Table of Contents
485 relations: Abolitionism, Abortion, Abrahamic religions, Abrogation of Old Covenant laws, Acacius of Amida, Acts of the Apostles, Age of Enlightenment, Alan Bullock, Albert Einstein, Albigensian Crusade, Alfred Rosenberg, Alhambra Decree, Alister McGrath, Amish, Anabaptism, Annihilationism, Anti-Catholicism, Anti-clericalism, Anti-Judaism, Anti-Mormonism, Anti-Protestantism, Antifeminism, Antisemitism, Arthur C. Clarke, Arthur Schopenhauer, Arun Shourie, Asclepius, At-Tawbah, Atheism, Atheist Delusions, Augustine of Hippo, Augustus, Authoritarianism, Ayn Rand, Babylonian religion, Baptism, Baptists, Barbara Aland, Baron d'Holbach, Bart D. Ehrman, Bernard of Clairvaux, Bertrand Russell, Bible prophecy, Biblical inerrancy, Biblical infallibility, Biblical inspiration, Biblical literalism, Biblical studies, Birth control, Black church, ... Expand index (435 more) »
Abolitionism
Abolitionism, or the abolitionist movement, is the movement to end slavery and liberate slaves around the world.
See Criticism of Christianity and Abolitionism
Abortion
Abortion is the termination of a pregnancy by removal or expulsion of an embryo or fetus.
See Criticism of Christianity and Abortion
Abrahamic religions
The Abrahamic religions are a grouping of three of the major religions (Judaism, Christianity, and Islam) together due to their historical coexistence and competition; it refers to Abraham, a figure mentioned in the Hebrew Bible, the Christian Bible, and the Quran, and is used to show similarities between these religions and put them in contrast to Indian religions, Iranian religions, and the East Asian religions (though other religions and belief systems may refer to Abraham as well).
See Criticism of Christianity and Abrahamic religions
Abrogation of Old Covenant laws
In Christianity, the abrogation of Old Covenant laws is the belief that the entire Mosaic or Old Covenant as abrogated in that all of the Mosaic Laws are set aside for the Law of Christ.
See Criticism of Christianity and Abrogation of Old Covenant laws
Acacius of Amida
Acacius of Amida (died 425) was bishop of Amida, Mesopotamia (modern-day Turkey) from 400 to 425, during the reign of the Eastern Roman Emperor Theodosius II.
See Criticism of Christianity and Acacius of Amida
Acts of the Apostles
The Acts of the Apostles (Πράξεις Ἀποστόλων, Práxeis Apostólōn; Actūs Apostolōrum) is the fifth book of the New Testament; it tells of the founding of the Christian Church and the spread of its message to the Roman Empire.
See Criticism of Christianity and Acts of the Apostles
Age of Enlightenment
The Age of Enlightenment (also the Age of Reason and the Enlightenment) was the intellectual and philosophical movement that occurred in Europe in the 17th and the 18th centuries.
See Criticism of Christianity and Age of Enlightenment
Alan Bullock
Alan Louis Charles Bullock, Baron Bullock, (13 December 1914 – 2 February 2004) was a British historian.
See Criticism of Christianity and Alan Bullock
Albert Einstein
Albert Einstein (14 March 1879 – 18 April 1955) was a German-born theoretical physicist who is widely held as one of the most influential scientists. Best known for developing the theory of relativity, Einstein also made important contributions to quantum mechanics. His mass–energy equivalence formula, which arises from relativity theory, has been called "the world's most famous equation".
See Criticism of Christianity and Albert Einstein
Albigensian Crusade
The Albigensian Crusade or Cathar Crusade (1209–1229) was a military and ideological campaign initiated by Pope Innocent III to eliminate Catharism in Languedoc, what is now southern France.
See Criticism of Christianity and Albigensian Crusade
Alfred Rosenberg
Alfred Ernst Rosenberg (– 16 October 1946) was a Baltic German Nazi theorist and ideologue.
See Criticism of Christianity and Alfred Rosenberg
Alhambra Decree
The Alhambra Decree (also known as the Edict of Expulsion; Spanish: Decreto de la Alhambra, Edicto de Granada) was an edict issued on 31 March 1492, by the joint Catholic Monarchs of Spain (Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon) ordering the expulsion of practising Jews from the Crowns of Castile and Aragon and its territories and possessions by 31 July of that year.
See Criticism of Christianity and Alhambra Decree
Alister McGrath
Alister Edgar McGrath (born 1953) is a Northern Irish theologian, Anglican priest, intellectual historian, scientist, Christian apologist, and public intellectual.
See Criticism of Christianity and Alister McGrath
Amish
The Amish (Amisch; Amische), formally the Old Order Amish, are a group of traditionalist Anabaptist Christian church fellowships with Swiss and Alsatian origins.
See Criticism of Christianity and Amish
Anabaptism
Anabaptism (from Neo-Latin anabaptista, from the Greek ἀναβαπτισμός: ἀνά 're-' and βαπτισμός 'baptism'; Täufer, earlier also Wiedertäufer)Since the middle of the 20th century, the German-speaking world no longer uses the term Wiedertäufer (translation: "Re-baptizers"), considering it biased.
See Criticism of Christianity and Anabaptism
Annihilationism
In Christianity, annihilationism (also known as extinctionism or destructionism) is the belief that after the Last Judgment, all damned humans and fallen angels including Satan will be totally destroyed, cremated, and their consciousness extinguished rather than suffering forever in Hell.
See Criticism of Christianity and Annihilationism
Anti-Catholicism
Anti-Catholicism, also known as Catholophobia is hostility towards Catholics and opposition to the Catholic Church, its clergy, and its adherents.
See Criticism of Christianity and Anti-Catholicism
Anti-clericalism
Anti-clericalism is opposition to religious authority, typically in social or political matters.
See Criticism of Christianity and Anti-clericalism
Anti-Judaism
Anti-Judaism is a term which is used to describe a range of historic and current ideologies which are totally or partially based on opposition to Judaism, on the denial or the abrogation of the Mosaic covenant, and the replacement of Jewish people by the adherents of another religion, political theology, or way of life which is held to have superseded theirs as the "light to the nations" or God's chosen people.
See Criticism of Christianity and Anti-Judaism
Anti-Mormonism
Anti-Mormonism is often used to describe people or literature that are critical of their adherents, institutions, or beliefs, or involve physical attacks against specific Mormons, or the Latter Day Saint movement as a whole.
See Criticism of Christianity and Anti-Mormonism
Anti-Protestantism
Anti-Protestantism is bias, hatred or distrust against some or all branches of Protestantism and/or its followers, especially when amplified in legal, political, ethic or military measures.
See Criticism of Christianity and Anti-Protestantism
Antifeminism
Antifeminism, also spelled anti-feminism, is opposition to feminism.
See Criticism of Christianity and Antifeminism
Antisemitism
Antisemitism (also spelled anti-semitism or anti-Semitism) is hostility to, prejudice towards, or discrimination against, Jews.
See Criticism of Christianity and Antisemitism
Arthur C. Clarke
Sir Arthur Charles Clarke (16 December 191719 March 2008) was a British science fiction writer, science writer, futurist, inventor, undersea explorer, and television series host.
See Criticism of Christianity and Arthur C. Clarke
Arthur Schopenhauer
Arthur Schopenhauer (22 February 1788 – 21 September 1860) was a German philosopher.
See Criticism of Christianity and Arthur Schopenhauer
Arun Shourie
Arun Shourie (born 2 November 1941) is an Indian economist, journalist, author and politician.
See Criticism of Christianity and Arun Shourie
Asclepius
Asclepius (Ἀσκληπιός Asklēpiós; Aesculapius) is a hero and god of medicine in ancient Greek religion and mythology.
See Criticism of Christianity and Asclepius
At-Tawbah
At-Tawbah (lit) is the ninth chapter of the Quran.
See Criticism of Christianity and At-Tawbah
Atheism
Atheism, in the broadest sense, is an absence of belief in the existence of deities.
See Criticism of Christianity and Atheism
Atheist Delusions
Atheist Delusions: The Christian Revolution and Its Fashionable Enemies is a 2009 book by the theologian, philosopher, and cultural commentator David Bentley Hart.
See Criticism of Christianity and Atheist Delusions
Augustine of Hippo
Augustine of Hippo (Aurelius Augustinus Hipponensis; 13 November 354 – 28 August 430), also known as Saint Augustine, was a theologian and philosopher of Berber origin and the bishop of Hippo Regius in Numidia, Roman North Africa.
See Criticism of Christianity and Augustine of Hippo
Augustus
Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus (born Gaius Octavius; 23 September 63 BC – 19 August AD 14), also known as Octavian (Octavianus), was the founder of the Roman Empire.
See Criticism of Christianity and Augustus
Authoritarianism
Authoritarianism is a political system characterized by the rejection of political plurality, the use of strong central power to preserve the political status quo, and reductions in democracy, separation of powers, civil liberties, and the rule of law.
See Criticism of Christianity and Authoritarianism
Ayn Rand
Alice O'Connor (born Alisa Zinovyevna Rosenbaum;, 1905 – March 6, 1982), better known by her pen name Ayn Rand, was a Russian-born American author and philosopher.
See Criticism of Christianity and Ayn Rand
Babylonian religion
Babylonian religion is the religious practice of Babylonia.
See Criticism of Christianity and Babylonian religion
Baptism
Baptism (from immersion, dipping in water) is a Christian sacrament of initiation almost invariably with the use of water.
See Criticism of Christianity and Baptism
Baptists
Baptists form a major branch of evangelicalism distinguished by baptizing only professing Christian believers (believer's baptism) and doing so by complete immersion.
See Criticism of Christianity and Baptists
Barbara Aland
Barbara Aland, née Ehlers (born 12 April 1937 in Hamburg, Germany) is a German theologian and was a professor of New Testament Research and Church History at Westphalian Wilhelms-University of Münster until 2002.
See Criticism of Christianity and Barbara Aland
Baron d'Holbach
Paul-Henri Thiry, Baron d'Holbach (8 December 1723 – 21 January 1789), known as d'Holbach, was a Franco-German philosopher, encyclopedist and writer, who was a prominent figure in the French Enlightenment.
See Criticism of Christianity and Baron d'Holbach
Bart D. Ehrman
Bart Denton Ehrman (born October 5, 1955) is an American New Testament scholar focusing on textual criticism of the New Testament, the historical Jesus, and the origins and development of early Christianity.
See Criticism of Christianity and Bart D. Ehrman
Bernard of Clairvaux
Bernard of Clairvaux, O. Cist. (Bernardus Claraevallensis; 109020 August 1153), venerated as Saint Bernard, was an abbot, mystic, co-founder of the Knights Templar, and a major leader in the reformation of the Benedictine Order through the nascent Cistercian Order.
See Criticism of Christianity and Bernard of Clairvaux
Bertrand Russell
Bertrand Arthur William Russell, 3rd Earl Russell, (18 May 1872 – 2 February 1970) was a British mathematician, logician, philosopher, and public intellectual.
See Criticism of Christianity and Bertrand Russell
Bible prophecy
Bible prophecy or biblical prophecy comprises the passages of the Bible that are claimed to reflect communications from God to humans through prophets.
See Criticism of Christianity and Bible prophecy
Biblical inerrancy
Biblical inerrancy is the belief that the Bible "is without error or fault in all its teaching"; or, at least, that "Scripture in the original manuscripts does not affirm anything that is contrary to fact".
See Criticism of Christianity and Biblical inerrancy
Biblical infallibility
Biblical infallibility is the belief that what the Bible says regarding matters of faith and Christian practice is wholly useful and true.
See Criticism of Christianity and Biblical infallibility
Biblical inspiration
Biblical inspiration is the doctrine in Christian theology that the human writers and canonizers of the Bible were led by God with the result that their writings may be designated in some sense the word of God.
See Criticism of Christianity and Biblical inspiration
Biblical literalism
Biblical literalism or biblicism is a term used differently by different authors concerning biblical interpretation.
See Criticism of Christianity and Biblical literalism
Biblical studies
Biblical studies is the academic application of a set of diverse disciplines to the study of the Bible (the Old Testament and New Testament).
See Criticism of Christianity and Biblical studies
Birth control
Birth control, also known as contraception, anticonception, and fertility control, is the use of methods or devices to prevent unintended pregnancy.
See Criticism of Christianity and Birth control
Black church
The black church (sometimes termed Black Christianity or African American Christianity) is the faith and body of Christian denominations and congregations in the United States that predominantly minister to, and are also led by African Americans, as well as these churches' collective traditions and members.
See Criticism of Christianity and Black church
Blaise Pascal
Blaise Pascal (19 June 1623 – 19 August 1662) was a French mathematician, physicist, inventor, philosopher, and Catholic writer.
See Criticism of Christianity and Blaise Pascal
Blood libel
Blood libel or ritual murder libel (also blood accusation) is an antisemitic canardTurvey, Brent E. Criminal Profiling: An Introduction to Behavioral Evidence Analysis, Academic Press, 2008, p. 3.
