon of attracting and holding water molecules from the surrounding environment, which is usually at normal or room temperature.
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Impact crater
An impact crater is an approximately circular depression in the surface of a planet, moon, or other solid body in the Solar System or elsewhere, formed by the hypervelocity impact of a smaller body.
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International Astronomical Union
The International Astronomical Union (IAU; Union astronomique internationale, UAI) is an international association of professional astronomers, at the PhD level and beyond, active in professional research and education in astronomy.
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Inverted relief
Inverted relief, inverted topography, or topographic inversion refers to landscape features that have reversed their elevation relative to other features.
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Iron
Iron is a chemical element with symbol Fe (from ferrum) and atomic number 26.
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Iron(II) sulfate
Iron(II) sulfate (British English: iron(II) sulphate) or ferrous sulfate denotes a range of salts with the formula FeSO4·xH2O.
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Isotope
Isotopes are variants of a particular chemical element which differ in neutron number.
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Jake Matijevic (rock)
Jake Matijevic (or Jake M) is a pyramidal rock on the surface of Aeolis Palus, between Peace Vallis and Aeolis Mons ("Mount Sharp"), in Gale crater on the planet Mars.
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Jarosite
Jarosite is a basic hydrous sulfate of potassium and iron with a chemical formula of KFe3+3(OH)6(SO4)2.
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Jet Propulsion Laboratory
The Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) is a federally funded research and development center and NASA field center in Pasadena, California, United States, with large portions of the campus in La Cañada Flintridge, California.
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Komatiite
Komatiite is a type of ultramafic mantle-derived volcanic rock.
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Lake
A lake is an area filled with water, localized in a basin, that is surrounded by land, apart from any river or other outlet that serves to feed or drain the lake.
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Lakes on Mars
In summer 1965, the first close-up pictures from Mars showed a cratered desert with no signs of water.
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Landform
A landform is a natural feature of the solid surface of the Earth or other planetary body.
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Latin
Latin (Latin: lingua latīna) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages.
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Linear ridge networks
Linear ridge networks are found in various places on Mars in and around craters.
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List of quadrangles on Mars
The surface of Mars has been divided into 30 quadrangles by the United States Geological Survey, so named because their borders lie along lines of latitude and longitude and so maps appear rectangular.
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List of rocks on Mars
This is an alphabetical list of named rocks (and meteorites) found on Mars, by mission.
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Lithotroph
Lithotrophs are a diverse group of organisms using inorganic substrate (usually of mineral origin) to obtain reducing equivalents for use in biosynthesis (e.g., carbon dioxide fixation) or energy conservation (i.e., ATP production) via aerobic or anaerobic respiration.
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Ma'adim Vallis
Ma'adim Vallis is one of the largest outflow channels on Mars, about 700 km long and significantly larger than Earth's Grand Canyon.
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Magnesite
Magnesite is a mineral with the chemical formula MgCO3 (magnesium carbonate).
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Magnesium
Magnesium is a chemical element with symbol Mg and atomic number 12.
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Magnetism
Magnetism is a class of physical phenomena that are mediated by magnetic fields.
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Magnetite
Magnetite is a rock mineral and one of the main iron ores, with the chemical formula Fe3O4.
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Mangala Valles
Mangala Valles is a complex system of criss-crossing channels on Mars, located in the Tharsis region and in the Memnonia quadrangle.
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Manganese
Manganese is a chemical element with symbol Mn and atomic number 25.
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Mars
Mars is the fourth planet from the Sun and the second-smallest planet in the Solar System after Mercury.
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Mars Global Surveyor
Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) was an American robotic spacecraft developed by NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory and launched November 1996.
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Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter
MOLA topographic images of the two hemispheres of Mars. This image appeared on the cover of ''Science'' magazine in May 1999. The Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter (MOLA) was one of five instruments on the Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) spacecraft, which operated in Mars orbit from September 1997 to November 2006.
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Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter
Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) is a multipurpose spacecraft designed to conduct reconnaissance and exploration of Mars from orbit.
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Mars rover
A Mars rover is an automated motor vehicle that propels itself across the surface of the planet Mars upon arrival.
