Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina

Between 28 June and 3 July 1940, the Soviet Union occupied Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina, following an ultimatum made to Romania on 26 June 1940 that threatened the use of force. ^[1]

Academy of Sciences of Moldova

The Academy of Sciences of Moldova (Academia de Științe a Moldovei), established in 1961, is the main scientific organization of Moldova and coordinates research in all areas of science and technology.

See Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina and Academy of Sciences of Moldova

Adolf Hitler

Adolf Hitler (20 April 1889 – 30 April 1945) was an Austrian-born German politician who was the dictator of Nazi Germany from 1933 until his suicide in 1945.

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Agora

The agora (ἀγορά, romanized:, meaning "market" in Modern Greek) was a central public space in ancient Greek city-states.

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Alexandru Averescu

Alexandru Averescu (9 March 1859 – 2 October 1938) was a Romanian marshal, diplomat and populist politician.

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Alexandru Usatiuc-Bulgăr

Alexandru Usatiuc-Bulgăr (1915–2003) was a Moldovan activist and a political prisoner in the former Soviet Union.

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Alexandru Vaida-Voevod

Alexandru Vaida-Voevod or Vaida-Voievod (27 February 1872 – 19 March 1950) was an Austro-Hungarian-born Romanian politician who was a supporter and promoter of the union of Transylvania (before 1920 part of Hungary) with the Romanian Old Kingdom.

See Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina and Alexandru Vaida-Voevod

Allies of World War I

The Allies, the Entente or the Triple Entente was an international military coalition of countries led by France, the United Kingdom, Russia, the United States, Italy, and Japan against the Central Powers of Germany, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire, and Bulgaria in World War I (1914–1918).

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Allies of World War II

The Allies, formally referred to as the United Nations from 1942, were an international military coalition formed during World War II (1939–1945) to oppose the Axis powers.

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Annexation

Annexation, in international law, is the forcible acquisition and assertion of legal title over one state's territory by another state, usually following military occupation of the territory.

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Anti-Sovietism

Anti-Sovietism (translit) or anti-Soviet sentiment refers to persons and activities that were actually or allegedly aimed against the Soviet Union or government power within the Soviet Union.

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Antisemitism

Antisemitism (also spelled anti-semitism or anti-Semitism) is hostility to, prejudice towards, or discrimination against, Jews.

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Armand Călinescu

Armand Călinescu (4 June 1893 – 21 September 1939) was a Romanian economist and politician, who served as 39th Prime Minister from March 1939 until his assassination six months later.

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Austria-Hungary

Austria-Hungary, often referred to as the Austro-Hungarian Empire or the Dual Monarchy, was a multi-national constitutional monarchy in Central Europe between 1867 and 1918.

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Axis powers

The Axis powers, originally called the Rome–Berlin Axis and also Rome–Berlin–Tokyo Axis, was a military coalition that initiated World War II and fought against the Allies.

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Baltic states

The Baltic states or the Baltic countries is a geopolitical term encompassing Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania.

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Battle of France

The Battle of France (bataille de France; 10 May – 25 June 1940), also known as the Western Campaign (German: Westfeldzug), the French Campaign (Frankreichfeldzug, campagne de France) and the Fall of France, during the Second World War was the German invasion of France, that notably introduced tactics that are still used. Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina and Battle of France are June 1940 events.

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Battle of Stalingrad

The Battle of StalingradSchlacht von Stalingrad see; p (17 July 19422 February 1943) was a major battle on the Eastern Front of World War II, beginning when Nazi Germany and its Axis allies attacked and became locked in a protracted struggle with the Soviet Union for control over the Soviet city of Stalingrad in southern Russia. Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina and battle of Stalingrad are battles and operations of the Eastern Front of World War II and battles of World War II involving Romania.

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Battle of the Caucasus

The Battle of the Caucasus was a series of Axis and Soviet operations in the Caucasus as part of the Eastern Front of World War II. Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina and Battle of the Caucasus are battles of World War II involving Romania.

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Bălți

Bălți is a city in Moldova.

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Bessarabia

Bessarabia is a historical region in Eastern Europe, bounded by the Dniester river on the east and the Prut river on the west.

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Bessarabia Germans

The Bessarabia Germans (Bessarabiendeutsche, Germani basarabeni, Bessarabs'ki nimtsi) were a German ethnic group (formerly part of the Germans of Romania) who lived in Bessarabia (today part of the Republic of Moldova and south-western Ukraine) between 1814 and 1940.

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Bessarabian question

The Bessarabian question, Bessarabian issue or Bessarabian problem (Problema basarabeană or chestiunea basarabeană; Бессарабский вопрос or бессарабская проблема) is the name given to the controversy over the ownership of the geographic region of Bessarabia that began with the annexation of the region by the Russian Empire from the Romanian principality of Moldavia in 1812 through the Treaty of Bucharest and which continued with the independence and union of Bessarabia with Romania in 1917, the occupation and annexation of the region by the Soviet Union in 1940, and the dissolution of the Soviet Union that caused the emergence of two new states that each controlled parts of Bessarabia: Moldova and Ukraine. Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina and Bessarabian question are Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic, Moldova–Ukraine relations, Romania–Soviet Union relations and Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic.

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Bessarabian Soviet Socialist Republic

The Bessarabian Soviet Socialist Republic or Bessarabian SSR (Republica Sovietică Socialistă Basarabeană, RSS Basarabeană; Bessarabskaya Sovetskaya Sotsialisticheskaya Respublika, label) was a revolutionary committee created under the patronage of Soviet Russia to establish a Soviet republic within Bessarabia. Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina and Bessarabian Soviet Socialist Republic are Romania–Soviet Union relations.

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Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi

Bilhorod-Dnistrovskyi (Білгород-Дністровський,; Cetatea Albă; Belgorod-Dnestrovskiy), historically known as Aq Kirmān (Akkerman) or by other names, is a port city in Odesa Oblast, southwestern Ukraine.

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Black Ribbon Day

The Black Ribbon Day, officially known in the European Union as the European Day of Remembrance for Victims of Stalinism and Nazism and also referred to as the Europe-wide Day of Remembrance for the victims of all totalitarian and authoritarian regimes, is an international day of remembrance for victims of totalitarianism regimes, specifically Stalinist, communist, Nazi and fascist regimes.

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Black Sea

The Black Sea is a marginal mediterranean sea lying between Europe and Asia, east of the Balkans, south of the East European Plain, west of the Caucasus, and north of Anatolia.

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Bolsheviks

The Bolsheviks (italic,; from большинство,, 'majority'), led by Vladimir Lenin, were a far-left faction of the Marxist Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP) which split with the Mensheviks at the Second Party Congress in 1903.

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Brooklyn Citizen

The Brooklyn Citizen was a newspaper serving Brooklyn in New York City from 1887 to 1947.

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Budjak

Budjak, also known as Budzhak (Bulgarian, Russian and Ukrainian: Буджак, Bugeac, Gagauz and Turkish: Bucak), is a historical region that was part of Bessarabia from 1812 to 1940. Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina and Budjak are Romania–Soviet Union relations.

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Bukovina

BukovinaBukowina or Buchenland; Bukovina; Bukowina; Bucovina; Bukovyna; see also other languages.

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Bulgarians

Bulgarians (bŭlgari) are a nation and South Slavic ethnic group native to Bulgaria and its neighbouring region, who share a common Bulgarian ancestry, culture, history and language.

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Bureau of European and Eurasian Affairs

In the United States Government, the Bureau of European and Eurasian Affairs (EUR) is part of the United States Department of State, charged with implementing U.S. foreign policy and promoting U.S. interests in Europe and Eurasia (which it defines as being Europe, Turkey, Cyprus, the Caucasus Region, and Russia), as well as advising the Under Secretary of State for Political Affairs.

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Carol II of Romania

Carol II (4 April 1953) was King of Romania from 8 June 1930, until his forced abdication on 6 September 1940.