See Criticism of Christianity and Blood libel
Bogomilism
Bogomilism (bogomilstvo; bogomilstvo; богумилство) was a Christian neo-Gnostic, dualist sect founded in the First Bulgarian Empire by the priest Bogomil during the reign of Tsar Peter I in the 10th century.
See Criticism of Christianity and Bogomilism
Book of Revelation
The Book of Revelation or Book of the Apocalypse is the final book of the New Testament (and therefore the final book of the Christian Bible).
See Criticism of Christianity and Book of Revelation
Breaking the Spell (Dennett book)
Breaking the Spell: Religion as a Natural Phenomenon is a 2006 book by American philosopher and cognitive scientist Daniel Dennett, in which the author argues that religion is in need of scientific analysis so that its nature and future may be better understood.
See Criticism of Christianity and Breaking the Spell (Dennett book)
Bruce M. Metzger
Bruce Manning Metzger (February 9, 1914 – February 13, 2007) was an American biblical scholar, Bible translator and textual critic who was a longtime professor at Princeton Theological Seminary and Bible editor who served on the board of the American Bible Society and United Bible Societies.
See Criticism of Christianity and Bruce M. Metzger
Byzantine Empire
The Byzantine Empire, also referred to as the Eastern Roman Empire, was the continuation of the Roman Empire centered in Constantinople during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages.
See Criticism of Christianity and Byzantine Empire
Byzantine Iconoclasm
The Byzantine Iconoclasm (lit) were two periods in the history of the Byzantine Empire when the use of religious images or icons was opposed by religious and imperial authorities within the Ecumenical Patriarchate (at the time still comprising the Roman-Latin and the Eastern-Orthodox traditions) and the temporal imperial hierarchy.
See Criticism of Christianity and Byzantine Iconoclasm
C. S. Lewis
Clive Staples Lewis (29 November 1898 – 22 November 1963) was a British writer, literary scholar, and Anglican lay theologian.
See Criticism of Christianity and C. S. Lewis
Candida Moss
Candida R. Moss (born 26 November 1978) is an English public intellectual, journalist, New Testament scholar and historian of Christianity, and as of 2017, the Edward Cadbury Professor of Theology in the Department of Theology and Religion at the University of Birmingham.
See Criticism of Christianity and Candida Moss
Capital punishment
Capital punishment, also known as the death penalty and formerly called judicial homicide, is the state-sanctioned killing of a person as punishment for actual or supposed misconduct.
See Criticism of Christianity and Capital punishment
Cappadocian Fathers
The Cappadocian Fathers, also traditionally known as the Three Cappadocians, were a trio of Byzantine Christian prelates, theologians and monks who helped shape both early Christianity and the monastic tradition.
See Criticism of Christianity and Cappadocian Fathers
Carl Sagan
Carl Edward Sagan (November 9, 1934December 20, 1996) was an American astronomer, planetary scientist, and science communicator.
See Criticism of Christianity and Carl Sagan
Catharism
Catharism (from the katharoí, "the pure ones") was a Christian quasi-dualist or pseudo-Gnostic movement which thrived in Southern Europe, particularly in northern Italy and southern France, between the 12th and 14th centuries.
See Criticism of Christianity and Catharism
Catholic Church
The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with 1.28 to 1.39 billion baptized Catholics worldwide as of 2024.
See Criticism of Christianity and Catholic Church
Catholic Church and politics
The Catholic Church and politics concerns the interplay of Catholicism with religious, and later secular, politics.
See Criticism of Christianity and Catholic Church and politics
Celsus
Celsus (Κέλσος, Kélsos) was a 2nd-century Greek philosopher and opponent of early Christianity.
See Criticism of Christianity and Celsus
Chalcedon Foundation
The Chalcedon Foundation is an American Christian Reconstructionist organization founded by Rousas John Rushdoony in 1965.
See Criticism of Christianity and Chalcedon Foundation
Chaldean Catholic Church
The Chaldean Catholic Church is an Eastern Catholic particular church (sui iuris) in full communion with the Holy See and the rest of the Catholic Church, and is headed by the Chaldean Patriarchate.
See Criticism of Christianity and Chaldean Catholic Church
Charlemagne
Charlemagne (2 April 748 – 28 January 814) was King of the Franks from 768, King of the Lombards from 774, and Emperor, of what is now known as the Carolingian Empire, from 800, holding these titles until his death in 814.
See Criticism of Christianity and Charlemagne
Chicago Statement on Biblical Inerrancy
The Chicago Statement on Biblical Inerrancy is a written statement of belief formulated by more than 200 evangelical leaders at a conference convened by the International Council on Biblical Inerrancy and held in Chicago in October 1978.
See Criticism of Christianity and Chicago Statement on Biblical Inerrancy
Chinese Communist Revolution
The Chinese Communist Revolution was a social and political revolution that culminated in the establishment of the People's Republic of China (PRC) in 1949.
See Criticism of Christianity and Chinese Communist Revolution
Christ myth theory
The Christ myth theory, also known as the Jesus myth theory, Jesus mythicism, or the Jesus ahistoricity theory, is the view that the story of Jesus is a work of mythology with no historical substance.
See Criticism of Christianity and Christ myth theory
Christendom
Christendom refers to Christian states, Christian-majority countries or countries in which Christianity is dominant or prevails.
See Criticism of Christianity and Christendom
Christian apologetics
Christian apologetics (ἀπολογία, "verbal defense, speech in defense") is a branch of Christian theology that defends Christianity.
See Criticism of Christianity and Christian apologetics
Christian denomination
A Christian denomination is a distinct religious body within Christianity that comprises all church congregations of the same kind, identifiable by traits such as a name, particular history, organization, leadership, theological doctrine, worship style and, sometimes, a founder.
See Criticism of Christianity and Christian denomination
Christian egalitarianism
Christian egalitarianism, also known as biblical equality, is egalitarianism based in Christianity.
See Criticism of Christianity and Christian egalitarianism
Christian Ethics (book)
Christian Ethics: A Historical and Systematic Analysis of Its Dominant Ideas (1967) is a scholarly work by Isma'il Raji al-Faruqi, first published in 1967.
See Criticism of Christianity and Christian Ethics (book)
Christian fascism
Christian fascism is a far-right political ideology that denotes an intersection between fascism and Christianity.
See Criticism of Christianity and Christian fascism
Christian feminism
Christian feminism is a school of Christian theology which uses the viewpoint of a Christian to promote and understand morally, socially, and spiritually the equality of men and women.
See Criticism of Christianity and Christian feminism
Christian fundamentalism
Christian fundamentalism, also known as fundamental Christianity or fundamentalist Christianity, is a religious movement emphasizing biblical literalism.
See Criticism of Christianity and Christian fundamentalism
Christian Identity
Christian Identity (also known as Identity Christianity) is an interpretation of Christianity which advocates the belief that only Celtic and Germanic peoples, such as the Anglo-Saxon, Nordic nations, or people of the Aryan race and people of kindred blood, are the descendants of the ancient Israelites and are therefore God's "chosen people".
See Criticism of Christianity and Christian Identity
Christian mission
A Christian mission is an organized effort to carry on evangelism or other activities, such as educational or hospital work, in the name of the Christian faith.
See Criticism of Christianity and Christian mission
Christian pacifism
Christian pacifism is the theological and ethical position according to which pacifism and non-violence have both a scriptural and rational basis for Christians, and affirms that any form of violence is incompatible with the Christian faith.
See Criticism of Christianity and Christian pacifism
Christian persecution complex
Christian persecution complex is the belief, attitude, or world view that Christian values and Christians are being oppressed by social groups and governments in the Western world.
See Criticism of Christianity and Christian persecution complex
Christian reconstructionism
Christian reconstructionism is a fundamentalist Calvinist theonomic movement.
See Criticism of Christianity and Christian reconstructionism
Christian revival
Christian revivalism is increased spiritual interest or renewal in the life of a Christian church, congregation or society with a local, national or global effect.
See Criticism of Christianity and Christian revival
Christian right
The Christian right, otherwise referred to as the religious right, are Christian political factions characterized by their strong support of socially conservative and traditionalist policies.
See Criticism of Christianity and Christian right
Christian terrorism
Christian terrorism, a form of religious terrorism, refers to terrorist acts which are committed by groups or individuals who profess Christian motivations or goals.
See Criticism of Christianity and Christian terrorism
Christian theology
Christian theology is the theology – the systematic study of the divine and religion – of Christian belief and practice.
See Criticism of Christianity and Christian theology
Christian universalism
Christian universalism is a school of Christian theology focused around the doctrine of universal reconciliation – the view that all human beings will ultimately be saved and restored to a right relationship with God.
See Criticism of Christianity and Christian universalism
Christian views on slavery
Christian views on slavery are varied regionally, historically and spiritually.
See Criticism of Christianity and Christian views on slavery
Christianity
Christianity is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ.
See Criticism of Christianity and Christianity
Christianity and colonialism
Christianity and colonialism are associated with each other by some due to the service of Christianity, in its various sects (namely Protestantism, Catholicism and Orthodoxy), as the state religion of the historical European colonial powers, in which Christians likewise made up the majority.
See Criticism of Christianity and Christianity and colonialism
Christianity and homosexuality
Within Christianity, there are a variety of views on sexual orientation and homosexuality.
See Criticism of Christianity and Christianity and homosexuality
Christianity and paganism
Paganism is commonly used to refer to various religions that existed during Antiquity and the Middle Ages, such as the Greco-Roman religions of the Roman Empire, including the Roman imperial cult, the various mystery religions, religious philosophies such as Neoplatonism and Gnosticism, and more localized ethnic religions practiced both inside and outside the empire.
See Criticism of Christianity and Christianity and paganism
Christianity and Theosophy
Christianity and Theosophy, for more than a hundred years, have had a "complex and sometimes troubled" relationship.
See Criticism of Christianity and Christianity and Theosophy
Christianity and transgender people
Within Christianity, there are a variety of views on the issues of gender identity and transgender people.
See Criticism of Christianity and Christianity and transgender people
Christianization
Christianization (or Christianisation) is a term for the specific type of change that occurs when someone or something has been or is being converted to Christianity.
See Criticism of Christianity and Christianization
Christians
A Christian is a person who follows or adheres to Christianity, a monotheistic Abrahamic religion based on the life and teachings of Jesus Christ.
See Criticism of Christianity and Christians
Christopher Hitchens
Christopher Eric Hitchens (13 April 1949 – 15 December 2011) was a British and American author, journalist, and educator.
See Criticism of Christianity and Christopher Hitchens
Church Fathers
The Church Fathers, Early Church Fathers, Christian Fathers, or Fathers of the Church were ancient and influential Christian theologians and writers who established the intellectual and doctrinal foundations of Christianity.
See Criticism of Christianity and Church Fathers
Circumcision controversy in early Christianity
The circumcision controversy in early Christianity played an important role in Christian theology.
See Criticism of Christianity and Circumcision controversy in early Christianity
Civil rights movement
The civil rights movement was a social movement and campaign from 1954 to 1968 in the United States to abolish legalized racial segregation, discrimination, and disenfranchisement in the country.
See Criticism of Christianity and Civil rights movement
Clarity of scripture
The doctrine of the clarity of Scripture (often called the perspicuity of Scripture) is a Protestant Christian position teaching that "...those things which are necessary to be known, believed, and observed, for salvation, are so clearly propounded and opened in some place of Scripture or other, that not only the learned, but the unlearned, in a due use of the ordinary means, may attain unto a sufficient understanding of them".
See Criticism of Christianity and Clarity of scripture
Classical antiquity
Classical antiquity, also known as the classical era, classical period, classical age, or simply antiquity, is the period of cultural European history between the 8th century BC and the 5th century AD comprising the interwoven civilizations of ancient Greece and ancient Rome known together as the Greco-Roman world, centered on the Mediterranean Basin.
See Criticism of Christianity and Classical antiquity
Clement of Alexandria
Titus Flavius Clemens, also known as Clement of Alexandria (Κλήμης ὁ Ἀλεξανδρεύς; –), was a Christian theologian and philosopher who taught at the Catechetical School of Alexandria.
See Criticism of Christianity and Clement of Alexandria
Climate change denial
Climate change denial (also global warming denial) is a form of science denial characterized by rejecting, refusing to acknowledge, disputing, or fighting the scientific consensus on climate change.
See Criticism of Christianity and Climate change denial
Colonialism
Colonialism is the pursuing, establishing and maintaining of control and exploitation of people and of resources by a foreign group.
See Criticism of Christianity and Colonialism
Communism
Communism (from Latin label) is a sociopolitical, philosophical, and economic ideology within the socialist movement, whose goal is the creation of a communist society, a socioeconomic order centered around common ownership of the means of production, distribution, and exchange that allocates products to everyone in the society based on need.
See Criticism of Christianity and Communism
Complementarianism
Complementarianism is a theological view in some denominations of Christianity, Rabbinic Judaism, and Islam, that men and women have different but complementary roles and responsibilities in marriage, family, and religious life.