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Mars Science Laboratory
Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) is a robotic space probe mission to Mars launched by NASA on November 26, 2011, which successfully landed Curiosity, a Mars rover, in Gale Crater on August 6, 2012.
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Martian meteorite
A Martian meteorite is a rock that formed on the planet Mars and was then ejected from Mars by the impact of an asteroid or comet, and finally landed on the Earth.
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Martian soil
Martian soil is the fine regolith found on the surface of Mars.
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Mass spectrometry
Mass spectrometry (MS) is an analytical technique that ionizes chemical species and sorts the ions based on their mass-to-charge ratio.
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Mössbauer spectroscopy
Mössbauer spectroscopy is a spectroscopic technique based on the Mössbauer effect.
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Medusae Fossae Formation
The Medusae Fossae Formation is a large geological unit of probable volcanic origin on the planet Mars.
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Mesa
Mesa (Spanish and Portuguese for table) is the American English term for tableland, an elevated area of land with a flat top and sides that are usually steep cliffs.
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Meteorite
A meteorite is a solid piece of debris from an object, such as a comet, asteroid, or meteoroid, that originates in outer space and survives its passage through the atmosphere to reach the surface of a planet or moon.
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Microorganism
A microorganism, or microbe, is a microscopic organism, which may exist in its single-celled form or in a colony of cells. The possible existence of unseen microbial life was suspected from ancient times, such as in Jain scriptures from 6th century BC India and the 1st century BC book On Agriculture by Marcus Terentius Varro. Microbiology, the scientific study of microorganisms, began with their observation under the microscope in the 1670s by Antonie van Leeuwenhoek. In the 1850s, Louis Pasteur found that microorganisms caused food spoilage, debunking the theory of spontaneous generation. In the 1880s Robert Koch discovered that microorganisms caused the diseases tuberculosis, cholera and anthrax. Microorganisms include all unicellular organisms and so are extremely diverse. Of the three domains of life identified by Carl Woese, all of the Archaea and Bacteria are microorganisms. These were previously grouped together in the two domain system as Prokaryotes, the other being the eukaryotes. The third domain Eukaryota includes all multicellular organisms and many unicellular protists and protozoans. Some protists are related to animals and some to green plants. Many of the multicellular organisms are microscopic, namely micro-animals, some fungi and some algae, but these are not discussed here. They live in almost every habitat from the poles to the equator, deserts, geysers, rocks and the deep sea. Some are adapted to extremes such as very hot or very cold conditions, others to high pressure and a few such as Deinococcus radiodurans to high radiation environments. Microorganisms also make up the microbiota found in and on all multicellular organisms. A December 2017 report stated that 3.45 billion year old Australian rocks once contained microorganisms, the earliest direct evidence of life on Earth. Microbes are important in human culture and health in many ways, serving to ferment foods, treat sewage, produce fuel, enzymes and other bioactive compounds. They are essential tools in biology as model organisms and have been put to use in biological warfare and bioterrorism. They are a vital component of fertile soils. In the human body microorganisms make up the human microbiota including the essential gut flora. They are the pathogens responsible for many infectious diseases and as such are the target of hygiene measures.
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Mineral
A mineral is a naturally occurring chemical compound, usually of crystalline form and not produced by life processes.
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Mineral hydration
Mineral hydration is an inorganic chemical reaction where water is added to the crystal structure of a mineral, usually creating a new mineral, usually called a hydrate.
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Mini-TES
The Miniature Thermal Emission Spectrometer (Mini-TES) is an infrared spectrometer used for detecting the composition of a material (typically rocks) from a distance.
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Molesworth (crater)
Molesworth Crater is a crater in the Aeolis quadrangle of Mars, located at 27.7° south latitude and 210.9° west longitude, and is inside Terra Cimmeria.