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Casemate

A casemate is a fortified gun emplacement or armored structure from which guns are fired, in a fortification, warship, or armoured fighting vehicle.

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Cetatea Albă County

Cetatea Albă County was a county (județ) of Romania between 1925 and 1938 and between 1941 and 1944, in Bessarabia, with the capital city at Cetatea Albă.

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Chernivtsi

Chernivtsi (Чернівці,; Cernăuți,; see also other names) is a city in southwestern Ukraine on the upper course of the Prut River.

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Chernivtsi Oblast

Chernivtsi Oblast (Chernivetska oblast), also referred to as Chernivechchyna (label), is an oblast (province) in western Ukraine, consisting of the northern parts of the historical regions of Bukovina and Bessarabia.

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Chișinău

Chișinău (formerly known as Kishinev) is the capital and largest city of Moldova.

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Chilia branch

The Chilia branch is one of three main distributary channels of the river Danube that contribute to forming the Danube Delta.

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Christian Rakovsky

Christian Georgiyevich Rakovsky (– September 11, 1941), Bulgarian name Krastyo Georgiev Rakovski, born Krastyo Georgiev Stanchov, was a Bulgarian-born socialist revolutionary, a Bolshevik politician and Soviet diplomat and statesman; he was also noted as a journalist, physician, and essayist.

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Collective farming

Collective farming and communal farming are various types of "agricultural production in which multiple farmers run their holdings as a joint enterprise".

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Comparison of Nazism and Stalinism

Various historians and other authors have carried out a comparison of Nazism and Stalinism, with particular consideration to the similarities and differences between the two ideologies and political systems, the relationship between the two regimes, and why both came to prominence simultaneously.

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Constantin Angelescu

Constantin Angelescu (10 June 1869 – 14 September 1948) was a Romanian politician who served as ad interim/acting Prime Minister of Romania for five days, between 30 December 1933 and 3 January 1934.

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Constantin Argetoianu

Constantin Argetoianu (– 6 February 1955) was a Romanian politician, one of the best-known personalities of interwar Greater Romania, who served as the Prime Minister between 28 September and 23 November 1939.

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Constantin C. Giurescu

Constantin C. Giurescu (26 October 1901 – 13 November 1977) was a Romanian historian, member of the Romanian Academy, and professor at the University of Bucharest.

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Constitutional Court of Moldova

The Constitutional Court of the Republic of Moldova represents the sole body of constitutional jurisdiction in the Republic of Moldova, autonomous and independent from the executive, the legislature and the judiciary.

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Cordon sanitaire (international relations)

The seminal use of cordon sanitaire as a metaphor for ideological containment referred to "the system of alliances instituted by France in interwar Europe that stretched from Finland to the Balkans" and which "completely ringed Germany and sealed off Russia from Western Europe, thereby isolating the two politically 'diseased' nations of Europe." French Prime Minister Georges Clemenceau is credited with coining the usage, when, in March 1919, he urged the newly independent border states (also called limitrophe states) that had formed in Eastern Europe after World War I to form a defensive union.

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Cornell University Press

The Cornell University Press is the university press of Cornell University; currently housed in Sage House, the former residence of Henry William Sage.

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Crimean campaign

The Crimean campaign was conducted by the Axis as part of Operation Barbarossa during World War II. Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina and Crimean campaign are battles of World War II involving Romania and Romania–Soviet Union relations.

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Crown Council of Romania

The Crown Council (Consiliul de Coroană) was an institution that advised the King of Romania.

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Dan Dungaciu

Dan Gheorghe Dungaciu (born October 3, 1968) is a Romanian sociologist.

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Danube

The Danube (see also other names) is the second-longest river in Europe, after the Volga in Russia.

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Danube Delta

The Danube Delta (Delta Dunării,; Del'ta Dunaju) is the second largest river delta in Europe, after the Volga Delta, and is the best preserved on the continent.

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De facto

De facto describes practices that exist in reality, regardless of whether they are officially recognized by laws or other formal norms.

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De jure

In law and government, de jure describes practices that are legally recognized, regardless of whether the practice exists in reality.

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Declaration on Crimes of Communism

The Declaration on Crimes of Communism is a declaration signed on 25 February 2010 by several prominent European politicians, former political prisoners, human rights advocates and historians, which calls for the condemnation of communism.

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Dennis Deletant

Dennis Deletant (born 5 March 1946) is a British-Romanian historian of the history of Romania.

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Deportation

Deportation is the expulsion of a person or group of people from a territory.

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Dissolution of the Soviet Union

The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) was formally dissolved as a sovereign state and subject of international law on 26 December 1991 by Declaration № 142-Н of the Soviet of the Republics of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union.

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Dniester

The Dniester is a transboundary river in Eastern Europe.

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Dorin Chirtoacă

Dorin Chirtoacă (born 9 August 1978) is a Moldovan politician who served as Mayor of Chișinău from 2007 to 2018.

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Dorohoi County

Dorohoi County, with its seat at Dorohoi, was a subdivision of the Kingdom of Romania and located in the region of Moldavia.

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East Prussia

East Prussia was a province of the Kingdom of Prussia from 1772 to 1829 and again from 1878 (with the Kingdom itself being part of the German Empire from 1871); following World War I it formed part of the Weimar Republic's Free State of Prussia, until 1945.

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Eastern Europe

Eastern Europe is a subregion of the European continent.

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Eastern Front (World War II)

The Eastern Front, also known as the Great Patriotic War in the Soviet Union and its successor states, and the German–Soviet War in contemporary German and Ukrainian historiographies, was a theatre of World War II fought between the European Axis powers and Allies, including the Soviet Union (USSR) and Poland.

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Ernest Urdărianu

Ernest Urdărianu (1897–1985), (largely known as "Urdăreanu", but this is incorrect) was the Minister of the Court during the reign of King Carol II of Romania (1930–1940).

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Estonia

Estonia, officially the Republic of Estonia, is a country by the Baltic Sea in Northern Europe.

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Ștefan Ciobanu

Ștefan Ciobanu (born 11 November 1883 – 28 February 1950) was a Romanian historian and academician, author of some important works about ancient Romanian literature, Romanian culture in Basarabia under Russian occupation, Bessarabian demography, fervent advocate of the introduction of the Romanian language in the schools of Bessarabia, vice-president of the Romanian Academy between 1944 and 1948.

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Fascism

Fascism is a far-right, authoritarian, ultranationalist political ideology and movement, characterized by a dictatorial leader, centralized autocracy, militarism, forcible suppression of opposition, belief in a natural social hierarchy, subordination of individual interests for the perceived good of the nation or race, and strong regimentation of society and the economy.

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Fântâna Albă massacre

The Fântâna Albă massacre took place on 1 April 1941 in Northern Bukovina when up to 3,000 civilians were killed by Soviet Border Troops as they attempted to cross the border from the Soviet Union to Romania near the village of Fântâna Albă, now Staryi Vovchynets in Chernivtsi Oblast, Ukraine. Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina and Fântâna Albă massacre are history of Chernivtsi Oblast and Romania–Soviet Union relations.

See Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina and Fântâna Albă massacre

Federal government of the United States

The federal government of the United States (U.S. federal government or U.S. government) is the national government of the United States, a federal republic located primarily in North America, composed of 50 states, five major self-governing territories, several island possessions, and the federal district/national capital of Washington, D.C., where most of the federal government is based.

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First Battle of Kharkov

The First Battle of Kharkov, named by Wilhelm Keitel, was a 1941 conflict fought over control of the city of Kharkov, located in the Ukrainian SSR, during the final stage of Operation Barbarossa.

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First Filat Cabinet

The First Filat Cabinet was the Cabinet of Moldova between September 25, 2009, and January 14, 2011.

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France

France, officially the French Republic, is a country located primarily in Western Europe.