See Criticism of Christianity and Complementarianism
Confessing Church
The Confessing Church (Bekennende Kirche) was a movement within German Protestantism in Nazi Germany that arose in opposition to government-sponsored efforts to unify all of the Protestant churches into a single pro-Nazi German Evangelical Church.
See Criticism of Christianity and Confessing Church
Conflict theories
Conflict theories are perspectives in political philosophy and sociology which argue that individuals and groups (social classes) within society interact on the basis of conflict rather than agreement, while also emphasizing social psychology, historical materialism, power dynamics, and their roles in creating power structures, social movements, and social arrangements within a society.
See Criticism of Christianity and Conflict theories
Conservatism
Conservatism is a cultural, social, and political philosophy and ideology that seeks to promote and preserve traditional institutions, customs, and values.
See Criticism of Christianity and Conservatism
Constantine the Great and Christianity
During the reign of the Roman emperor Constantine the Great (306–337 AD), Christianity began to transition to the dominant religion of the Roman Empire.
See Criticism of Christianity and Constantine the Great and Christianity
Constantinian shift
Constantinian shift is used by some theologians and historians of antiquity to describe the political and theological changes that took place during the 4th-century under the leadership of Emperor Constantine the Great.
See Criticism of Christianity and Constantinian shift
Contraceptive mandate
A contraceptive mandate is a government regulation or law that requires health insurers, or employers that provide their employees with health insurance, to cover some contraceptive costs in their health insurance plans.
See Criticism of Christianity and Contraceptive mandate
Corporal punishment
A corporal punishment or a physical punishment is a punishment which is intended to cause physical pain to a person.
See Criticism of Christianity and Corporal punishment
Corruption
Corruption is a form of dishonesty or a criminal offense which is undertaken by a person or an organization which is entrusted in a position of authority, in order to acquire illicit benefits or abuse power for one's personal gain.
See Criticism of Christianity and Corruption
Cosmos: A Personal Voyage
Cosmos: A Personal Voyage is a thirteen-part, 1980–81 television series written by Carl Sagan, Ann Druyan, and Steven Soter, with Sagan as presenter.
See Criticism of Christianity and Cosmos: A Personal Voyage
Council of Jerusalem
The Council of Jerusalem or Apostolic Council is a council described in chapter 15 of the Acts of the Apostles, held in Jerusalem around.
See Criticism of Christianity and Council of Jerusalem
Craig Blomberg
Craig L. Blomberg (born August 3, 1955) is an American New Testament scholar. He is currently the Distinguished Professor Emeritus of the New Testament at Denver Seminary in Colorado where he has been since 1986. His area of academic expertise is the New Testament,including subjects relating to parables, miracles, the historical Jesus, Luke-Acts, John, 1 Corinthians, James, the historical trustworthiness of Scripture, financial stewardship, gender roles, the Latter Day Saint movement, hermeneutics, New Testament theology, and exegetical methods.
See Criticism of Christianity and Craig Blomberg
Creationism
Creationism is the religious belief that nature, and aspects such as the universe, Earth, life, and humans, originated with supernatural acts of divine creation.
See Criticism of Christianity and Creationism
Criticism of Jesus
Jesus was criticised in the first century CE by the Pharisees and scribes for disobeying Mosaic Law.
See Criticism of Christianity and Criticism of Jesus
Criticism of Protestantism
Criticism of Protestantism covers critiques and questions raised about Protestantism, the Christian denominations which arose out of the Protestant Reformation.
See Criticism of Christianity and Criticism of Protestantism
Criticism of religion
Criticism of religion involves criticism of the validity, concept, or ideas of religion.
See Criticism of Christianity and Criticism of religion
Criticism of the Bible
Criticism of the Bible refers to a variety of criticisms of the Bible, the collection of religious texts held to be sacred by Christianity, Judaism, Samaritanism, and other Abrahamic religions.
See Criticism of Christianity and Criticism of the Bible
Criticism of the Catholic Church
During its long history, the Catholic Church has been subject to criticism regarding various beliefs and practices.
See Criticism of Christianity and Criticism of the Catholic Church
Crusades
The Crusades were a series of religious wars initiated, supported, and sometimes directed by the Christian Latin Church in the medieval period.
See Criticism of Christianity and Crusades
Crypto-Islam
Crypto-Islam is the secret adherence to Islam while publicly professing to be of another faith; people who practice crypto-Islam are referred to as "crypto-Muslims." The word has mainly been used in reference to Spanish Muslims and Sicilian Muslims during the Inquisition (i.e., the Moriscos and Saraceni and their usage of Aljamiado).
See Criticism of Christianity and Crypto-Islam
Crypto-Judaism
Crypto-Judaism is the secret adherence to Judaism while publicly professing to be of another faith; practitioners are referred to as "crypto-Jews" (origin from Greek kryptos – κρυπτός, 'hidden').
See Criticism of Christianity and Crypto-Judaism
Curse of Ham
In the Book of Genesis, the curse of Ham is described as a curse which was imposed upon Ham's son Canaan by the patriarch Noah.
See Criticism of Christianity and Curse of Ham
Cyprian
Cyprian (Thascius Caecilius Cyprianus; ca. 210 to 14 September 258 ADThe Liturgy of the Hours according to the Roman Rite: Vol. IV. New York: Catholic Book Publishing Company, 1975. p. 1406.) was a bishop of Carthage and an early Christian writer of Berber descent, many of whose Latin works are extant.
See Criticism of Christianity and Cyprian
Dan Barker
Daniel Edwin Barker (born June 25, 1949) is an American atheist activist and musician who served as an evangelical Christian preacher and composer for 19 years but left Christianity in 1984.
See Criticism of Christianity and Dan Barker
Daniel B. Wallace
Daniel Baird Wallace (born June 5, 1952) is an American professor of New Testament Studies at Dallas Theological Seminary.
See Criticism of Christianity and Daniel B. Wallace
Daniel Dennett
Daniel Clement Dennett III (March 28, 1942 – April 19, 2024) was an American philosopher and cognitive scientist.
See Criticism of Christianity and Daniel Dennett
Darrell L. Bock
Darrell L. Bock (born December 8, 1953) is an American evangelical New Testament scholar.
See Criticism of Christianity and Darrell L. Bock
David Bentley Hart
David Bentley Hart (born February 1965) is an American writer, fiction author, philosopher, religious studies scholar, critic, and theologian.
See Criticism of Christianity and David Bentley Hart
David Flusser
David Flusser (Hebrew: דוד פלוסר; born 1917; died 2000) was an Israeli professor of Early Christianity and Judaism of the Second Temple Period at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem.
See Criticism of Christianity and David Flusser
David Hume
David Hume (born David Home; – 25 August 1776) was a Scottish philosopher, historian, economist, and essayist who was best known for his highly influential system of empiricism, philosophical skepticism and metaphysical naturalism.
See Criticism of Christianity and David Hume
David Robertson (minister)
David Andrew Robertson (born 2 May 1962) is a Scottish Presbyterian minister and religious commentator.
See Criticism of Christianity and David Robertson (minister)
Dayananda Saraswati
Dayanand Saraswati (born Mool Shankar Tiwari; 12 February 1824 – 30 October 1883), was a Hindu philosopher, social leader and founder of the Arya Samaj, a reform movement of Hinduism.
See Criticism of Christianity and Dayananda Saraswati
Dead Sea Scrolls
The Dead Sea Scrolls, also called the Qumran Caves Scrolls, are a set of ancient Jewish manuscripts from the Second Temple period.
See Criticism of Christianity and Dead Sea Scrolls
Dennis McKinsey
Claud Dennis McKinsey (March 5, 1940 – June 23, 2009 in Ohio) was an American atheist and author of works on the subject of biblical inerrancy from a critical perspective.
See Criticism of Christianity and Dennis McKinsey
Depression (mood)
Depression is a mental state of low mood and aversion to activity.
See Criticism of Christianity and Depression (mood)
Dinesh D'Souza
Dinesh Joseph D'Souza (born April 25, 1961) is an Indian-American right-wing political commentator, conspiracy theorist, author and filmmaker.
See Criticism of Christianity and Dinesh D'Souza
Doctrine
Doctrine (from doctrina, meaning "teaching, instruction") is a codification of beliefs or a body of teachings or instructions, taught principles or positions, as the essence of teachings in a given branch of knowledge or in a belief system.
See Criticism of Christianity and Doctrine
Documentary hypothesis
The documentary hypothesis (DH) is one of the models used by biblical scholars to explain the origins and composition of the Torah (or Pentateuch, the first five books of the Bible: Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy).
See Criticism of Christianity and Documentary hypothesis
Dying-and-rising god
A dying-and-rising god, life–death–rebirth deity, or resurrection deity is a religious motif in which a god or goddess dies and is resurrected.
See Criticism of Christianity and Dying-and-rising god
E. P. Sanders
Ed Parish Sanders (April 18, 1937 – November 21, 2022) was a liberal and secularized New Testament scholar and a principal proponent of the "New Perspective on Paul".
See Criticism of Christianity and E. P. Sanders
Earl Doherty
Earl J. Doherty (born 1941) is a Canadian author of The Jesus Puzzle (1999), Challenging the Verdict (2001), and Jesus: Neither God Nor Man (2009).
See Criticism of Christianity and Earl Doherty
Early Christianity
Early Christianity, otherwise called the Early Church or Paleo-Christianity, describes the historical era of the Christian religion up to the First Council of Nicaea in 325.
See Criticism of Christianity and Early Christianity
Early modern Europe
Early modern Europe, also referred to as the post-medieval period, is the period of European history between the end of the Middle Ages and the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, roughly the mid 15th century to the late 18th century.
See Criticism of Christianity and Early modern Europe
Eastern Orthodox Church
The Eastern Orthodox Church, officially the Orthodox Catholic Church, and also called the Greek Orthodox Church or simply the Orthodox Church, is the second-largest Christian church, with approximately 230 million baptised members.
See Criticism of Christianity and Eastern Orthodox Church
Eastern Orthodoxy
Eastern Orthodoxy, otherwise known as Eastern Orthodox Christianity or Byzantine Christianity, is one of the three main branches of Chalcedonian Christianity, alongside Catholicism and Protestantism.
See Criticism of Christianity and Eastern Orthodoxy
Ecumenism
Ecumenism (alternatively spelled oecumenism)also called interdenominationalism, or ecumenicalismis the concept and principle that Christians who belong to different Christian denominations should work together to develop closer relationships among their churches and promote Christian unity.
See Criticism of Christianity and Ecumenism
Edict of Expulsion
The Edict of Expulsion was a royal decree expelling all Jews from the Kingdom of England that was issued by Edward I 18 July 1290; it was the first time a European state is known to have permanently banned their presence.
See Criticism of Christianity and Edict of Expulsion
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
Elizabeth Cady Stanton (Cady; November 12, 1815 – October 26, 1902) was an American writer and activist who was a leader of the women's rights movement in the U.S. during the mid- to late-19th century.
See Criticism of Christianity and Elizabeth Cady Stanton
Elizabeth Castelli
Elizabeth Castelli is an author and Professor of Religion at Barnard College.
See Criticism of Christianity and Elizabeth Castelli
Embryonic stem cell
Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are pluripotent stem cells derived from the inner cell mass of a blastocyst, an early-stage pre-implantation embryo.
See Criticism of Christianity and Embryonic stem cell
Empirical evidence
Empirical evidence for a proposition is evidence, i.e. what supports or counters this proposition, that is constituted by or accessible to sense experience or experimental procedure.
See Criticism of Christianity and Empirical evidence
English Civil War
The English Civil War refers to a series of civil wars and political machinations between Royalists and Parliamentarians in the Kingdom of England from 1642 to 1651.
See Criticism of Christianity and English Civil War
Epistle
An epistle is a writing directed or sent to a person or group of people, usually an elegant and formal didactic letter.
See Criticism of Christianity and Epistle
Epistle to Philemon
The Epistle to Philemon is one of the books of the Christian New Testament.
See Criticism of Christianity and Epistle to Philemon
Epistle to the Colossians
The Epistle to the Colossians is the twelfth book of the New Testament.
See Criticism of Christianity and Epistle to the Colossians
Epistle to the Ephesians
The Epistle to the Ephesians is the tenth book of the New Testament.
See Criticism of Christianity and Epistle to the Ephesians
Epistle to the Hebrews
The Epistle to the Hebrews (to the Hebrews) is one of the books of the New Testament.
See Criticism of Christianity and Epistle to the Hebrews
Essenes
The Essenes (Hebrew:, Isiyim; Greek: Ἐσσηνοί, Ἐσσαῖοι, or Ὀσσαῖοι, Essenoi, Essaioi, Ossaioi) or Essenians were a mystic Jewish sect during the Second Temple period that flourished from the 2nd century BCE to the 1st century CE.
See Criticism of Christianity and Essenes
Ethics
Ethics is the philosophical study of moral phenomena.