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Montmorillonite
Montmorillonite is a very soft phyllosilicate group of minerals that form when they precipitate from water solution as microscopic crystals, known as clay. It is named after Montmorillon in France. Montmorillonite, a member of the smectite group, is a 2:1 clay, meaning that it has two tetrahedral sheets of silica sandwiching a central octahedral sheet of alumina. The particles are plate-shaped with an average diameter around 1 μm and a thickness of 9.6 nm; magnification of about 25,000 times, using an electron microscope, is required to "see" individual clay particles. Members of this group include saponite. Montmorillonite is a subclass of smectite, a 2:1 phyllosilicate mineral characterized as having greater than 50% octahedral charge; its cation exchange capacity is due to isomorphous substitution of Mg for Al in the central alumina plane. The substitution of lower valence cations in such instances leaves the nearby oxygen atoms with a net negative charge that can attract cations. In contrast, beidellite is smectite with greater than 50% tetrahedral charge originating from isomorphous substitution of Al for Si in the silica sheet. The individual crystals of montmorillonite clay are not tightly bound hence water can intervene, causing the clay to swell. The water content of montmorillonite is variable and it increases greatly in volume when it absorbs water. Chemically, it is hydrated sodium calcium aluminium magnesium silicate hydroxide (Na,Ca)0.33(Al,Mg)2(Si4O10)(OH)2·nH2O. Potassium, iron, and other cations are common substitutes, and the exact ratio of cations varies with source. It often occurs intermixed with chlorite, muscovite, illite, cookeite, and kaolinite.
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Mount Sharp
Mount Sharp, officially Aeolis Mons, is a mountain on Mars.
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MSN
MSN (stylized as msn) is a web portal and related collection of Internet services and apps for Windows and mobile devices, provided by Microsoft and launched on August 24, 1995, the same release date as Windows 95.
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Mud cracks on Mars
In January, 2017, scientists announced the possible discovery of mud cracks in Gale Crater on Mars.
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Mudstone
Mudstone, a type of mudrock, is a fine-grained sedimentary rock whose original constituents were clays or muds.
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NASA
The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) is an independent agency of the executive branch of the United States federal government responsible for the civilian space program, as well as aeronautics and aerospace research.
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NASA TV
NASA TV (originally NASA Select) is the television service of the United States government agency NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration).
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Neon
Neon is a chemical element with symbol Ne and atomic number 10.
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Nickel
Nickel is a chemical element with symbol Ni and atomic number 28.
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Nitrogen
Nitrogen is a chemical element with symbol N and atomic number 7.
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Noachian
The Noachian is a geologic system and early time period on the planet Mars characterized by high rates of meteorite and asteroid impacts and the possible presence of abundant surface water.
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Nodule (geology)
In sedimentology and geology, a nodule is small, irregularly rounded knot, mass, or lump of a mineral or mineral aggregate that typically has a contrasting composition, such as a pyrite nodule in coal, a chert nodule in limestone, or a phosphorite nodule in marine shale, from the enclosing sediment or sedimentary rock.
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Olivine
The mineral olivine is a magnesium iron silicate with the formula (Mg2+, Fe2+)2SiO4.
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Organic acid anhydride
An organic acid anhydride is an acid anhydride that is an organic compound.
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Organic compound
In chemistry, an organic compound is generally any chemical compound that contains carbon.
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Oxygen
Oxygen is a chemical element with symbol O and atomic number 8.
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Pancam
Each Pancam is one of two electronic stereo cameras on Mars Exploration Rovers ''Spirit'' and ''Opportunity''.
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Peace Vallis
Peace Vallis is an outflow channel in Gale Crater in the Aeolis quadrangle on the planet Mars; it appears to have been carved by fluids, perhaps water.
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Perchlorate
A perchlorate is the name for a chemical compound containing the perchlorate ion,.
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PH
In chemistry, pH is a logarithmic scale used to specify the acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution.
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Phaethontis quadrangle
The Phaethontis quadrangle is one of a series of 30 quadrangle maps of Mars used by the United States Geological Survey (USGS) Astrogeology Research Program.
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Phosphorus
Phosphorus is a chemical element with symbol P and atomic number 15.
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Picrite basalt
Picrite basalt, picrobasalt is a variety of high-magnesium olivine basalt that is very rich in the mineral olivine.
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Plagioclase
Plagioclase is a series of tectosilicate (framework silicate) minerals within the feldspar group.