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French Third Republic

The French Third Republic (Troisième République, sometimes written as La IIIe République) was the system of government adopted in France from 4 September 1870, when the Second French Empire collapsed during the Franco-Prussian War, until 10 July 1940, after the Fall of France during World War II led to the formation of the Vichy government.

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Gagauz people

The Gagauz (Gagauzlar) are a Turkic ethnic group native to southern Moldova (Gagauzia, Taraclia District, Basarabeasca District) and southwestern Ukraine (Budjak). Gagauz are mostly Eastern Orthodox Christians. The term Gagauz is also often used as a collective naming of Turkic people living in the Balkans, speaking the Gagauz language, a language separated from Balkan Gagauz Turkish.

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Galați

Galați (also known by other alternative names) is the capital city of Galați County in the historical region of Western Moldavia, in eastern Romania.

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Galicia (Eastern Europe)

Galicia (. Collins English Dictionary Galicja,; translit,; Galitsye) is a historical and geographic region spanning what is now southeastern Poland and western Ukraine, long part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.

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Gendarmerie (Romania)

The Jandarmeria Română is the national Gendarmerie force of Romania, tasked with high-risk and specialized law enforcement duties.

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Geneva

Geneva (Genève)Genf; Ginevra; Genevra.

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Georgy Chicherin

Georgy Vasilyevich Chicherin (or Tchitcherin; Георгий Васильевич Чичерин; 24 November 1872 – 7 July 1936) was a Russian Marxist revolutionary and a Soviet politician who served as the first People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs in the Soviet government from March 1918 to July 1930.

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Georgy Zhukov

Georgy Konstantinovich Zhukov (a; 189618 June 1974) was a Marshal of the Soviet Union.

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German Empire

The German Empire, also referred to as Imperial Germany, the Second Reich or simply Germany, was the period of the German Reich from the unification of Germany in 1871 until the November Revolution in 1918, when the German Reich changed its form of government from a monarchy to a republic.

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Germans

Germans are the natives or inhabitants of Germany, or sometimes more broadly any people who are of German descent or native speakers of the German language.

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Gheorghe Davidescu

Gheorghe Davidescu (– January 3, 1973) was a Romanian lawyer and career diplomat.

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Gheorghe E. Cojocaru

Gheorghe E. Cojocaru (born 8 February 1963) is a historian from the Republic of Moldova.

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Gheorghe Mironescu

Gheorghe G. Mironescu, commonly known as G. G. Mironescu (January 28, 1874 – October 8, 1949), was a Romanian politician, member of the National Peasants' Party (PNȚ), who served as Prime Minister of Romania for two terms.

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Gheorghe Tătărescu

Gheorghe I. Tătărescu (also known as Guță Tătărescu, with a slightly antiquated pet form of his given name; 2 November 1886 – 28 March 1957) was a Romanian politician who served twice as Prime Minister of Romania (1934–1937; 1939–1940), three times as Minister of Foreign Affairs (interim in 1934 and 1938, appointed to the office in 1945-1947) and once as Minister of War (1934).

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Ghetto

A ghetto is a part of a city in which members of a minority group are concentrated, especially as a result of political, social, legal, religious, environmental or economic pressure.

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Ghidighici

Ghidighici is a village in Chișinău municipality, Moldova.

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Governorate (Russia)

A governorate (guberniya, pre-1918 spelling: губе́рнія) was a major and principal administrative subdivision of the Russian Empire.

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Great National Assembly Square, Chișinău

The Great National Assembly Square (Piața Marii Adunări Naționale), formerly known as Victory Square (Piața Biruinței) is the central square in Chișinău, the capital of Moldova.

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Greater Romania

The term Greater Romania (România Mare) usually refers to the borders of the Kingdom of Romania in the interwar period, achieved after the Great Union. Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina and Greater Romania are Romania–Soviet Union relations.

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Helen of Greece and Denmark

Helen of Greece and Denmark (Ελένη, Eleni;; 2 May 1896 – 28 November 1982) was the queen mother of Romania during the reign of her son King Michael I (1940–1947).

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Helsinki Accords

The Helsinki Final Act, also known as Helsinki Accords or Helsinki Declaration was the document signed at the closing meeting of the third phase of the Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe (CSCE) held in Helsinki, Finland, between 30 July and 1 August 1975, following two years of negotiations known as the Helsinki Process.

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Hertsa region

The Hertsa region, also known as the Hertza region (Krai Hertsa; Ținutul Herța), is a region around the town of Hertsa within Chernivtsi Raion in the southern part of Chernivtsi Oblast in southwestern Ukraine, near the border with Romania. Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina and Hertsa region are Romania–Soviet Union relations.

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Historiography in the Soviet Union

Soviet historiography is the methodology of history studies by historians in the Soviet Union (USSR).

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History of the Jews in Bessarabia

The history of the Jews in Bessarabia, a historical region in Eastern Europe, dates back hundreds of years. Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina and history of the Jews in Bessarabia are history of Budjak, history of Chernivtsi Oblast and Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic.

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History of the Jews in Bukovina

The Jews in Bukovina have been an integral part of their community. Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina and History of the Jews in Bukovina are history of Chernivtsi Oblast.

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History of the Jews in Romania

The history of the Jews in Romania concerns the Jews both of Romania and of Romanian origins, from their first mention on what is present-day Romanian territory.

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Hoover Institution

The Hoover Institution (officially The Hoover Institution on War, Revolution, and Peace) is an American public policy think tank which promotes personal and economic liberty, free enterprise, and limited government.

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Hotin County

Hotin County was a county (ținut is Middle Ages and Early Modern Period, județ after) in the Principality of Moldavia (1359–1812), the Governorate of Bessarabia (1812–1917), the Moldavian Democratic Republic (1917–1918), and the Kingdom of Romania (1918–1940, 1941–1944).

See Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina and Hotin County

Huși

Huși (Yiddish/הוש/Hush, Huszváros, German: Hussburg) is a city in Vaslui County, Romania, former capital of the disbanded Fălciu County in the historical region of Western Moldavia, Romanian Orthodox episcopal see, and home of some of the best vineyards of Romania.

See Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina and Huși

Hungarian Soviet Republic

The Socialist Federative Republic of Councils in Hungary (widely known in English language sources as the Hungarian Soviet Republic due to an early mistranslation in the press) was a short-lived communist state that existed from 21 March 1919 to 1 August 1919 (133 days), succeeding the First Hungarian Republic.

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Hungarian–Romanian War

The Hungarian–Romanian War (Magyar–Román Háború; Războiul Româno-Ungar) was fought between Hungary and Romania from 13 November 1918 to 3 August 1919.

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Iași

Iași (also known by other alternative names), also referred to mostly historically as Jassy, is the third largest city in Romania and the seat of Iași County.

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Igor Cașu

Igor Cașu (born 8 October 1973) is a historian from the Republic of Moldova.

See Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina and Igor Cașu

Institute of technology

An institute of technology (also referred to as: technological university, technical university, university of technology, technological educational institute, technical college, polytechnic university, polytechnic school, or just polytechnic) is an institution of tertiary education (such as a university or college) that specializes in engineering, technology, applied science, and natural sciences.

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Intelligentsia

The intelligentsia is a status class composed of the university-educated people of a society who engage in the complex mental labours by which they critique, shape, and lead in the politics, policies, and culture of their society; as such, the intelligentsia consists of scholars, academics, teachers, journalists, and literary writers.

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Invasion of Poland

The Invasion of Poland, also known as the September Campaign, Polish Campaign, War of Poland of 1939, and Polish Defensive War of 1939 (1 September – 6 October 1939), was a joint attack on the Republic of Poland by Nazi Germany, the Slovak Republic, and the Soviet Union, which marked the beginning of World War II.

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Ion Antonescu

Ion Antonescu (– 1 June 1946) was a Romanian military officer and marshal who presided over two successive wartime dictatorships as Prime Minister and Conducător during most of World War II.

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Ion Gigurtu

Ion Gigurtu (24 June 1886 – 24 November 1959) was a far-right Romanian politician, Land Forces officer, engineer and industrialist who served a brief term as Prime Minister from 4 July to 4 September 1940, under the personal regime of King Carol II.