See Criticism of Christianity and Ethics
Evelyn Stagg
Evelyn Stagg (née Evelyn Owen) (July 9, 1914 – February 28, 2011) was a trailblazer for Southern Baptist women in ministry.
See Criticism of Christianity and Evelyn Stagg
Existence of God
The existence of God is a subject of debate in the philosophy of religion.
See Criticism of Christianity and Existence of God
Faith healing
Faith healing is the practice of prayer and gestures (such as laying on of hands) that are believed by some to elicit divine intervention in spiritual and physical healing, especially the Christian practice.
See Criticism of Christianity and Faith healing
Fall of the Western Roman Empire
The fall of the Western Roman Empire, also called the fall of the Roman Empire or the fall of Rome, was the loss of central political control in the Western Roman Empire, a process in which the Empire failed to enforce its rule, and its vast territory was divided between several successor polities.
See Criticism of Christianity and Fall of the Western Roman Empire
Feminism
Feminism is a range of socio-political movements and ideologies that aim to define and establish the political, economic, personal, and social equality of the sexes.
See Criticism of Christianity and Feminism
First Crusade
The First Crusade (1096–1099) was the first of a series of religious wars, or Crusades, initiated, supported and at times directed by the Latin Church in the Middle Ages.
See Criticism of Christianity and First Crusade
First Epistle of John
The First Epistle of John is the first of the Johannine epistles of the New Testament, and the fourth of the catholic epistles.
See Criticism of Christianity and First Epistle of John
Forced conversion
Forced conversion is the adoption of a religion or irreligion under duress.
See Criticism of Christianity and Forced conversion
Frank Stagg (theologian)
Frank Stagg (October 20, 1911 – June 2, 2001) was a Southern Baptist theologian, seminary professor, author, and pastor over a 50-year ministry career.
See Criticism of Christianity and Frank Stagg (theologian)
Free will
Free will is the capacity or ability to choose between different possible courses of action.
See Criticism of Christianity and Free will
Freedom of religion
Freedom of religion or religious liberty is a principle that supports the freedom of an individual or community, in public or private, to manifest religion or belief in teaching, practice, worship, and observance.
See Criticism of Christianity and Freedom of religion
Freethought
Freethought (sometimes spelled free thought) is an unorthodox attitude or belief. Criticism of Christianity and Freethought are criticism of religion.
See Criticism of Christianity and Freethought
French Revolution
The French Revolution was a period of political and societal change in France that began with the Estates General of 1789, and ended with the coup of 18 Brumaire in November 1799 and the formation of the French Consulate.
See Criticism of Christianity and French Revolution
French Wars of Religion
The French Wars of Religion were a series of civil wars between French Catholics and Protestants (called Huguenots) from 1562 to 1598.
See Criticism of Christianity and French Wars of Religion
Friedrich Nietzsche
Friedrich Wilhelm Nietzsche (15 October 1844 – 25 August 1900) was a German classical scholar, philosopher, and critic of culture, who became one of the most influential of all modern thinkers.
See Criticism of Christianity and Friedrich Nietzsche
G. A. Wells
George Albert Wells (22 May 1926 – 23 January 2017) was an English scholar who served as Professor of German at Birkbeck, University of London.
See Criticism of Christianity and G. A. Wells
G. K. Chesterton
Gilbert Keith Chesterton (29 May 1874 – 14 June 1936) was an English author, philosopher, Christian apologist, and literary and art critic.
See Criticism of Christianity and G. K. Chesterton
Gaudium et spes
("Joy and Hope"), the Pastoral Constitution on the Church in the Modern World, is one of the four constitutions resulting from the Second Vatican Council in 1965.
See Criticism of Christianity and Gaudium et spes
Genocide
Genocide is the intentional destruction of a people, either in whole or in part.
See Criticism of Christianity and Genocide
George Barna
George Barna (born 1954) is the founder of The Barna Group, a market research firm specializing in studying the religious beliefs and behavior of Americans, and the intersection of faith and culture.
See Criticism of Christianity and George Barna
George E. Mendenhall
George Emery Mendenhall (August 13, 1916 – August 5, 2016) was an American Biblical scholar who taught at the University of Michigan's Department of Near Eastern Studies.
See Criticism of Christianity and George E. Mendenhall
German Christians (movement)
German Christians (Deutsche Christen) were a pressure group and a movement within the German Evangelical Church that existed between 1932 and 1945, aligned towards the antisemitic, racist, and Führerprinzip ideological principles of Nazism with the goal to align German Protestantism as a whole towards those principles.
See Criticism of Christianity and German Christians (movement)
German Evangelical Church
The German Evangelical Church (Deutsche Evangelische Kirche) was a successor to the German Protestant Church Confederation from 1933 until 1945.
See Criticism of Christianity and German Evangelical Church
Gleichschaltung
The Nazi term Gleichschaltung or "coordination" was the process of Nazification by which Adolf Hitler — leader of the Nazi Party in Germany — successively established a system of totalitarian control and coordination over all aspects of German society "from the economy and trade associations to the media, culture and education".
See Criticism of Christianity and Gleichschaltung
Gnosticism
Gnosticism (from Ancient Greek:, romanized: gnōstikós, Koine Greek: ɣnostiˈkos, 'having knowledge') is a collection of religious ideas and systems that coalesced in the late 1st century AD among Jewish and early Christian sects.
See Criticism of Christianity and Gnosticism
God
In monotheistic belief systems, God is usually viewed as the supreme being, creator, and principal object of faith.
See Criticism of Christianity and God
God Is Not Great
God Is Not Great (sometimes stylized as god is not Great) is a 2007 book by author and journalist Christopher Hitchens in which he makes a case against organized religion.
See Criticism of Christianity and God Is Not Great
Google Books
Google Books (previously known as Google Book Search, Google Print, and by its code-name Project Ocean) is a service from Google that searches the full text of books and magazines that Google has scanned, converted to text using optical character recognition (OCR), and stored in its digital database.
See Criticism of Christianity and Google Books
Gospel
Gospel (εὐαγγέλιον; evangelium) originally meant the Christian message ("the gospel"), but in the 2nd century it came to be used also for the books in which the message was reported.
See Criticism of Christianity and Gospel
Gospel of John
The Gospel of John (translit) is the fourth of the New Testament's four canonical gospels.
See Criticism of Christianity and Gospel of John
Gospel of Mark
The Gospel of Mark is the second of the four canonical gospels and one of the three synoptic Gospels.
See Criticism of Christianity and Gospel of Mark
Gospel of Mary
The Gospel of Mary is an early Christian text discovered in 1896 in a fifth-century papyrus codex written in Sahidic Coptic.
See Criticism of Christianity and Gospel of Mary
Grand Rapids, Michigan
Grand Rapids is a city in and county seat of Kent County, Michigan, United States.
See Criticism of Christianity and Grand Rapids, Michigan
Great Tribulation
In Christian eschatology, the Great Tribulation (thlîpsis megálē) is a period mentioned by Jesus in the Olivet Discourse as a sign that would occur in the time of the end.
See Criticism of Christianity and Great Tribulation
Greco-Roman mysteries
Mystery religions, mystery cults, sacred mysteries or simply mysteries, were religious schools of the Greco-Roman world for which participation was reserved to initiates (mystai).
See Criticism of Christianity and Greco-Roman mysteries
Gregory of Nyssa
Gregory of Nyssa, also known as Gregory Nyssen (Γρηγόριος Νύσσης or Γρηγόριος Νυσσηνός; c. 335 – c. 394), was Bishop of Nyssa in Cappadocia from 372 to 376 and from 378 until his death in 394.
See Criticism of Christianity and Gregory of Nyssa
Gryphon Publications
Gryphon Publications, or Gryphon Books, is an American independent publishing company specializing in contemporary pulp stories.
See Criticism of Christianity and Gryphon Publications
Ham (son of Noah)
Ham (in), according to the Table of Nations in the Book of Genesis, was the second son of Noah and the father of Cush, Mizraim, Phut and Canaan.
See Criticism of Christianity and Ham (son of Noah)
Harold Lindsell
Harold Lindsell (December 22, 1913 – January 15, 1998) was an evangelical Christian author and scholar who was one of the founding members of Fuller Theological Seminary.
See Criticism of Christianity and Harold Lindsell
Harriet Beecher Stowe
Harriet Elisabeth Beecher Stowe (June 14, 1811 – July 1, 1896) was an American author and abolitionist.
See Criticism of Christianity and Harriet Beecher Stowe
Harvard University
Harvard University is a private Ivy League research university in Cambridge, Massachusetts.
See Criticism of Christianity and Harvard University
Hate group
A hate group is a social group that advocates and practices hatred, hostility, or violence towards members of a race, ethnicity, nation, religion, gender, gender identity, sexual orientation, or any other designated sector of society.
See Criticism of Christianity and Hate group
Hector Avalos
Hector Avalos (October 8, 1958 – April 12, 2021) was a professor of Religious Studies at Iowa State University, cultural anthropologist, and the author of several books on religion.
See Criticism of Christianity and Hector Avalos
Hell
In religion and folklore, hell is a location or state in the afterlife in which souls are subjected to punitive suffering, most often through torture, as punishment after death.
See Criticism of Christianity and Hell
Hellenistic period
In classical antiquity, the Hellenistic period covers the time in Mediterranean history after Classical Greece, between the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC and the death of Cleopatra in 30 BC, which was followed by the ascendancy of the Roman Empire, as signified by the Battle of Actium in 31 BC and the Roman conquest of Ptolemaic Egypt the following year, which eliminated the last major Hellenistic kingdom.
See Criticism of Christianity and Hellenistic period
Hercules
Hercules is the Roman equivalent of the Greek divine hero Heracles, son of Jupiter and the mortal Alcmena.
See Criticism of Christianity and Hercules
Heresy
Heresy is any belief or theory that is strongly at variance with established beliefs or customs, particularly the accepted beliefs or religious law of a religious organization.
See Criticism of Christianity and Heresy
Heresy in Christianity
Heresy in Christianity denotes the formal denial or doubt of a core doctrine of the Christian faith as defined by one or more of the Christian churches.
See Criticism of Christianity and Heresy in Christianity
Hermann, Freiherr von Soden
Baron Hermann von Soden (16 August 1852 – 15 January 1914) was a German Biblical scholar, minister, professor of divinity, and textual theorist.
See Criticism of Christianity and Hermann, Freiherr von Soden
Hindus
Hindus (also known as Sanātanīs) are people who religiously adhere to Hinduism, also known by its endonym Sanātana Dharma.
See Criticism of Christianity and Hindus
Historian
A historian is a person who studies and writes about the past and is regarded as an authority on it.
See Criticism of Christianity and Historian
Historical reliability of the Gospels
The historical reliability of the Gospels is evaluated by experts who have not reached complete consensus.
See Criticism of Christianity and Historical reliability of the Gospels
Historiography
Historiography is the study of the methods used by historians in developing history as an academic discipline, and by extension, the term historiography is any body of historical work on a particular subject.
See Criticism of Christianity and Historiography
History of Christian thought on persecution and tolerance
The history of Christian thought has included concepts of both inclusivity and exclusivity from its beginnings, that have been understood and applied differently in different ages, and have led to practices of both persecution and toleration.
See Criticism of Christianity and History of Christian thought on persecution and tolerance
History of science
The history of science covers the development of science from ancient times to the present.
See Criticism of Christianity and History of science
Hitler: A Study in Tyranny
Hitler: A Study in Tyranny is a 1952 biography of the Nazi dictator Adolf Hitler by British historian Alan Bullock.
See Criticism of Christianity and Hitler: A Study in Tyranny
Homophobia
Homophobia encompasses a range of negative attitudes and feelings toward homosexuality or people who identify or are perceived as being lesbian, gay or bisexual.
See Criticism of Christianity and Homophobia
Howard Clarke
Howard W. Clarke (June 12, 1929 – January 24, 2015) was an American classicist.
See Criticism of Christianity and Howard Clarke
Human rights
Human rights are moral principles or normsJames Nickel, with assistance from Thomas Pogge, M.B.E. Smith, and Leif Wenar, 13 December 2013, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy,.
See Criticism of Christianity and Human rights
Hypocrisy
Hypocrisy is the practice of feigning to be what one is not or to believe what one does not.
See Criticism of Christianity and Hypocrisy
Idolatry
Idolatry is the worship of a cult image or "idol" as though it were a deity.
See Criticism of Christianity and Idolatry
Immanuel Kant
Immanuel Kant (born Emanuel Kant; 22 April 1724 – 12 February 1804) was a German philosopher and one of the central Enlightenment thinkers.
See Criticism of Christianity and Immanuel Kant
Immorality
Immorality is the violation of moral laws, norms or standards.
See Criticism of Christianity and Immorality
Incarnation (Christianity)
In Christian theology, the doctrine of incarnation teaches that the pre-existent divine person of Jesus Christ, God the Son, the second person of the Trinity, and the eternally begotten Logos (Koine Greek for "word"), took upon human nature and "was made flesh" by being conceived in the womb of a woman, the Virgin Mary, also known as the Theotokos (Greek for "God-bearer" or "Mother of God").