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Planetary geology
Planetary geology, alternatively known as astrogeology or exogeology, is a planetary science discipline concerned with the geology of the celestial bodies such as the planets and their moons, asteroids, comets, and meteorites.
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Planetary science
Planetary science or, more rarely, planetology, is the scientific study of planets (including Earth), moons, and planetary systems (in particular those of the Solar System) and the processes that form them.
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Propane
Propane is a three-carbon alkane with the molecular formula C3H8.
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Pyroxene
The pyroxenes (commonly abbreviated to Px) are a group of important rock-forming inosilicate minerals found in many igneous and metamorphic rocks.
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Quadrangle (geography)
In geology or geography, the word "quadrangle" usually refers to a United States Geological Survey (USGS) 7.5-minute quadrangle map, which are usually named after a local physiographic feature.
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Quartz
Quartz is a mineral composed of silicon and oxygen atoms in a continuous framework of SiO4 silicon–oxygen tetrahedra, with each oxygen being shared between two tetrahedra, giving an overall chemical formula of SiO2.
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Radiation assessment detector
The Radiation Assessment Detector (RAD) is an instrument mounted on the Mars Science Laboratory ''Curiosity'' rover.
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Radioresistance
Radioresistance is the level of ionizing radiation that organisms are able to withstand.
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Redox
Redox (short for reduction–oxidation reaction) (pronunciation: or) is a chemical reaction in which the oxidation states of atoms are changed.
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Reuyl (crater)
Reuyl is a crater in the Aeolis quadrangle of Mars, located at 9.8° south latitude and 193.2° west longitude.
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RNA
Ribonucleic acid (RNA) is a polymeric molecule essential in various biological roles in coding, decoding, regulation, and expression of genes.
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Robert P. Sharp
Robert Phillip Sharp (24 June 1911 – 25 May 2004) was an American geomorphologist and expert on the geological surfaces of the Earth and the planet Mars.
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Rock (geology)
Rock or stone is a natural substance, a solid aggregate of one or more minerals or mineraloids.
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Rock Abrasion Tool
The Rock Abrasion Tool (RAT) is a grinding and brushing installation on NASA’s twin Mars Exploration Rovers, Spirit (MER-A) and Opportunity (MER-B), which landed on Mars in January 2004.
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Rocknest (Mars)
Rocknest is a sand patch on the surface of Aeolis Palus, between Peace Vallis and Aeolis Mons ("Mount Sharp"), in Gale crater on the planet Mars.
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Salinity
Salinity is the saltiness or amount of salt dissolved in a body of water (see also soil salinity).
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Salt (chemistry)
In chemistry, a salt is an ionic compound that can be formed by the neutralization reaction of an acid and a base.
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Sample Analysis at Mars
Sample Analysis at Mars (SAM) is a suite of instruments on the Mars Science Laboratory ''Curiosity'' rover.
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Sandstone
Sandstone is a clastic sedimentary rock composed mainly of sand-sized (0.0625 to 2 mm) mineral particles or rock fragments.
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Saponite
Saponite is a trioctahedral mineral of the smectite group.
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Science (journal)
Science, also widely referred to as Science Magazine, is the peer-reviewed academic journal of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) and one of the world's top academic journals.
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Scientific information from the Mars Exploration Rover mission
NASA's 2003 Mars Exploration Rover Mission has amassed an enormous amount of scientific information related to the Martian geology and atmosphere, as well as providing some astronomical observations from Mars.
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Sediment
Sediment is a naturally occurring material that is broken down by processes of weathering and erosion, and is subsequently transported by the action of wind, water, or ice, and/or by the force of gravity acting on the particles.
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Sedimentary rock
Sedimentary rocks are types of rock that are formed by the deposition and subsequent cementation of that material at the Earth's surface and within bodies of water.
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Sedimentary structures
Sedimentary structures are those structures formed during sediment deposition.
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Sievert
The sievert (symbol: SvNot be confused with the sverdrup or the svedberg, two non-SI units that sometimes use the same symbol.) is a derived unit of ionizing radiation dose in the International System of Units (SI) and is a measure of the health effect of low levels of ionizing radiation on the human body.