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Ion I. C. Brătianu

Ion Ionel Constantin Brătianu (also known as Ionel Brătianu; 20 August 1864 – 24 November 1927) was a Romanian politician, leader of the National Liberal Party (PNL), Prime Minister of Romania for five terms, and Foreign Minister on several occasions; he was the eldest son of statesman and PNL leader Ion Brătianu, the brother of Vintilă and Dinu Brătianu, and the father of Gheorghe I.

See Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina and Ion I. C. Brătianu

Ion Macovei

Ion Macovei (August 25, 1885–October 12, 1950) was a Romanian engineer who briefly served in government in 1940.

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Iron Guard

The Iron Guard (Garda de Fier) was a Romanian militant revolutionary fascist movement and political party founded in 1927 by Corneliu Zelea Codreanu as the Legion of the Archangel Michael (Legiunea Arhanghelul Mihail) or the Legionary Movement (Mișcarea Legionară).

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Ismail County

Ismail County was a county (județ) of Romania between 1925 and 1938 and between 1941 and 1944, in Bessarabia, with the capital city at Ismail.

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Italy

Italy, officially the Italian Republic, is a country in Southern and Western Europe.

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Japan

Japan is an island country in East Asia, located in the Pacific Ocean off the northeast coast of the Asian mainland.

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Jesse Helms

Jesse Alexander Helms Jr. (October 18, 1921 – July 4, 2008) was an American politician.

See Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina and Jesse Helms

Jewish Bolshevism

Jewish Bolshevism, also Judeo–Bolshevism, is an antisemitic and anti-communist conspiracy theory that claims that the Russian Revolution of 1917 was a Jewish plot and that Jews controlled the Soviet Union and international communist movements, often in furtherance of a plan to destroy Western civilization.

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Jews

The Jews (יְהוּדִים) or Jewish people are an ethnoreligious group and nation originating from the Israelites of the ancient Near East, and whose traditional religion is Judaism.

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Joachim von Ribbentrop

Ulrich Friedrich-Wilhelm Joachim von Ribbentrop (30 April 1893 – 16 October 1946) was a German politician and diplomat who served as Minister of Foreign Affairs of Nazi Germany from 1938 to 1945.

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Jurnalul Național

Jurnalul Național is a Romanian newspaper, part of the INTACT Media Group led by Dan Voiculescu, which also includes the popular television station Antena 1.

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Keith Hitchins

Keith Arnold Hitchins (April 2, 1931 – November 1, 2020) was an American historian and a professor of Eastern European history at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, specializing in Romania and its history.

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Kellogg–Briand Pact

The Kellogg–Briand Pact or Pact of Paris – officially the General Treaty for Renunciation of War as an Instrument of National Policy – is a 1928 international agreement on peace in which signatory states promised not to use war to resolve "disputes or conflicts of whatever nature or of whatever origin they may be, which may arise among them".

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Khotyn

Khotyn (Хотин,; Hotin,; see other names) is a city in Dnistrovskyi Raion, Chernivtsi Oblast of western Ukraine, located south-west of Kamianets-Podilskyi.

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Kiev Military District

The Kiev Military District (abbreviated) was a military district of the Imperial Russian Army and subsequently of the Red Army and Soviet Armed Forces.

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Killed in action

Killed in action (KIA) is a casualty classification generally used by militaries to describe the deaths of their own personnel at the hands of enemy or hostile forces at the moment of action.

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King of Romania

The King of Romania (Regele României) or King of the Romanians (Regele Românilor) was the title of the monarch of the Kingdom of Romania from 1881 until 1947, when the Romanian Workers' Party proclaimed the Romanian People's Republic following Michael I's forced abdication.

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Kingdom of Bulgaria

The Tsardom of Bulgaria (translit), also referred to as the Third Bulgarian Tsardom (translit), sometimes translated in English as the "Kingdom of Bulgaria", or simply Bulgaria, was a constitutional monarchy in Southeastern Europe, which was established on 5 October (O.S. 22 September) 1908, when the Bulgarian state was raised from a principality to a tsardom.

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Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)

The Kingdom of Hungary (Magyar Királyság), referred to retrospectively as the Regency and the Horthy era, existed as a country from 1920 to 1946 under the rule of Miklós Horthy, Regent of Hungary, who officially represented the Hungarian monarchy.

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Kingdom of Italy

The Kingdom of Italy (Regno d'Italia) was a state that existed from 17 March 1861, when Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia was proclaimed King of Italy, until 10 June 1946, when the monarchy was abolished, following civil discontent that led to an institutional referendum on 2 June 1946.

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Kingdom of Romania

The Kingdom of Romania (Regatul României) was a constitutional monarchy that existed from 13 March (O.S.) / 25 March 1881 with the crowning of prince Karl of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen as King Carol I (thus beginning the Romanian royal family), until 1947 with the abdication of King Michael I and the Romanian parliament's proclamation of the Romanian People's Republic.

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Kolkhoz

A kolkhoz (p) was a form of collective farm in the Soviet Union.

See Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina and Kolkhoz

Kulak

Kulak (a; plural: кулаки́, kulakí, 'fist' or 'tight-fisted'), also kurkul or golchomag (plural), was the term which was used to describe peasants who owned over of land towards the end of the Russian Empire.

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Land reform

Land reform is a form of agrarian reform involving the changing of laws, regulations, or customs regarding land ownership.

See Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina and Land reform

Larry Pressler

Larry Lee Pressler (born March 29, 1942) is an American lawyer and politician from South Dakota who served in the United States House of Representatives from 1975 to 1979, and United States Senate from 1979 to 1997, as a Republican.

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Latvia

Latvia (Latvija), officially the Republic of Latvia, is a country in the Baltic region of Northern Europe.

See Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina and Latvia

Legionnaires' rebellion and Bucharest pogrom

Between 21 and 23 January 1941, a rebellion of the Iron Guard paramilitary organization, whose members were known as Legionnaires, occurred in Bucharest, Romania. Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina and Legionnaires' rebellion and Bucharest pogrom are battles of World War II involving Romania.

See Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina and Legionnaires' rebellion and Bucharest pogrom

Leonid Mlechin

Leonid Mlechin (Russian: Леони́д Миха́йлович Мле́чин; born June 12, 1957, Moscow) is a Soviet and Russian journalist, international observer, moderator of the "special file" of "TV Center", and two-time winner of TEFI (2007, 2009).

See Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina and Leonid Mlechin

Liberation Tower, Bessarabia

The Liberation Tower (Turnul Dezrobirii Basarabiei) was a tower in Chișinău, Bessarabia. Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina and Liberation Tower, Bessarabia are Moldova in World War II.

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Literatura și Arta

Literatura şi Arta (Romanian for "Literature and Art") is a weekly newspaper from Chişinău, Moldova.

See Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina and Literatura și Arta

Lithuania

Lithuania (Lietuva), officially the Republic of Lithuania (Lietuvos Respublika), is a country in the Baltic region of Europe.

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Martyr

A martyr (mártys, 'witness' stem, martyr-) is someone who suffers persecution and death for advocating, renouncing, or refusing to renounce or advocate, a religious belief or other cause as demanded by an external party.

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Maxim Litvinov

Maxim Maximovich Litvinov (born Meir Henoch Wallach-Finkelstein; 17 July 1876 – 31 December 1951) was a Russian revolutionary and prominent Soviet statesman and diplomat who served as People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs from 1930 to 1939.

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Michael I of Romania

Michael I (Mihai I; 25 October 1921 – 5 December 2017) was the last king of Romania, reigning from 20 July 1927 to 8 June 1930 and again from 6 September 1940 until his forced abdication on 30 December 1947.

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Mihai Antonescu

Mihai Antonescu (18 November 1904 – 1 June 1946) was a Romanian politician who served as Deputy Prime Minister and Foreign Minister during World War II, executed in 1946 as a war criminal.

See Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina and Mihai Antonescu

Mihai Ghimpu

Mihai Ghimpu (born 19 November 1951) is a Moldovan politician who served as President of the Moldovan Parliament and Acting President of Moldova from 2009 to 2010.

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Mihai Ralea

Mihai Dumitru Ralea (also known as Mihail Ralea, Michel Raléa, or Mihai Rale;Straje, p. 586 May 1, 1896 – August 17, 1964) was a Romanian social scientist, cultural journalist, and political figure.

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Mihail Ghelmegeanu

Mihail Ghelmegeanu (25 June 1896 – 1984) was a Romanian politician.

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Mikhail Meltyukhov

Mikhail Ivanovich Meltyukhov (Russian: Михаил Иванович Мельтюхов) (born 14 March 1966) is a Russian military historian.

See Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina and Mikhail Meltyukhov

Military occupations by the Soviet Union

During World War II, the Soviet Union occupied and annexed several countries effectively handed over by Nazi Germany in the secret Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of 1939. Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina and Military occupations by the Soviet Union are soviet military occupations.

See Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina and Military occupations by the Soviet Union

Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Soviet Union)

The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (Министерство иностранныхдел СССР) was founded on 6 July 1923.

See Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina and Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Soviet Union)

Mitiță Constantinescu

Mitiţă Constantinescu (October 20, 1890—1946) was a Romanian economist and liberal politician.

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Mobilization

Mobilization (alternatively spelled as mobilisation) is the act of assembling and readying military troops and supplies for war.

See Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina and Mobilization

Moldavia

Moldavia (Moldova, or Țara Moldovei, literally "The Country of Moldavia"; in Romanian Cyrillic: Молдова or Цара Мѡлдовєй) is a historical region and former principality in Central and Eastern Europe, corresponding to the territory between the Eastern Carpathians and the Dniester River.

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Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic

The Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (Republica Autonomă Sovietică Socialistă Moldovenească,; Молдавська Автономна Радянська Соціалістична Республіка), shortened to Moldavian ASSR, was an autonomous republic of the Ukrainian SSR between 12 October 1924 and 2 August 1940, encompassing the modern territory of Transnistria (today de jure in Moldova, but de facto functioning as an independent state; see Transnistria conflict) as well as much of the present-day Podilsk Raion of Ukraine. Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina and Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic are Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic.

See Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina and Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic

Moldavian Democratic Republic

The Moldavian Democratic Republic (MDR; Republica Democratică Moldovenească, RDM), also known as the Moldavian Republic or Moldavian People's Republic, was a state proclaimed on by the Sfatul Țării (National Council) of Bessarabia, elected in October–November 1917 following the February Revolution and the start of the disintegration of the Russian Empire.

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Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic

The Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic or Moldavian SSR (Republica Sovietică Socialistă Moldovenească, Република Советикэ Сочиалистэ Молдовеняскэ), also known as the Moldovan Soviet Socialist Republic, Moldovan SSR, Soviet Moldavia, Soviet Moldova, or simply Moldavia or Moldova, was one of the 15 republics of the Soviet Union which existed from 1940 to 1991.

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Moldova

Moldova, officially the Republic of Moldova (Republica Moldova), is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe, on the northeastern corner of the Balkans.

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Moldova Suverană

Moldova Suverană is a Romanian language official newspaper of the Moldovan government which is published daily in Chișinău.

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Moldovan Declaration of Independence

The Declaration of Independence of the Republic of Moldova (Declarația de independență a Republicii Moldova) was a document adopted on 27 August 1991 by the Parliament of the Republic of Moldova following the failure of the August coup attempt. Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina and Moldovan Declaration of Independence are Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic.

See Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina and Moldovan Declaration of Independence

Moldpres

The state news agency Moldpres is a non-budgetary, self-financing organization founded by the government of the Republic of Moldova.

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Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact

The Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, officially the Treaty of Non-Aggression between Germany and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, was a non-aggression pact between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union with a secret protocol that partitioned between them or managed the sovereignty of the states in Central and Eastern Europe: Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Finland and Romania. Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina and Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact are romania in World War II and soviet military occupations.

See Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina and Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact

Monument to the Victims of the Soviet Occupation

The Monument to the Victims of the Soviet Occupation (Piatra comemorativă a victimelor ocupației sovietice și ale regimului totalitar comunist) is a proposed monument in Chișinău, Moldova.

See Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina and Monument to the Victims of the Soviet Occupation

Moscow

Moscow is the capital and largest city of Russia.

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Music school

A music school is an educational institution specialized in the study, training, and research of music.

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Muzeul Memoriei Neamului

Muzeul Memoriei Neamului (Romanian; Museum of National Memory) is a private museum in Chișinău, Moldova, dedicated to the victims of the Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina, and commemorating anti-communist resistance in the region.

See Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina and Muzeul Memoriei Neamului

National Assembly

In politics, a national assembly is either a unicameral legislature, the lower house of a bicameral legislature, or both houses of a bicameral legislature together.

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National Legionary State

The National Legionary State (Statul Național Legionar) was a totalitarian fascist regime which governed Romania for five months, from 14 September 1940 until its official dissolution on 14 February 1941. Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina and National Legionary State are romania in World War II.

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Nationalization

Nationalization (nationalisation in British English) is the process of transforming privately-owned assets into public assets by bringing them under the public ownership of a national government or state.

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Nazi Germany

Nazi Germany, officially known as the German Reich and later the Greater German Reich, was the German state between 1933 and 1945, when Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party controlled the country, transforming it into a totalitarian dictatorship.

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New York City

New York, often called New York City (to distinguish it from New York State) or NYC, is the most populous city in the United States.

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New York Daily News

The New York Daily News, officially titled the Daily News, is an American newspaper based in Jersey City, New Jersey.

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Nicolae Hortolomei

Nicolae Hortolomei (November 27, 1885 – January 3, 1961) was a Romanian surgeon, director of the Surgery and Urology Clinic at Colțea Hospital in Bucharest, professor at the Faculty of Medicine, titular member of the Romanian Academy, and Minister of Health.

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Nicolae Iorga

Nicolae Iorga (17 January 1871 – 27 November 1940) was a Romanian politician who held top posts, including Prime Minister and president of the Senate.

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Nicolae Titulescu

Nicolae Titulescu (4 March 1882 – 17 March 1941) was a Romanian politician and diplomat, at various times ambassador, finance minister, and foreign minister, and for two terms president of the General Assembly of the League of Nations (1930–32).

See Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina and Nicolae Titulescu

Nikita Khrushchev

Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev (– 11 September 1971) was First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1953 to 1964, and Chairman of the Council of Ministers (premier) from 1958 to 1964.

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NKVD

The People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs (Narodnyy komissariat vnutrennikh del), abbreviated as NKVD, was the interior ministry of the Soviet Union from 1934 to 1946.

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Northern Transylvania

Northern Transylvania (Transilvania de Nord, Észak-Erdély) was the region of the Kingdom of Romania that during World War II, as a consequence of the August 1940 territorial agreement known as the Second Vienna Award, became part of the Kingdom of Hungary. Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina and Northern Transylvania are romania in World War II.

See Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina and Northern Transylvania

Nuremberg Laws

The Nuremberg Laws (Nürnberger Gesetze) were antisemitic and racist laws that were enacted in Nazi Germany on 15 September 1935, at a special meeting of the Reichstag convened during the annual Nuremberg Rally of the Nazi Party.

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Occupation of the Baltic states

The occupation of the Baltic states was a period of annexation of Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania begun by the Soviet Union in 1940, continued for three years by Nazi Germany after it invaded the Soviet Union in 1941, and finally resumed by the Soviet Union until its dissolution in 1991. Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina and occupation of the Baltic states are 1940 in international relations, 1940 in the Soviet Union, soviet military occupations and world War II occupied territories.

See Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina and Occupation of the Baltic states

Odesa

Odesa (also spelled Odessa) is the third most populous city and municipality in Ukraine and a major seaport and transport hub located in the south-west of the country, on the northwestern shore of the Black Sea.

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Odessa Military District

The Odessa Military District (Одесский военный округ, ОВО;, abbreviated) was a military administrative division of the Armed Forces of Ukraine.

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Operation Barbarossa

Operation Barbarossa (Unternehmen Barbarossa) was the invasion of the Soviet Union by Nazi Germany and many of its Axis allies, starting on Sunday, 22 June 1941, during World War II. Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina and Operation Barbarossa are battles and operations of the Eastern Front of World War II.

See Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina and Operation Barbarossa

Ottoman Empire

The Ottoman Empire, historically and colloquially known as the Turkish Empire, was an imperial realm centered in Anatolia that controlled much of Southeast Europe, West Asia, and North Africa from the 14th to early 20th centuries; it also controlled parts of southeastern Central Europe, between the early 16th and early 18th centuries.

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Oxford University Press

Oxford University Press (OUP) is the publishing house of the University of Oxford.

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Palgrave Macmillan

Palgrave Macmillan is a British academic and trade publishing company headquartered in the London Borough of Camden.

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Paris Charter

The Charter of Paris for a New Europe (also known as the Paris Charter) was adopted by a summit meeting of most European governments in addition to those of Canada, the United States and the Soviet Union, in Paris from 19–21 November 1990.

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Paris Peace Treaties, 1947

The Paris Peace Treaties (Traités de Paris) were signed on 10 February 1947 following the end of World War II in 1945. Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina and Paris Peace Treaties, 1947 are Romania–Soviet Union relations.

See Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina and Paris Peace Treaties, 1947

Party of Communists of the Republic of Moldova

The Party of Communists of the Republic of Moldova (italic, PCRM) is a communist party in Moldova led by Vladimir Voronin.

See Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina and Party of Communists of the Republic of Moldova

Party of Socialists of the Republic of Moldova

The Party of Socialists of the Republic of Moldova (Partidul Socialiștilor din Republica Moldova, PSRM) is a democratic socialist political party in Moldova.

See Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina and Party of Socialists of the Republic of Moldova

Petre Andrei

Petre Andrei (June 29, 1891 – October 4, 1940) was a Romanian sociologist, philosopher, and politician who served as Education Minister in 1938–1940.

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Petrograd Soviet

The Petrograd Soviet of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies (Петроградский совет рабочихи солдатскихдепутатов, Petrogradskij sovjet rabočih i soldatskih deputatov) was a city council of Petrograd (Saint Petersburg), the capital of Russia at the time.

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Poland

Poland, officially the Republic of Poland, is a country in Central Europe.

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Polirom

Polirom or Editura Polirom ("Polirom" Publishing House) is a Romanian publishing house with a tradition of publishing classics of international literature and also various titles in the fields of social sciences, such as psychology, sociology, and anthropology.

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Population transfer in the Soviet Union

From 1930 to 1952, the government of the Soviet Union, on the orders of Soviet leader Joseph Stalin under the direction of the NKVD official Lavrentiy Beria, forcibly transferred populations of various groups.

See Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina and Population transfer in the Soviet Union

Prague Declaration

The Prague Declaration on European Conscience and Communism was a declaration which was initiated by the Czech government and signed on 3 June 2008 by prominent European politicians, former political prisoners and historians, among them former Czech President Václav Havel and future German President Joachim Gauck, calling for "Europe-wide condemnation of, and education about, the crimes of communism." Much of the content of the declaration reproduced demands formulated by the European People's Party in 2004, and draws heavily on the theory or conception of totalitarianism.

See Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina and Prague Declaration

Premier of the Soviet Union

The Premier of the Soviet Union (Глава Правительства СССР) was the head of government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR).

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Presidential Commission for the Study of the Communist Dictatorship in Romania

The Presidential Commission for the Study of the Communist Dictatorship in Romania (Comisia Prezidenţială pentru Analiza Dictaturii Comuniste din România), also known as the Tismăneanu Commission (Comisia Tismăneanu), was a commission started in Romania by Romanian President Traian Băsescu to investigate the regime of Communist Romania and to provide a comprehensive report allowing for the condemnation of communism as experienced by Romania.

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Prisoner of war

A prisoner of war (POW) is a person who is held captive by a belligerent power during or immediately after an armed conflict.

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Prut

The Prut (also spelled in English as Pruth;, Прут) is a river in Eastern Europe.

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Publika TV

Publika TV was a Moldovan broadcast news television station.

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R. J. Rummel

Rudolph Joseph Rummel (October 21, 1932 – March 2, 2014) was an American political scientist, a statistician and professor at Indiana University, Yale University, and University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa.

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Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty

Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (RFE/RL) is an American government-funded international media organization that broadcasts and reports news, information, and analyses to Eastern Europe, Central Asia, the Caucasus, and the Middle East.

See Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina and Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty

Red Army

The Workers' and Peasants' Red Army, often shortened to the Red Army, was the army and air force of the Russian Soviet Republic and, from 1922, the Soviet Union.

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Red flag (politics)

In politics, a red flag is predominantly a symbol of left-wing ideologies, including socialism, communism, anarchism, and the labour movement.

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Referendum

A referendum (referendums or less commonly referenda) is a direct vote by the electorate on a proposal, law, or political issue.

See Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina and Referendum

Republics of the Soviet Union

The Republics of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics or the Union Republics (r) were national-based administrative units of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR).

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Revanchism

Revanchism (revanchisme, from revanche, "revenge") is the political manifestation of the will to reverse the territorial losses which are incurred by a country, frequently after a war or after a social movement.

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Revista 22

Revista 22 (22 Magazine) is a Romanian weekly magazine, issued by the Group for Social Dialogue and focused mainly on politics and culture.

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Riga

Riga is the capital, the primate, and the largest city of Latvia, as well as one of the most populous cities in the Baltic States.

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Romani people

The Romani, also spelled Romany or Rromani and colloquially known as the Roma (Rom), are an ethnic group of Indo-Aryan origin who traditionally lived a nomadic, itinerant lifestyle.

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Romanian Bridgehead

The Romanian Bridgehead (Przedmoście rumuńskie; Capul de pod român) was an area in southeastern Poland that is now located in Ukraine.

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Romanian military intervention in Bessarabia

The Romanian military intervention in Bessarabia took place between 19 January and 8 March (Old Style O.S. 5 January – 23 February) 1918, as part of the broader Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War.

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Romanian Old Kingdom

The Romanian Old Kingdom (Vechiul Regat or just Regat; Regat or Altreich) is a colloquial term referring to the territory covered by the first independent Romanian nation state, which was composed of the Romanian Principalities: Wallachia and Moldavia.

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Romanian Treasure

The Romanian Treasure (Tezaurul României) is a collection of valuable objects and the gold reserves (~120 tonnes) that the Romanian government sent to Tsarist Russia for safekeeping during World War I, with the aim of being sheltered from the armies of the Central Powers, which had occupied a significant part of Romania and threatened to occupy the entire national territory. Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina and Romanian Treasure are Romania–Soviet Union relations.

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Romanians

Romanians (români,; dated exonym Vlachs) are a Romance-speaking ethnic group and nation native to Central, Eastern, and Southeastern Europe. Sharing a common culture and ancestry, they speak the Romanian language and live primarily in Romania and Moldova. The 2021 Romanian census found that 89.3% of Romania's citizens identified themselves as ethnic Romanians.

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Rumcherod

Rumcherod was a short-lived organ of Soviet power in the South-Western part of Russian Empire that functioned during May 1917–May 1918.

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Russia

Russia, or the Russian Federation, is a country spanning Eastern Europe and North Asia.

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Russian Civil War

The Russian Civil War was a multi-party civil war in the former Russian Empire sparked by the overthrowing of the social-democratic Russian Provisional Government in the October Revolution, as many factions vied to determine Russia's political future. Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina and Russian Civil War are wars involving the Soviet Union.