See Criticism of Christianity and Incarnation (Christianity)
Inquisition
The Inquisition was a judicial procedure and a group of institutions within the Catholic Church whose aim was to combat heresy, apostasy, blasphemy, witchcraft, and customs considered deviant.
See Criticism of Christianity and Inquisition
Internal consistency of the Bible
Disputes regarding the internal consistency and textual integrity of the Bible have a long history.
See Criticism of Christianity and Internal consistency of the Bible
Internet Infidels
Internet Infidels, Inc.
See Criticism of Christianity and Internet Infidels
Isaac of Troki
Isaac ben Abraham of Troki, Karaite scholar and polemical writer (b. Trakai, Grand Duchy of Lithuania, c. 1533; d. Trakai, c. 1594 (or eight years earlier for both dates, according to Jacob Mann's hypothesis. Since the formation of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1569, still during Isaac ben Abraham's own lifetime, the city was also known in Polish as Troki).
See Criticism of Christianity and Isaac of Troki
Islam
Islam (al-Islām) is an Abrahamic monotheistic religion centered on the Quran and the teachings of Muhammad, the religion's founder.
See Criticism of Christianity and Islam
Islamic view of the Trinity
In Christianity, the doctrine of the Trinity states that God is a single essence in which three distinct hypostases ("persons"): the Father, the Son, the Holy Spirit, exists consubstantially and co-eternally as a perichoresis.
See Criticism of Christianity and Islamic view of the Trinity
Ismail al-Faruqi
Ismaʻīl Rājī al-Fārūqī (إسماعيل راجي الفاروقي;; January 1, 1921 – May 27, 1986) was a Palestinian-American philosopher known for his contributions to Islamic studies and interfaith dialogue.
See Criticism of Christianity and Ismail al-Faruqi
Israelites
The Israelites were a group of Semitic-speaking tribes in the ancient Near East who, during the Iron Age, inhabited a part of Canaan.
See Criticism of Christianity and Israelites
J. M. Robertson
John Mackinnon Robertson (14 November 1856 – 5 January 1933) was a prolific Scottish journalist, advocate of rationalism and secularism, and Liberal Member of Parliament for Tyneside from 1906 to 1918.
See Criticism of Christianity and J. M. Robertson
James H. Charlesworth
James Hamilton Charlesworth (born May 30, 1940) is an American academic who served as the George L. Collord Professor of New Testament Language and Literature until January 17, 2019, and Director of the Dead Sea Scrolls Project at the Princeton Theological Seminary.
See Criticism of Christianity and James H. Charlesworth
Japheth
Japheth (יֶפֶת Yép̄eṯ, in pausa Yā́p̄eṯ; Ἰάφεθ; Iafeth, Iapheth, Iaphethus, Iapetus; يافث) is one of the three sons of Noah in the Book of Genesis, in which he plays a role in the story of Noah's drunkenness and the curse of Ham, and subsequently in the Table of Nations as the ancestor of the peoples of the Aegean Sea, Anatolia, Caucasus, Greece, and elsewhere in Eurasia.
See Criticism of Christianity and Japheth
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Jean-Jacques Rousseau (28 June 1712 – 2 July 1778) was a Genevan philosopher (philosophe), writer, and composer.
See Criticism of Christianity and Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Jennifer Glancy
Jennifer A. Glancy is a scholar of New Testament and Early Christianity and The Rev.
See Criticism of Christianity and Jennifer Glancy
Jesus
Jesus (AD 30 or 33), also referred to as Jesus Christ, Jesus of Nazareth, and many other names and titles, was a first-century Jewish preacher and religious leader.
See Criticism of Christianity and Jesus
Jesus and the woman taken in adultery
Jesus and the woman taken in adultery (or the Pericope Adulterae) is a most likely pseudepigraphical passage (pericope) found in John 7:53–8:11 of the New Testament.
See Criticism of Christianity and Jesus and the woman taken in adultery
Jewish Christianity
Jewish Christians were the followers of a Jewish religious sect that emerged in Judea during the late Second Temple period (first century AD).
See Criticism of Christianity and Jewish Christianity
Jewish eschatology
Jewish eschatology is the area of Jewish theology concerned with events that will happen in the end of days and related concepts.
See Criticism of Christianity and Jewish eschatology
Jews
The Jews (יְהוּדִים) or Jewish people are an ethnoreligious group and nation originating from the Israelites of the ancient Near East, and whose traditional religion is Judaism.
See Criticism of Christianity and Jews
Jews for Judaism
Jews for Judaism is an international organization that focuses on preventing Jews from converting to other faiths and reclaiming those who have already converted.
See Criticism of Christianity and Jews for Judaism
Johann Christoph Wagenseil
Johann Christoph Wagenseil (26 November 1633 - 9 October 1705) was a German historian, Orientalist, jurist and Christian Hebraist.
See Criticism of Christianity and Johann Christoph Wagenseil
Johannine Comma
The Johannine Comma (Comma Johanneum) is an interpolated phrase (comma) in verses of the First Epistle of John.
See Criticism of Christianity and Johannine Comma
John Chrysostom
John Chrysostom (Ἰωάννης ὁ Χρυσόστομος; 14 September 407 AD) was an important Early Church Father who served as Archbishop of Constantinople.
See Criticism of Christianity and John Chrysostom
John Stuart Mill
John Stuart Mill (20 May 1806 – 7 May 1873) was an English philosopher, political economist, politician and civil servant.
See Criticism of Christianity and John Stuart Mill
John W. Loftus
John Wayne Loftus (born September 18, 1954) is an American atheist author.
See Criticism of Christianity and John W. Loftus
John Wesley
John Wesley (2 March 1791) was an English cleric, theologian, and evangelist who was a leader of a revival movement within the Church of England known as Methodism.
See Criticism of Christianity and John Wesley
John Woolman
John Woolman (October 19, 1720 (O.S.)/October 30, 1720 (N.S.)– October 7, 1772) was an American merchant, tailor, journalist, Quaker preacher, and early abolitionist during the colonial era.
See Criticism of Christianity and John Woolman
Jonathan Kvanvig
Jonathan Lee Kvanvig (born December 7, 1954) is Professor of Philosophy at Washington University in St. Louis.
See Criticism of Christianity and Jonathan Kvanvig
Joseph Goebbels
Paul Joseph Goebbels (29 October 1897 – 1 May 1945) was a German Nazi politician and philologist who was the Gauleiter (district leader) of Berlin, chief propagandist for the Nazi Party, and then Reich Minister of Propaganda from 1933 to 1945.
See Criticism of Christianity and Joseph Goebbels
Josh McDowell
Joslin "Josh" McDowell (born August 17, 1939) is an evangelical Christian apologist and evangelist.
See Criticism of Christianity and Josh McDowell
Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society
The Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society (JETS) is a refereed theological journal published by the Evangelical Theological Society.
See Criticism of Christianity and Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society
Judaism
Judaism (יַהֲדוּת|translit.
See Criticism of Christianity and Judaism
Julian (emperor)
Julian (Flavius Claudius Julianus; Ἰουλιανός; 331 – 26 June 363) was the Caesar of the West from 355 to 360 and Roman emperor from 361 to 363, as well as a notable philosopher and author in Greek.
See Criticism of Christianity and Julian (emperor)
Just war theory
The just war theory (bellum iustum) is a doctrine, also referred to as a tradition, of military ethics that aims to ensure that a war is morally justifiable through a series of criteria, all of which must be met for a war to be considered just.
See Criticism of Christianity and Just war theory
K. M. Panikkar
Kavalam Madhava Panikkar (3 June 1895 – 10 December 1963), popularly known as Sardar K. M. Panikkar, was an Indian statesman and diplomat.
See Criticism of Christianity and K. M. Panikkar
Karen Leigh King
Karen Leigh King (born February 16, 1954, raised in Sheridan, Montana) is a historian of religion working in the field of Early Christianity, who is currently the Hollis Professor of Divinity at Harvard University, in the oldest endowed chair in the United States (since 1721) She was the first woman to be appointed to the position.
See Criticism of Christianity and Karen Leigh King
Karl Marx
Karl Marx (5 May 1818 – 14 March 1883) was a German-born philosopher, political theorist, economist, historian, sociologist, journalist, and revolutionary socialist.
See Criticism of Christianity and Karl Marx
King
King is the title given to a male monarch in a variety of contexts.
See Criticism of Christianity and King
King James Only movement
The King James Only movement (also known as King James Onlyism or KJV Onlyism) asserts the belief that the King James Version (KJV) of the Bible is superior to all other translations of the Bible.
See Criticism of Christianity and King James Only movement
Kingship and kingdom of God
The concept of the kingship of God appears in all Abrahamic religions, where in some cases the terms kingdom of God and kingdom of Heaven are also used.
See Criticism of Christianity and Kingship and kingdom of God
Kriminalgeschichte des Christentums
Kriminalgeschichte des Christentums (In English Criminal History of Christianity) is the main work of the author and church critic Karlheinz Deschner.
See Criticism of Christianity and Kriminalgeschichte des Christentums
Ku Klux Klan
The Ku Klux Klan, commonly shortened to the KKK or the Klan, is the name of several historical and current American white supremacist, far-right terrorist organizations and hate groups.
See Criticism of Christianity and Ku Klux Klan
Kurt Aland
Kurt Aland (28 March 1915 – 13 April 1994) was a German theologian and biblical scholar who specialized in New Testament textual criticism.
See Criticism of Christianity and Kurt Aland
L. Michael White
L.
See Criticism of Christianity and L. Michael White
Lamin Sanneh
Lamin Sanneh (May 24, 1942 – January 6, 2019) was the D. Willis James Professor of Missions and World Christianity at Yale Divinity School and Professor of History at Yale University.
See Criticism of Christianity and Lamin Sanneh
Language
Language is a structured system of communication that consists of grammar and vocabulary.
See Criticism of Christianity and Language
Last Judgment
The Last Judgment, Final Judgment, Day of Reckoning, Day of Judgment, Judgment Day, Doomsday, Day of Resurrection or The Day of the Lord (translit or label) is a concept found across the Abrahamic religions and the Frashokereti of Zoroastrianism.
See Criticism of Christianity and Last Judgment
Late antiquity
Late antiquity is sometimes defined as spanning from the end of classical antiquity to the local start of the Middle Ages, from around the late 3rd century up to the 7th or 8th century in Europe and adjacent areas bordering the Mediterranean Basin depending on location.
See Criticism of Christianity and Late antiquity
Latin
Latin (lingua Latina,, or Latinum) is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages.
See Criticism of Christianity and Latin
Laying on of hands
The laying on of hands is a religious practice.
See Criticism of Christianity and Laying on of hands
Le Roy Froom
Le Roy Edwin Froom (October 16, 1890 – February 20, 1974) was a Seventh-day Adventist minister and historian whose writings and interpretations are a cause of much debate in the Adventist Church.
See Criticism of Christianity and Le Roy Froom
Lee Strobel
Lee Patrick Strobel (born January 25, 1952) is an American Christian author and a former investigative journalist.
See Criticism of Christianity and Lee Strobel
Left-wing politics
Left-wing politics describes the range of political ideologies that support and seek to achieve social equality and egalitarianism, often in opposition to social hierarchy as a whole or certain social hierarchies.
See Criticism of Christianity and Left-wing politics
Leprechaun
A leprechaun (lucharachán/leipreachán/luchorpán) is a diminutive supernatural being in Irish folklore, classed by some as a type of solitary fairy.
See Criticism of Christianity and Leprechaun
Letter to a Christian Nation
Letter to a Christian Nation is a 2006 book by Sam Harris, written in response to feedback he received following the publication of his first book The End of Faith.
See Criticism of Christianity and Letter to a Christian Nation
Lewis's trilemma
Lewis's trilemma is an apologetic argument traditionally used to argue for the divinity of Jesus by postulating that the only alternatives were that he was evil or mad.
See Criticism of Christianity and Lewis's trilemma
LGBT
is an initialism that stands for "lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender".
See Criticism of Christianity and LGBT
LGBT movements
Lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) movements are social movements that advocate for LGBT people in society.
See Criticism of Christianity and LGBT movements
Liberal democracy
Liberal democracy, western-style democracy, or substantive democracy is a form of government that combines the organization of a representative democracy with ideas of liberal political philosophy.
See Criticism of Christianity and Liberal democracy
Liberalism
Liberalism is a political and moral philosophy based on the rights of the individual, liberty, consent of the governed, political equality, right to private property and equality before the law.
See Criticism of Christianity and Liberalism
Libertarianism
Libertarianism (from libertaire, itself from the lit) is a political philosophy that upholds liberty as a core value.
See Criticism of Christianity and Libertarianism
Limbo
In Catholic theology, Limbo (limbus, or, referring to the edge of Hell) is the afterlife condition of those who die in original sin without being assigned to the Hell of the Damned.