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Silicate minerals
Silicate minerals are rock-forming minerals with predominantly silicate anions.
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Silicon dioxide
Silicon dioxide, also known as silica (from the Latin silex), is an oxide of silicon with the chemical formula, most commonly found in nature as quartz and in various living organisms.
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Soil test
Soil test may refer to one or more of a wide variety of soil analyses conducted for one of several possible reasons.
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Solar energetic particles
Solar energetic particles (SEP) are high-energy particles coming from the Sun.
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Space.com
Space.com is a space and astronomy news website.
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Spectrometer
A spectrometer is a scientific instrument used to separate and measure spectral components of a physical phenomenon.
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Spirit (rover)
Spirit, also known as MER-A (Mars Exploration Rover – A) or MER-2, is a robotic rover on Mars, active from 2004 to 2010.
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Stream bed
A stream bed is the channel bottom of a stream or river, the physical confine of the normal water flow.
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Sulfate
The sulfate or sulphate (see spelling differences) ion is a polyatomic anion with the empirical formula.
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Sulfide
Sulfide (systematically named sulfanediide, and sulfide(2−)) (British English sulphide) is an inorganic anion of sulfur with the chemical formula S2− or a compound containing one or more S2− ions.
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Sulfur
Sulfur or sulphur is a chemical element with symbol S and atomic number 16.
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Sulfur dioxide
Sulfur dioxide (also sulphur dioxide in British English) is the chemical compound with the formula.
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Terra Cimmeria
Terra Cimmeria is a large Martian region, centered at and covering at its broadest extent.
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Terra Sirenum
Terra Sirenum is named after the Sirens who were birds with the heads of girls.
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Tharsis
Tharsis is a vast volcanic plateau centered near the equator in the western hemisphere of Mars.
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The New York Times
The New York Times (sometimes abbreviated as The NYT or The Times) is an American newspaper based in New York City with worldwide influence and readership.
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Thermal Emission Imaging System
The Thermal Emission Imaging System (THEMIS) is a camera on board the 2001 Mars Odyssey orbiter.
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Timeline of Mars Science Laboratory
Timeline of Mars Science Laboratory is a timeline of the Mars Science Laboratory mission and its rover, ''Curiosity''.
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Tintina (rock)
Tintina is a rock on the surface of Aeolis Palus, between Peace Vallis and Aeolis Mons (Mount Sharp), in Gale crater on the planet Mars.
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Titanium
Titanium is a chemical element with symbol Ti and atomic number 22.
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Toluene
Toluene, also known as toluol, is an aromatic hydrocarbon.
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Trachyte
Trachyte is an igneous volcanic rock with an aphanitic to porphyritic texture.
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Tridymite
Tridymite is a high-temperature polymorph of silica and usually occurs as minute tabular white or colorless pseudo-hexagonal crystals, or scales, in cavities in felsic volcanic rocks.
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United States Geological Survey
The United States Geological Survey (USGS, formerly simply Geological Survey) is a scientific agency of the United States government.
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Valley
A valley is a low area between hills or mountains often with a river running through it.
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Vein (geology)
In geology, a vein is a distinct sheetlike body of crystallized minerals within a rock.
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Water
Water is a transparent, tasteless, odorless, and nearly colorless chemical substance that is the main constituent of Earth's streams, lakes, and oceans, and the fluids of most living organisms.
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Water on Mars
Almost all water on Mars today exists as ice, though it also exists in small quantities as vapor in the atmosphere and occasionally as low-volume liquid brines in shallow Martian soil.
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Yardang
A yardang is a streamlined protuberance carved from bedrock or any consolidated or semiconsolidated material by the dual action of wind abrasion by dust and sand, and deflation which is the removal of loose material by wind turbulence.
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Yardangs on Mars
Yardangs are common in some regions on Mars, especially in what's called the "Medusae Fossae Formation." This formation is found in the Amazonis quadrangle and near the equator.
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Zinc
Zinc is a chemical element with symbol Zn and atomic number 30.
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2001 Mars Odyssey
2001 Mars Odyssey is a robotic spacecraft orbiting the planet Mars.
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References
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeolis_quadrangle