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Russian Empire

The Russian Empire was a vast empire that spanned most of northern Eurasia from its proclamation in November 1721 until its dissolution in March 1917.

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Russian Provisional Government

The Russian Provisional Government was a provisional government of the Russian Empire and Russian Republic, announced two days before and established immediately after the abdication of Nicholas II, during the February Revolution.

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Russian Revolution

The Russian Revolution was a period of political and social change in Russia, starting in 1917.

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Russians

Russians (russkiye) are an East Slavic ethnic group native to Eastern Europe.

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Russification

Russification (rusifikatsiya), or Russianization, is a form of cultural assimilation in which non-Russians, whether involuntarily or voluntarily, give up their culture and language in favor of the Russian culture and the Russian language.

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Ruthenians

Ruthenian and Ruthene are exonyms of Latin origin, formerly used in Eastern and Central Europe as common ethnonyms for East Slavs, particularly during the late medieval and early modern periods.

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Second Jassy–Kishinev offensive

The second Jassy–Kishinev offensive, commonly referred to as the Jassy–Kishinev offensive named after the two major cities, Iași ("Jassy") and Chișinău ("Kishinev"), in the staging area, was a Soviet offensive against Axis forces, which took place in Eastern Romania from 20 to 29 August 1944 during World War II. Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina and second Jassy–Kishinev offensive are battles of World War II involving Romania and Romania–Soviet Union relations.

See Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina and Second Jassy–Kishinev offensive

Second Polish Republic

The Second Polish Republic, at the time officially known as the Republic of Poland, was a country in Central and Eastern Europe that existed between 7 October 1918 and 6 October 1939.

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Second Vienna Award

The Second Vienna Award, also known as the Vienna Diktat, was the second of two territorial disputes that were arbitrated by Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy. Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina and second Vienna Award are romania in World War II.

See Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina and Second Vienna Award

Secret police

pages.

See Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina and Secret police

Sfatul Țării

Sfatul Țării ("Council of the Country") was a council of political, public, cultural, and professional organizations in the Governorate of Bessarabia in Tsarist Russia.

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Siberia

Siberia (Sibir') is an extensive geographical region comprising all of North Asia, from the Ural Mountains in the west to the Pacific Ocean in the east.

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Siege of Odessa

The Siege of Odessa, known to the Soviets as the defense of Odessa, lasted from 8 August until 16 October 1941, during the early phase of Operation Barbarossa, the Axis invasion of the Soviet Union during World War II. Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina and Siege of Odessa are battles of World War II involving Romania and Romania–Soviet Union relations.

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Siguranța

Siguranța was the generic name for the successive secret police services in the Kingdom of Romania.

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Slavs

The Slavs or Slavic people are groups of people who speak Slavic languages.

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Snake Island (Ukraine)

Snake Island, also known as Serpent Island, White Island, Island of Achilles or Zmiinyi Island (ostriv Zmiinyi; Insula Șerpilor), is a Ukrainian island located in the Black Sea, near the Danube Delta, with an important role in delimiting Ukrainian territorial waters. Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina and Snake Island (Ukraine) are Romania–Soviet Union relations.

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Sorin Alexandrescu

Sorin Alexandrescu (born 18 August 1937) is a Romanian-born academic, literary critic, semiotician, linguist, essayist, and translator.

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Southern Bug

The Southern Bug, also called Southern Buh (Pivdennyi Buh; Yuzhny Bug; Bugul de Sud or just Bug), and sometimes Boh River (Бог; Boh), at the Encyclopedia of Ukraine is a navigable river located in Ukraine.

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Southern Dobruja

Southern Dobruja, South Dobruja, or Quadrilateral (translit or simply Добруджа,; Dobrogea de Sud, Cadrilater or Dobrogea Nouă) is an area of north-eastern Bulgaria comprising Dobrich and Silistra provinces, part of the historical region of Dobruja.

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Southern Front (Soviet Union)

The Southern Front was a front, a formation about the size of an army group of the Soviet Army during the Second World War.

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Soviet Army

The Ground Forces of the Armed Forces of the Soviet Union (Sovetskiye sukhoputnye voyska) was the land warfare service branch of the Soviet Armed Forces from 1946 to 1992.

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Soviet deportations from Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina

The Soviet deportations from Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina took place between late 1940 and 1951 and were part of Joseph Stalin's policy of political repression of the potential opposition to the Soviet power (see Population transfer in the Soviet Union). Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina and Soviet deportations from Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina are history of Budjak, history of Chernivtsi Oblast, Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic and romania in World War II.

See Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina and Soviet deportations from Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina

Soviet invasion of Poland

The Soviet invasion of Poland was a military conflict by the Soviet Union without a formal declaration of war. Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina and Soviet invasion of Poland are soviet military occupations.

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Soviet occupation of Romania

The Soviet occupation of Romania refers to the period from 1944 to August 1958, during which the Soviet Union maintained a significant military presence in Romania. Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina and Soviet occupation of Romania are romania in World War II, Romania–Soviet Union relations, soviet military occupations and world War II occupied territories.

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Soviet Union

The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), commonly known as the Soviet Union, was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991.

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Sovkhoz

A sovkhoz (a, abbreviated from советское хозяйство, "sovetskoye khozyaystvo (sovkhoz)") was a form of state-owned farm in the Soviet Union.

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Sphere of influence

In the field of international relations, a sphere of influence is a spatial region or concept division over which a state or organization has a level of cultural, economic, military, or political exclusivity.

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Stalin's Missed Chance

Stalin's Missed Chance is a study by Russian military historian Mikhail Ivanovich Meltyukhov, author of several books and articles on Soviet military history.

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Tatarbunary Uprising

The Tatarbunary Uprising (Răscoala de la Tatarbunar) was a Bolshevik-inspired and Soviet-backed peasant revolt that took place on 15–18 September 1924, in and around the town of Tatarbunary (Tatar-Bunar or Tatarbunar) in Budjak (Bessarabia), then part of Romania, now part of Odesa Oblast, Ukraine. Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina and Tatarbunary Uprising are Romania–Soviet Union relations.

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Time (magazine)

Time (stylized in all caps as TIME) is an American news magazine based in New York City.

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Timpul de dimineață

Timpul de dimineață (Romanian for "The Morning Times") or, in short, Timpul ("The Time"), is a Moldovan newspaper founded in 2001 by Constantin Tănase.

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Torture chamber

A torture chamber is a room where torture is inflicted.

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Transnistria

Transnistria, officially known as the Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic (PMR), is a breakaway state internationally recognized as part of Moldova.

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Transnistria Governorate

The Transnistria Governorate (Guvernământul Transnistriei) was a Romanian-administered territory between the Dniester and Southern Bug, conquered by the Axis Powers from the Soviet Union during Operation Barbarossa. Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina and Transnistria Governorate are Moldova in World War II and Romania–Soviet Union relations.

See Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina and Transnistria Governorate

Transylvania

Transylvania (Transilvania or Ardeal; Erdély; Siebenbürgen or Transsilvanien, historically Überwald, also Siweberjen in the Transylvanian Saxon dialect) is a historical and cultural region in Central Europe, encompassing central Romania.

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Treaty of Bucharest (1812)

The Treaty of Bucharest between the Ottoman Empire and the Russian Empire, was signed on 28 May 1812, in Manuc's Inn in Bucharest, and ratified on 5 July 1812, at the end of the Russo-Turkish War of 1806–1812.

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Treaty of Bucharest (1918)

The Treaty of Bucharest (1918) was a peace treaty between Romania and the opposing Central Powers following the stalemate reached after the campaign of 1917. This left Romania isolated after Russia's unilateral exit from World War I (see the Armistice of Focșani and Treaty of Brest-Litovsk). Following the Central Powers' ultimatum issued during the between Ferdinand I of Romania and Ottokar Czernin, the Austro-Hungarian Foreign Minister, on at the Răcăciuni railway station, King Ferdinand summoned a on in Iași, the Romanian capital-in-exile.