See Criticism of Christianity and Limbo
Ludwig Feuerbach
Ludwig Andreas von Feuerbach (28 July 1804 – 13 September 1872) was a German anthropologist and philosopher, best known for his book The Essence of Christianity, which provided a critique of Christianity that strongly influenced generations of later thinkers, including Charles Darwin, Karl Marx, Sigmund Freud, Friedrich Engels, Mikhail Bakunin, Richard Wagner, Frederick Douglass and Friedrich Nietzsche.
See Criticism of Christianity and Ludwig Feuerbach
Ludwig Müller
Johan Heinrich Ludwig Müller (23 June 1883 – 31 July 1945) was a German theologian, a Lutheran pastor, and leading member of the pro-Nazi "German Christians" (Deutsche Christen) faith movement.
See Criticism of Christianity and Ludwig Müller
Maccabees
The Maccabees, also spelled Machabees (מַכַּבִּים, or מַקַבִּים,; Machabaei or Maccabaei; Μακκαβαῖοι), were a group of Jewish rebel warriors who took control of Judea, which at the time was part of the Seleucid Empire.
See Criticism of Christianity and Maccabees
Madhya Pradesh
Madhya Pradesh (meaning 'central province') is a state in central India.
See Criticism of Christianity and Madhya Pradesh
Maimonides
Moses ben Maimon (1138–1204), commonly known as Maimonides and also referred to by the Hebrew acronym Rambam (רמב״ם), was a Sephardic rabbi and philosopher who became one of the most prolific and influential Torah scholars of the Middle Ages.
See Criticism of Christianity and Maimonides
Manumission
Manumission, or enfranchisement, is the act of freeing slaves by their owners.
See Criticism of Christianity and Manumission
Marilyn McCord Adams
Marilyn McCord Adams (October 12, 1943 – March 22, 2017) was an American philosopher and Episcopal priest.
See Criticism of Christianity and Marilyn McCord Adams
Mark Twain
Samuel Langhorne Clemens (November 30, 1835 – April 21, 1910), known by the pen name Mark Twain, was an American writer, humorist, and essayist.
See Criticism of Christianity and Mark Twain
Martha
Martha (Aramaic: מָרְתָא) is a biblical figure described in the Gospels of Luke and John.
See Criticism of Christianity and Martha
Martin Bormann
Martin Ludwig Bormann (17 June 1900 – 2 May 1945) was a German Nazi Party official and head of the Nazi Party Chancellery, private secretary to Adolf Hitler, and a war criminal.
See Criticism of Christianity and Martin Bormann
Martin Luther King Jr.
Martin Luther King Jr. (born Michael King Jr.; January 15, 1929 – April 4, 1968) was an American Baptist minister, activist, and political philosopher who was one of the most prominent leaders in the civil rights movement from 1955 until his assassination in 1968.
See Criticism of Christianity and Martin Luther King Jr.
Martin Niemöller
Friedrich Gustav Emil Martin Niemöller (14 January 1892 – 6 March 1984) was a German theologian and Lutheran pastor.
See Criticism of Christianity and Martin Niemöller
Mary Magdalene
Mary Magdalene (sometimes called Mary of Magdala, or simply the Magdalene or the Madeleine) was a woman who, according to the four canonical gospels, traveled with Jesus as one of his followers and was a witness to his crucifixion and resurrection.
See Criticism of Christianity and Mary Magdalene
Mary of Bethany
Mary of Bethany is a biblical figure mentioned by name in the Gospel of John and probably the Gospel of Luke in the Christian New Testament.
See Criticism of Christianity and Mary of Bethany
Mary, mother of Jesus
Mary was a first-century Jewish woman of Nazareth, the wife of Joseph and the mother of Jesus.
See Criticism of Christianity and Mary, mother of Jesus
Masoretic Text
The Masoretic Text (MT or 𝕸; Nūssāḥ hamMāsōrā, lit. 'Text of the Tradition') is the authoritative Hebrew and Aramaic text of the 24 books of the Hebrew Bible (Tanakh) in Rabbinic Judaism.
See Criticism of Christianity and Masoretic Text
Mass (liturgy)
Mass is the main Eucharistic liturgical service in many forms of Western Christianity.
See Criticism of Christianity and Mass (liturgy)
Master–slave morality
Master–slave morality (Herren- und Sklavenmoral) is a central theme of Friedrich Nietzsche's works, particularly in the first essay of his book On the Genealogy of Morality.
See Criticism of Christianity and Master–slave morality
Max Jammer
Max Jammer (מקס ימר; born Moshe Jammer,; April 13, 1915 – December 18, 2010), was an Israeli physicist and philosopher of physics.
See Criticism of Christianity and Max Jammer
Mennonites
Mennonites are a group of Anabaptist Christian communities tracing their roots to the epoch of the Radical Reformation.
See Criticism of Christianity and Mennonites
Messiah
In Abrahamic religions, a messiah or messias is a saviour or liberator of a group of people.
See Criticism of Christianity and Messiah
Messiah in Judaism
The Messiah in Judaism is a savior and liberator figure in Jewish eschatology who is believed to be the future redeemer of the Jews.
See Criticism of Christianity and Messiah in Judaism
Messianic Age
In Abrahamic religions, the Messianic Age (יְמוֹת הַמָשִׁיחַ) is the future period of time on Earth in which the messiah will reign and bring universal peace and brotherhood, without any evil.
See Criticism of Christianity and Messianic Age
Methodism
Methodism, also called the Methodist movement, is a Protestant Christian tradition whose origins, doctrine and practice derive from the life and teachings of John Wesley.
See Criticism of Christianity and Methodism
Michael Grant (classicist)
Michael Grant (21 November 1914 – 4 October 2004) was an English classicist, numismatist, and author of numerous books on ancient history.
See Criticism of Christianity and Michael Grant (classicist)
Michael Lou Martin
Michael Lou Martin (February 3, 1932 – May 27, 2015) was an American philosopher and former professor at Boston University.
See Criticism of Christianity and Michael Lou Martin
Middle Ages
In the history of Europe, the Middle Ages or medieval period (also spelt mediaeval or mediæval) lasted from approximately 500 to 1500 AD.
See Criticism of Christianity and Middle Ages
Millennialism
Millennialism or chiliasm (from the Greek equivalent) is a belief which is held by some religious denominations.
See Criticism of Christianity and Millennialism
Miracle
A miracle is an event that is inexplicable by natural or scientific lawsOne dictionary defines as: "A surprising and welcome event that is not explicable by natural or scientific laws and is therefore considered to be the work of a divine agency." and accordingly gets attributed to some supernatural or praeternatural cause.
See Criticism of Christianity and Miracle
Muslims
Muslims (God) are people who adhere to Islam, a monotheistic religion belonging to the Abrahamic tradition.
See Criticism of Christianity and Muslims
Myth of the flat Earth
The myth of the flat Earth, or the flat-Earth error, is a modern historical misconception that European scholars and educated people during the Middle Ages believed the Earth to be flat.
See Criticism of Christianity and Myth of the flat Earth
National Socialist Program
The National Socialist Program, also known as the 25-point Program or the 25-point Plan, was the party program of the National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP, and referred to in English as the Nazi Party).
See Criticism of Christianity and National Socialist Program
Nazarene (title)
Nazarene is a title used to describe people from the city of Nazareth in the New Testament (there is no mention of either Nazareth or Nazarene in the Old Testament), and is a title applied to Jesus, who, according to the New Testament, grew up in Nazareth,"Jesus was a Galilean from Nazareth, a village near Sepphoris, one of the two major cities of Galilee." ("Jesus Christ".
See Criticism of Christianity and Nazarene (title)
Nazi persecution of the Catholic Church in Germany
The Roman Catholic Church suffered persecution in Nazi Germany.
See Criticism of Christianity and Nazi persecution of the Catholic Church in Germany
Nazirite
In the Hebrew Bible, a nazirite or a nazarite (נָזִיר Nāzīr) is a Jewish man or woman who voluntarily took a vow which is described in.
See Criticism of Christianity and Nazirite
Neoconservatism
Neoconservatism is a political movement that began in the United States and the United Kingdom in the 1960s during the Vietnam War among foreign policy hawks who became disenchanted with the increasingly pacifist Democratic Party and with the growing New Left and counterculture of the 1960s.
See Criticism of Christianity and Neoconservatism
Neoplatonism
Neoplatonism is a version of Platonic philosophy that emerged in the 3rd century AD against the background of Hellenistic philosophy and religion.
See Criticism of Christianity and Neoplatonism
New Covenant
The New Covenant (diathḗkē kainḗ) is a biblical interpretation which was originally derived from a phrase which is contained in the Book of Jeremiah (Jeremiah 31:31–34), in the Hebrew Bible (or the Old Testament of the Christian Bible).
See Criticism of Christianity and New Covenant
New Testament
The New Testament (NT) is the second division of the Christian biblical canon.
See Criticism of Christianity and New Testament
Nicolaus Copernicus
Nicolaus Copernicus (19 February 1473 – 24 May 1543) was a Renaissance polymath, active as a mathematician, astronomer, and Catholic canon, who formulated a model of the universe that placed the Sun rather than Earth at its center.
See Criticism of Christianity and Nicolaus Copernicus
Niyogi Committee Report on Christian Missionary Activities
The Niyogi Committee Report On Christian Missionary Activities is a report published by the Government of Madhya Pradesh in 1956.
See Criticism of Christianity and Niyogi Committee Report on Christian Missionary Activities
Nondenominational Christianity
Nondenominational Christianity (or non-denominational Christianity) consists of churches, and individual Christians, which typically distance themselves from the confessionalism or creedalism of other Christian communities by not formally aligning with a specific Christian denomination.
See Criticism of Christianity and Nondenominational Christianity
Norman Geisler
Norman Leo Geisler (July 21, 1932 – July 1, 2019) was an American Christian systematic theologian, philosopher, and apologist.
See Criticism of Christianity and Norman Geisler
Northern Crusades
The Northern Crusades or Baltic Crusades were Christianization campaigns undertaken by Catholic Christian military orders and kingdoms, primarily against the pagan Baltic, Finnic and West Slavic peoples around the southern and eastern shores of the Baltic Sea, and also against Orthodox Christian East Slavs.
See Criticism of Christianity and Northern Crusades
Novum Testamentum Graece
Novum Testamentum Graece (The New Testament in Greek) is a critical edition of the New Testament in its original Koine Greek, forming the basis of most modern Bible translations and biblical criticism.
See Criticism of Christianity and Novum Testamentum Graece
Olaf Tryggvason
Olaf Tryggvason (960s – 9 September 1000) was King of Norway from 995 to 1000.
See Criticism of Christianity and Olaf Tryggvason
Old Testament
The Old Testament (OT) is the first division of the Christian biblical canon, which is based primarily upon the 24 books of the Hebrew Bible, or Tanakh, a collection of ancient religious Hebrew and occasionally Aramaic writings by the Israelites.
See Criticism of Christianity and Old Testament
Old Testament messianic prophecies quoted in the New Testament
The books of the New Testament frequently cite Jewish scripture to support the claim of the Early Christians that Jesus was the promised Jewish Messiah.
See Criticism of Christianity and Old Testament messianic prophecies quoted in the New Testament
Omnipotence
Omnipotence is the quality of having unlimited power.
See Criticism of Christianity and Omnipotence
Ordination of women
The ordination of women to ministerial or priestly office is an increasingly common practice among some contemporary major religious groups.
See Criticism of Christianity and Ordination of women
Origen
Origen of Alexandria (185 – 253), also known as Origen Adamantius, was an early Christian scholar, ascetic, and theologian who was born and spent the first half of his career in Alexandria.
See Criticism of Christianity and Origen
Orthography
An orthography is a set of conventions for writing a language, including norms of spelling, hyphenation, capitalization, word boundaries, emphasis, and punctuation.
See Criticism of Christianity and Orthography
Pacifism
Pacifism is the opposition or resistance to war, militarism (including conscription and mandatory military service) or violence.
See Criticism of Christianity and Pacifism
Pastoral epistles
The pastoral epistles are a group of three books of the canonical New Testament: the First Epistle to Timothy (1 Timothy), the Second Epistle to Timothy (2 Timothy), and the Epistle to Titus.
See Criticism of Christianity and Pastoral epistles
Patriarchy
Patriarchy is a social system in which positions of dominance and privilege are held by men.
See Criticism of Christianity and Patriarchy
Paul the Apostle
Paul (Koinē Greek: Παῦλος, romanized: Paûlos), also named Saul of Tarsus (Aramaic: ܫܐܘܠ, romanized: Šāʾūl), commonly known as Paul the Apostle and Saint Paul, was a Christian apostle (AD) who spread the teachings of Jesus in the first-century world.
See Criticism of Christianity and Paul the Apostle
Pauline epistles
The Pauline epistles, also known as Epistles of Paul or Letters of Paul, are the thirteen books of the New Testament attributed to Paul the Apostle, although the authorship of some is in dispute.
See Criticism of Christianity and Pauline epistles
PBS
The Public Broadcasting Service (PBS) is an American public broadcaster and non-commercial, free-to-air television network based in Crystal City, Virginia.
See Criticism of Christianity and PBS
Peccatism
Peccatism refers to the concept in Christian theology that human beings are naturally sinful or morally flawed.
See Criticism of Christianity and Peccatism
Persecution of Christians
The persecution of Christians can be historically traced from the first century of the Christian era to the present day.
See Criticism of Christianity and Persecution of Christians
Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire
Christians were persecuted throughout the Roman Empire, beginning in the 1st century AD and ending in the 4th century.
See Criticism of Christianity and Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire
Persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire
Persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire began during the reign of Constantine the Great (306–337) in the military colony of Aelia Capitolina (Jerusalem), when he destroyed a pagan temple for the purpose of constructing a Christian church.
See Criticism of Christianity and Persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire
Pharisees
The Pharisees (lit) were a Jewish social movement and a school of thought in the Levant during the time of Second Temple Judaism.
See Criticism of Christianity and Pharisees
Philosophy
Philosophy ('love of wisdom' in Ancient Greek) is a systematic study of general and fundamental questions concerning topics like existence, reason, knowledge, value, mind, and language.
See Criticism of Christianity and Philosophy
Planning Commission (India)
The Planning Commission was an institution in the Government of India which formulated India's Five-Year Plans, among other functions.
See Criticism of Christianity and Planning Commission (India)
Polytheism
Polytheism is the belief in or worship of more than one god.
See Criticism of Christianity and Polytheism
Pope Nicholas V
Pope Nicholas V (Nicholaus V; Niccolò V; 15 November 1397 – 24 March 1455), born Tommaso Parentucelli, was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 6 March 1447 until his death, in March 1455.
See Criticism of Christianity and Pope Nicholas V
Popular culture
Popular culture (also called mass culture or pop culture) is generally recognized by members of a society as a set of practices, beliefs, artistic output (also known as popular art or mass art) and objects that are dominant or prevalent in a society at a given point in time.
See Criticism of Christianity and Popular culture
Porphyry (philosopher)
Porphyry of Tyre (Πορφύριος, Porphýrios; –) was a Neoplatonic philosopher born in Tyre, Roman Phoenicia during Roman rule.
See Criticism of Christianity and Porphyry (philosopher)
Positive Christianity
Positive Christianity (positives Christentum) was a religious movement within Nazi Germany which promoted the belief that the racial purity of the German people should be maintained by mixing racialistic Nazi ideology with either fundamental or significant elements of Nicene Christianity.
See Criticism of Christianity and Positive Christianity
Prejudice
Prejudice can be an affective feeling towards a person based on their perceived group membership.
See Criticism of Christianity and Prejudice
Preterism
Preterism is a Christian eschatological view or belief that interprets some (partial preterism) or all (full preterism) prophecies of the Bible as events which have already been fulfilled in history.
See Criticism of Christianity and Preterism
Problem of evil
The problem of evil is the philosophical question of how to reconcile the existence of evil and suffering with an omnipotent, omnibenevolent, and omniscient God.
See Criticism of Christianity and Problem of evil
Progressive Christianity
Progressive Christianity represents a postmodern theological approach, which developed out of the liberal Christianity of the modern era, itself rooted in the Enlightenment's thinking.
See Criticism of Christianity and Progressive Christianity
Prometheus Books
Prometheus Books is a publishing company founded in August 1969 by the philosopher Paul Kurtz (who was also the founder of the Council for Secular Humanism, Center for Inquiry, and co-founder of the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry).
See Criticism of Christianity and Prometheus Books
Protestantism
Protestantism is a branch of Christianity that emphasizes justification of sinners through faith alone, the teaching that salvation comes by unmerited divine grace, the priesthood of all believers, and the Bible as the sole infallible source of authority for Christian faith and practice.
See Criticism of Christianity and Protestantism
Ptolemy
Claudius Ptolemy (Πτολεμαῖος,; Claudius Ptolemaeus; AD) was an Alexandrian mathematician, astronomer, astrologer, geographer, and music theorist who wrote about a dozen scientific treatises, three of which were important to later Byzantine, Islamic, and Western European science.
See Criticism of Christianity and Ptolemy
Punishment
Punishment, commonly, is the imposition of an undesirable or unpleasant outcome upon a group or individual, meted out by an authority—in contexts ranging from child discipline to criminal law—as a response and deterrent to a particular action or behavior that is deemed undesirable or unacceptable.
See Criticism of Christianity and Punishment
Quakers
Quakers are people who belong to the Religious Society of Friends, a historically Protestant Christian set of denominations.
See Criticism of Christianity and Quakers
Raja Ram Mohan Roy
Raja Ram Mohan Roy (22 May 1772 – 27 September 1833) was an Indian reformer who was one of the founders of the Brahmo Sabha in 1828, the precursor of the Brahmo Samaj, a social-religious reform movement in the Indian subcontinent.
See Criticism of Christianity and Raja Ram Mohan Roy
Ram Swarup
Ram Swarup (Hindi: राम स्वरूप; –), born Ram Swarup Agarwal, was an Indian author and one of the most important thought leaders of the Hindu revivalist movement.
See Criticism of Christianity and Ram Swarup
Ravi Zacharias
Frederick Antony Ravi Kumar Zacharias (26 March 194619 May 2020) was an Indian-born Canadian-American Christian evangelical minister and Christian apologist who founded Ravi Zacharias International Ministries (RZIM).
See Criticism of Christianity and Ravi Zacharias
Reformation
The Reformation, also known as the Protestant Reformation and the European Reformation, was a major theological movement in Western Christianity in 16th-century Europe that posed a religious and political challenge to the papacy and the authority of the Catholic Church.
See Criticism of Christianity and Reformation
Reich Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda
The Reich Ministry for Public Enlightenment and Propaganda (RMVP), also known simply as the Ministry of Propaganda, controlled the content of the press, literature, visual arts, film, theater, music and radio in Nazi Germany.
See Criticism of Christianity and Reich Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda
Reichskonkordat
The Reichskonkordat ("Concordat between the Holy See and the German Reich") is a treaty negotiated between the Vatican and the emergent Nazi Germany.
See Criticism of Christianity and Reichskonkordat
Rejection of Jesus
There are a number of episodes in the New Testament in which Jesus was rejected.
See Criticism of Christianity and Rejection of Jesus
Religious intolerance
Religious intolerance is intolerance of another's religious beliefs, practices, faith or lack thereof.
See Criticism of Christianity and Religious intolerance
Religious nationalism
Religious nationalism can be understood in a number of ways, such as nationalism as a religion itself, a position articulated by Carlton Hayes in his text Nationalism: A Religion, or as the relationship of nationalism to a particular religious belief, dogma, ideology, or affiliation.
See Criticism of Christianity and Religious nationalism
Religious persecution
Religious persecution is the systematic mistreatment of an individual or a group of individuals as a response to their religious beliefs or affiliations or their lack thereof.
See Criticism of Christianity and Religious persecution
Religious pluralism
Religious pluralism is an attitude or policy regarding the diversity of religious belief systems co-existing in society.
See Criticism of Christianity and Religious pluralism
Religious tolerance
Religious tolerance or religious toleration may signify "no more than forbearance and the permission given by the adherents of a dominant religion for other religions to exist, even though the latter are looked on with disapproval as inferior, mistaken, or harmful".
See Criticism of Christianity and Religious tolerance
Rephaite
In the Hebrew Bible, as well as non-Jewish ancient texts from the region, the Northwest Semitic term Rephaite or Repha'im (cf. the plural word in rəfāʾīm; rpʾum, rpʾm) refers either to a people of greater-than-average height and stature in Deuteronomy 2:10-11, or departed spirits in the afterlife, Sheol as written in the following scriptures: Isaiah 26:14; Psalms 88:10, and Proverbs 9:18, as well as Isaiah 14:9.
See Criticism of Christianity and Rephaite
Resurrection of Jesus
The resurrection of Jesus (anástasis toú Iēsoú) is the Christian belief that God raised Jesus from the dead on the third day after his crucifixion, starting – or restoring – his exalted life as Christ and Lord.
See Criticism of Christianity and Resurrection of Jesus
Rhineland massacres
The Rhineland massacres, also known as the German Crusade of 1096 or Gzerot Tatnó (גזרות תתנ"ו, "Edicts of 4856"), were a series of mass murders of Jews perpetrated by mobs of French and German Christians of the People's Crusade in the year 1096, or 4856 according to the Hebrew calendar.
See Criticism of Christianity and Rhineland massacres
Richard Dawkins
Richard Dawkins (born 26 March 1941) is a British evolutionary biologist, zoologist, and author.
See Criticism of Christianity and Richard Dawkins
Robert G. Ingersoll
Robert Green Ingersoll (August 11, 1833 – July 21, 1899), nicknamed "the Great Agnostic", was an American lawyer, writer, and orator during the Golden Age of Free Thought, who campaigned in defense of agnosticism.
See Criticism of Christianity and Robert G. Ingersoll
Robert M. Price
Robert McNair Price (born July 7, 1954) is an American New Testament scholar who argues in favor of the Christ myth theorythe claim that a historical Jesus did not exist.
See Criticism of Christianity and Robert M. Price
Rodney Stark
Rodney William Stark (July 8, 1934 – July 21, 2022) was an American sociologist of religion who was a longtime professor of sociology and of comparative religion at the University of Washington.
See Criticism of Christianity and Rodney Stark
Roman Empire
The Roman Empire was the state ruled by the Romans following Octavian's assumption of sole rule under the Principate in 27 BC, the post-Republican state of ancient Rome.
See Criticism of Christianity and Roman Empire
Russian Revolution
The Russian Revolution was a period of political and social change in Russia, starting in 1917.
See Criticism of Christianity and Russian Revolution
Sabbath in Christianity
Many Christians observe a weekly day set apart for rest and worship called a Sabbath in obedience to Gods commandment to remember the Sabbath day, to keep it holy, usually on Sunday, the Lord's Day.
See Criticism of Christianity and Sabbath in Christianity
Sacraments of the Catholic Church
There are seven sacraments of the Catholic Church, which according to Catholic theology were instituted by Jesus Christ and entrusted to the Church.
See Criticism of Christianity and Sacraments of the Catholic Church
Saint Patrick
Saint Patrick (Patricius; Pádraig or; Padrig) was a fifth-century Romano-British Christian missionary and bishop in Ireland.
See Criticism of Christianity and Saint Patrick
Salvation in Christianity
In Christianity, salvation (also called deliverance or redemption) is the saving of human beings from sin and its consequences—which include death and separation from God—by Christ's death and resurrection, and the justification entailed by this salvation.
See Criticism of Christianity and Salvation in Christianity
Sam Harris
Samuel Benjamin Harris (born April 9, 1967) is an American philosopher, neuroscientist, author, and podcast host. Criticism of Christianity and Sam Harris are criticism of religion.
See Criticism of Christianity and Sam Harris
Same-sex marriage
Same-sex marriage, also known as gay marriage, is the marriage of two people of the same legal sex.
See Criticism of Christianity and Same-sex marriage
Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan
Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan (5 September 188817 April 1975; natively Radhakrishnayya) was an Indian politician, philosopher and statesman who served as the second president of India from 1962 to 1967.
See Criticism of Christianity and Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan
Science & Theology News
Science & Theology News was a monthly international newspaper of the Templeton Foundation that focused on science and religion and dialogue between them, specifically the point of view that both are worthwhile and compatible endeavors.
See Criticism of Christianity and Science & Theology News
Science fiction
Science fiction (sometimes shortened to SF or sci-fi) is a genre of speculative fiction, which typically deals with imaginative and futuristic concepts such as advanced science and technology, space exploration, time travel, parallel universes, and extraterrestrial life.
See Criticism of Christianity and Science fiction
Second Coming
The Second Coming (sometimes called the Second Advent or the Parousia) is the Christian belief that Jesus Christ will return to Earth after his ascension to Heaven (which is said to have occurred about two thousand years ago).
See Criticism of Christianity and Second Coming
Second Council of Constantinople
The Second Council of Constantinople is the fifth of the first seven ecumenical councils recognized by both the Eastern Orthodox Church and the Catholic Church.
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Second Temple
The Second Temple was the reconstructed Temple in Jerusalem, in use between and its destruction in 70 CE.
See Criticism of Christianity and Second Temple
Sectarian violence among Christians
Sectarian violence among Christians is a recurring phenomenon, in which Christians engage in a form of communal violence known as sectarian violence.
See Criticism of Christianity and Sectarian violence among Christians
Sectarianism
Sectarianism is a debated concept.
See Criticism of Christianity and Sectarianism
Secular humanism
Secular humanism is a philosophy, belief system, or life stance that embraces human reason, logic, secular ethics, and philosophical naturalism, while specifically rejecting religious dogma, supernaturalism, and superstition as the basis of morality and decision-making.