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Treaty of Paris (1920)

The 1920 Treaty of Paris was an act signed by Romania and the principal Allied Powers of the time (France, United Kingdom, Italy and Japan) whose purpose was the recognition of Romanian sovereignty over Bessarabia.

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Tripartite Pact

The Tripartite Pact, also known as the Berlin Pact, was an agreement between Germany, Italy, and Japan signed in Berlin on 27 September 1940 by, respectively, Joachim von Ribbentrop, Galeazzo Ciano, and Saburō Kurusu (in that order) and in the presence of Adolf Hitler.

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Ukraine

Ukraine is a country in Eastern Europe.

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Ukrainian People's Republic

The Ukrainian People's Republic (UPR) was a short-lived state in Eastern Europe.

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Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic

The Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic (Ukrainska Radianska Sotsialistychna Respublika; Ukrainskaya Sovetskaya Sotsialisticheskaya Respublika), abbreviated as the Ukrainian SSR, UkSSR, and also known as Soviet Ukraine or just Ukraine, was one of the constituent republics of the Soviet Union from 1922 until 1991. Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina and Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic are soviet military occupations.

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Ukrainians

Ukrainians (ukraintsi) are a civic nation and an ethnic group native to Ukraine.

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Ultimatum

An paren;;: ultimata or ultimatums) is a demand whose fulfillment is requested in a specified period of time and which is backed up by a threat to be followed through in case of noncompliance (open loop). An ultimatum is generally the final demand in a series of requests. As such, the time allotted is usually short, and the request is understood not to be open to further negotiation. Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina and ultimatum are ultimata.

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Uman–Botoșani offensive

The Uman–Botoșani offensiveTsouras, p. 244 or Uman–Botoshany offensive (Уманско-ботошанская наступательная операция) was a part of the Dnieper–Carpathian offensive, carried out by the Red Army in the western Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic against the German 8th Army of Army Group South during World War II. Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina and Uman–Botoșani offensive are battles of World War II involving Romania.

See Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina and Uman–Botoșani offensive

Unimedia

Unimedia is a Moldovan news site.

See Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina and Unimedia

Union of Bessarabia with Romania

The union of Bessarabia with Romania was proclaimed on by Sfatul Țării, the legislative body of the Moldavian Democratic Republic.

See Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina and Union of Bessarabia with Romania

United Kingdom

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom (UK) or Britain, is a country in Northwestern Europe, off the coast of the continental mainland.

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United States

The United States of America (USA or U.S.A.), commonly known as the United States (US or U.S.) or America, is a country primarily located in North America.

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United States Department of State

The United States Department of State (DOS), or simply the State Department, is an executive department of the U.S. federal government responsible for the country's foreign policy and relations.

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United States Holocaust Memorial Museum

The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (USHMM) is the United States' official memorial to the Holocaust.

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United States Senate

The United States Senate is the upper chamber of the United States Congress.

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United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations

The United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations is a standing committee of the U.S. Senate charged with leading foreign-policy legislation and debate in the Senate.

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University of Bucharest

The University of Bucharest (UB) (Universitatea din București) is a public research university in Bucharest, Romania.

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University of Washington Press

The University of Washington Press is an American academic publishing house.

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Vassal state

A vassal state is any state that has a mutual obligation to a superior state or empire, in a status similar to that of a vassal in the feudal system in medieval Europe.

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Victor Antonescu

Victor Antonescu (September 3, 1871, Antonești, Teleorman County – August 22, 1947, Bucharest) was a Romanian politician.

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Victor Iamandi

Victor Iamandi (February 15, 1891 – 26 November 1940) was a Romanian politician who served as the Romanian Minister of Justice in 1938–1939, in several successive cabinets.

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Victor Slăvescu

Victor Slăvescu (– 24 September 1977) was a Romanian economist and politician.

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Vilnius Declaration

The Vilnius Declaration was a declaration adopted by the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) during the 18th annual session of its parliamentary assembly, that took place in Vilnius from 29 June to 3 July 2009.

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Vlad Filat

Vladimir Filat (born 6 May 1969), commonly referred to as Vlad Filat, is a Moldovan businessman and politician, founder of Liberal Democratic Party of Moldova.

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Vyacheslav Molotov

Vyacheslav Mikhaylovich Molotov (9 March 1890 – 8 November 1986) was a Soviet politician, diplomat, and revolutionary who was a leading figure in the government of the Soviet Union from the 1920s to the 1950s, as one of Joseph Stalin's closest allies.

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West Ukrainian People's Republic

The West Ukrainian People's Republic or West Ukrainian National Republic (translit; abbreviated, also WUNR or WUPR), known for part of its existence as the Western Oblast of the Ukrainian People's Republic (label or), was a short-lived polity that controlled most of Eastern Galicia from November 1918 to July 1919.

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White Army

The White Army (pre-1918 spelling, although used by the Whites even afterwards to differentiate from the Reds./Белая армия|Belaya armiya) or White Guard (label), also referred to as the Whites or White Guardsmen (label), was a common collective name for the armed formations of the White movement and anti-Bolshevik governments during the Russian Civil War.

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White movement

The White movement (p), also known as the Whites (Бѣлые / Белые, Beliye), was a loose confederation of anti-communist forces that fought the communist Bolsheviks, also known as the Reds, in the Russian Civil War and that to a lesser extent continued operating as militarized associations of rebels both outside and within Russian borders in Siberia until roughly World War II (1939–1945).

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Wiesel Commission

The Wiesel Commission was the International Commission on the Holocaust in Romania which was established by former President Ion Iliescu in October 2003 to research and create a report on the actual history of the Holocaust in Romania and make specific recommendations for educating the public on the issue.

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World war

A world war is an international conflict that involves most or all of the world's major powers.

See Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina and World war

World War I

World War I (alternatively the First World War or the Great War) (28 July 1914 – 11 November 1918) was a global conflict between two coalitions: the Allies (or Entente) and the Central Powers.

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World War II

World War II or the Second World War (1 September 1939 – 2 September 1945) was a global conflict between two alliances: the Allies and the Axis powers. Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina and World War II are wars involving the Soviet Union.

See Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina and World War II

Yad Vashem

Yad Vashem (יָד וַשֵׁם) is Israel's official memorial to the victims of the Holocaust.

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Yale University

Yale University is a private Ivy League research university in New Haven, Connecticut.

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12th Army (Soviet Union)

The 12th Army was a field army of the Red Army formed multiple times during the Russian Civil War and World War II.

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1944 Romanian coup d'état

The 1944 Romanian coup d'état, better known in Romanian historiography as the Act of 23 August (Actul de la 23 august), was a coup d'état led by King Michael I of Romania during World War II on 23 August 1944. Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina and 1944 Romanian coup d'état are battles of World War II involving Romania, romania in World War II and Romania–Soviet Union relations.

See Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina and 1944 Romanian coup d'état

5th Combined Arms Army

The 5th Guards Combined Arms Red Banner Army (5-я гвардейская общевойсковая армия) is a Russian Ground Forces formation in the Eastern Military District.

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9th Army (Soviet Union)

The 9th Army of the Soviet Union's Red Army was a Soviet field army, active from 1939 to 1943.

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References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Bessarabia_and_Northern_Bukovina

Also known as 1940 Soviet invasion of Romania, June 1940 Soviet Ultimatum, Occupation of Bassarabia by the Soviet Union, Occupation of Bessarabia by the Soviet Union, Soviet annexation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina, Soviet invasion and occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina, Soviet invasion of Bassarabia, Soviet invasion of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina, Soviet invasion of moldova, Soviet occupation of Bessarabia, Soviet occupation of Bessarabia, Northern Bukovina and the Hertsa Region, Soviet occupation of Northern Bukovina, Soviet occupation of northeastern Romania.

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Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina

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