See Criticism of Christianity and Secular humanism
Secularism
Secularism is the principle of seeking to conduct human affairs based on naturalistic considerations, uninvolved with religion.
See Criticism of Christianity and Secularism
Separation of church and state
The separation of church and state is a philosophical and jurisprudential concept for defining political distance in the relationship between religious organizations and the state.
See Criticism of Christianity and Separation of church and state
September 11 attacks
The September 11 attacks, commonly known as 9/11, were four coordinated Islamist terrorist suicide attacks carried out by al-Qaeda against the United States in 2001.
See Criticism of Christianity and September 11 attacks
Septuagint
The Septuagint, sometimes referred to as the Greek Old Testament or The Translation of the Seventy (Hē metáphrasis tôn Hebdomḗkonta), and often abbreviated as LXX, is the earliest extant Greek translation of the Hebrew Bible from the original Hebrew.
See Criticism of Christianity and Septuagint
Sermon on the Mount
The Sermon on the Mount (anglicized from the Matthean Vulgate Latin section title: Sermo in monte) is a collection of sayings spoken by Jesus of Nazareth found in the Gospel of Matthew (chapters 5, 6, and 7).
See Criticism of Christianity and Sermon on the Mount
Seven Laws of Noah
In Judaism, the Seven Laws of Noah (שבע מצוות בני נח, Sheva Mitzvot B'nei Noach), otherwise referred to as the Noahide Laws or the Noachian Laws (from the Hebrew pronunciation of "Noah"), are a set of universal moral laws which, according to the Talmud, were given by God as a covenant with Noah and with the "sons of Noah"—that is, all of humanity.
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Shem
Shem (שֵׁם Šēm; Sām) was one of the sons of Noah in the Bible (Genesis 5–11 and 1 Chronicles 1:4).
See Criticism of Christianity and Shem
Sheol
Sheol (שְׁאוֹל Šəʾōl, Tiberian: Šŏʾōl) in the Hebrew Bible is the underworld place of stillness and darkness which lies after death.
See Criticism of Christianity and Sheol
Shirk (Islam)
Shirk (lit) in Islam is a sin often roughly translated as 'idolatry' or 'polytheism', but more accurately meaning 'association '. It refers to accepting other divinities or powers alongside God as associates.
See Criticism of Christianity and Shirk (Islam)
Shlomo ibn Aderet
Shlomo ben Avraham ibn Aderet (שלמה בן אברהם אבן אדרת or Solomon son of Abraham son of Aderet) (1235 – 1310) was a medieval rabbi, halakhist, and Talmudist.
See Criticism of Christianity and Shlomo ibn Aderet
Siege of Jerusalem (1099)
The Siege of Jerusalem marked the successful end of the First Crusade, whose objective was the recovery of the city of Jerusalem and the Church of the Holy Sepulchre from Islamic control.
See Criticism of Christianity and Siege of Jerusalem (1099)
Siege of Jerusalem (70 CE)
The Siege of Jerusalem of 70 CE was the decisive event of the First Jewish–Roman War (66–73 CE), in which the Roman army led by future emperor Titus besieged Jerusalem, the center of Jewish rebel resistance in the Roman province of Judaea.
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Sigmund Freud
Sigmund Freud (born Sigismund Schlomo Freud; 6 May 1856 – 23 September 1939) was an Austrian neurologist and the founder of psychoanalysis, a clinical method for evaluating and treating pathologies seen as originating from conflicts in the psyche, through dialogue between patient and psychoanalyst, and the distinctive theory of mind and human agency derived from it.
See Criticism of Christianity and Sigmund Freud
Sin
In a religious context, sin is a transgression against divine law or a law of the deities.
See Criticism of Christianity and Sin
Sita Ram Goel
Sita Ram Goel (16 October 1921 – 3 December 2003) was an Indian historian, religious and political activist, writer, and publisher known for his influential contributions to literature pertaining to Hinduism and Hindu nationalism in the late twentieth century.
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Slavery
Slavery is the ownership of a person as property, especially in regards to their labour.
See Criticism of Christianity and Slavery
Slavery in ancient Rome
Slavery in ancient Rome played an important role in society and the economy.
See Criticism of Christianity and Slavery in ancient Rome
Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge
The Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge (SPCK) is a UK-based Christian charity.
See Criticism of Christianity and Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge
Southern Baptist Convention
The Southern Baptist Convention (SBC), alternatively the Great Commission Baptists (GCB), is a Baptist Christian denomination based in the United States.
See Criticism of Christianity and Southern Baptist Convention
Southern Christian Leadership Conference
The Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) is an African-American civil rights organization based in Atlanta, Georgia.
See Criticism of Christianity and Southern Christian Leadership Conference
Spanish Inquisition
The Tribunal of the Holy Office of the Inquisition (Tribunal del Santo Oficio de la Inquisición), commonly known as the Spanish Inquisition (Inquisición española), was established in 1478 by the Catholic Monarchs, King Ferdinand II of Aragon and Queen Isabella I of Castile.
See Criticism of Christianity and Spanish Inquisition
Split of Christianity and Judaism
Christianity began as a movement within Second Temple Judaism, but the two religions gradually diverged over the first few centuries of the Christian Era, and the Christian movement perceived itself as distinct from the Jews by the fourth century.
See Criticism of Christianity and Split of Christianity and Judaism
Stephen L. Harris
Stephen L. Harris (February 5, 1937 - April 14, 2019) was Professor of Humanities and Religious Studies at California State University, Sacramento.
See Criticism of Christianity and Stephen L. Harris
Stephen Samuel Wise
Stephen Samuel Wise (March 17, 1874 – April 19, 1949) was an early 20th-century American Reform rabbi and Zionist leader in the Progressive Era.
See Criticism of Christianity and Stephen Samuel Wise
Supersessionism
Supersessionism, also called replacement theology, is the Christian doctrine that the Christian Church has superseded the Jewish people, assuming their role as God's covenanted people, thus asserting that the New Covenant through Jesus Christ has superseded or replaced the Mosaic covenant.
See Criticism of Christianity and Supersessionism
Superstition
A superstition is any belief or practice considered by non-practitioners to be irrational or supernatural, attributed to fate or magic, perceived supernatural influence, or fear of that which is unknown.
See Criticism of Christianity and Superstition
Supremacism
Supremacism is the belief that a certain group of people is superior to all others.
See Criticism of Christianity and Supremacism
Swami Vivekananda
Swami Vivekananda (IAST: Svāmī Vivekānanda; 12 January 1863 – 4 July 1902), born Narendranath Datta, was an Indian Hindu monk, philosopher, author, religious teacher, and the chief disciple of the Indian mystic Ramakrishna.
See Criticism of Christianity and Swami Vivekananda
Syllogism
A syllogism (συλλογισμός, syllogismos, 'conclusion, inference') is a kind of logical argument that applies deductive reasoning to arrive at a conclusion based on two propositions that are asserted or assumed to be true.
See Criticism of Christianity and Syllogism
Talmud
The Talmud (תַּלְמוּד|Talmūḏ|teaching) is the central text of Rabbinic Judaism and the primary source of Jewish religious law (halakha) and Jewish theology.
See Criticism of Christianity and Talmud
Ted Peters (theologian)
Theodore Frank Peters (born 1941), known as Ted Peters, is an American Lutheran theologian and Emeritus Professor of Systematic Theology and Ethics at Pacific Lutheran Theological Seminary and the Graduate Theological Union.
See Criticism of Christianity and Ted Peters (theologian)
Temple University
Temple University (Temple or TU) is a public state-related research university in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
See Criticism of Christianity and Temple University
Tertullian
Tertullian (Quintus Septimius Florens Tertullianus; 155 – 220 AD) was a prolific early Christian author from Carthage in the Roman province of Africa.
See Criticism of Christianity and Tertullian
Teutonic Order
The Teutonic Order is a Catholic religious institution founded as a military society in Acre, Kingdom of Jerusalem.
See Criticism of Christianity and Teutonic Order
Textual criticism
Textual criticism is a branch of textual scholarship, philology, and literary criticism that is concerned with the identification of textual variants, or different versions, of either manuscripts (mss) or of printed books.
See Criticism of Christianity and Textual criticism
The Bible and violence
The Hebrew Bible and the New Testament both contain narratives, poems, and instructions which describe, encourage, command, condemn, reward, punish and regulate violent actions by God, individuals, groups, governments, and nation-states.
See Criticism of Christianity and The Bible and violence
The Dawkins Delusion?
The Dawkins Delusion? Atheist Fundamentalism and the Denial of the Divine is a book by the theologian Alister McGrath and the psychologist Joanna Collicutt McGrath.
See Criticism of Christianity and The Dawkins Delusion?
The God Delusion
The God Delusion is a 2006 book by British evolutionary biologist and ethologist Richard Dawkins.
See Criticism of Christianity and The God Delusion
The Great Divorce
The Great Divorce is a novel by the British author C. S. Lewis, published in 1945, based on a theological dream vision of his in which he reflects on the Christian conceptions of Heaven and Hell.
See Criticism of Christianity and The Great Divorce
The Jesus Mysteries
The Jesus Mysteries: Was the "Original Jesus" a Pagan God? is a 1999 book by British authors Timothy Freke and Peter Gandy, which advances the argument that early Christianity originated as a Greco-Roman mystery cult and that Jesus was invented by early Christians based on an alleged pagan cult of a dying and rising "godman" known as Osiris-Dionysus, whose worship the authors claim was manifested in the cults of Osiris, Dionysus, Attis, and Mithras.
See Criticism of Christianity and The Jesus Mysteries
The Myth of Persecution
The Myth of Persecution: How Early Christians Invented a Story of Martyrdom is a 2013 book by Candida Moss, an award-winning historian and professor of New Testament and Early Christianity at the University of Notre Dame.
See Criticism of Christianity and The Myth of Persecution
The Myth of the Twentieth Century
The Myth of the Twentieth Century (Der Mythus des zwanzigsten Jahrhunderts) is a 1930 book by Alfred Rosenberg, a Nazi theorist and official who was convicted of crimes against humanity and other crimes at the Nuremberg trials and executed in 1946.
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The New York Times
The New York Times (NYT) is an American daily newspaper based in New York City.
See Criticism of Christianity and The New York Times
The Woman's Bible
The Woman's Bible is a two-part non-fiction book, written by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and a committee of 26 women, published in 1895 and 1898 to challenge the traditional position of religious orthodoxy that woman should be subservient to man.
See Criticism of Christianity and The Woman's Bible
Theocracy
Theocracy is a form of government in which one or more deities are recognized as supreme ruling authorities, giving divine guidance to human intermediaries who manage the government's daily affairs.
See Criticism of Christianity and Theocracy
Theology
Theology is the study of religious belief from a religious perspective, with a focus on the nature of divinity.
See Criticism of Christianity and Theology
Thirty Years' War
The Thirty Years' War, from 1618 to 1648, was one of the most destructive conflicts in European history.
See Criticism of Christianity and Thirty Years' War
Thomas Aquinas
Thomas Aquinas (Aquino; – 7 March 1274) was an Italian Dominican friar and priest, an influential philosopher and theologian, and a jurist in the tradition of scholasticism from the county of Aquino in the Kingdom of Sicily.
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Thomas L. Thompson
Thomas L. Thompson (born January 7, 1939, in Detroit, Michigan) is an American-born Danish biblical scholar and theologian.
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Thomas Manton
Thomas Manton (1620–1677) was an English Puritan clergyman.
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Thomas Paine
Thomas Paine (born Thomas Pain; – In the contemporary record as noted by Conway, Paine's birth date is given as January 29, 1736–37. Common practice was to use a dash or a slash to separate the old-style year from the new-style year. In the old calendar, the new year began on March 25, not January 1.
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Tim Keller (pastor)
Timothy James Keller (September 23, 1950 – May 19, 2023) was an American Calvinist pastor, preacher, theologian, and Christian apologist.
See Criticism of Christianity and Tim Keller (pastor)
Torah
The Torah (תּוֹרָה, "Instruction", "Teaching" or "Law") is the compilation of the first five books of the Hebrew Bible, namely the books of Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers and Deuteronomy.
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Trakai
Trakai (see names section for alternative and historic names) is a city and lake resort in Lithuania.
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Transphobia
Transphobia consists of negative attitudes, feelings, or actions towards transgender people or transness in general.
See Criticism of Christianity and Transphobia
Triennial Convention
The Triennial Convention (so-called because it met every three years) was the first national Baptist denomination in the United States.
See Criticism of Christianity and Triennial Convention
Trinity
The Christian doctrine of the Trinity (from 'threefold') is the central doctrine concerning the nature of God in most Christian churches, which defines one God existing in three,, consubstantial divine persons: God the Father, God the Son (Jesus Christ) and God the Holy Spirit, three distinct persons (hypostases) sharing one essence/substance/nature (homoousion).
See Criticism of Christianity and Trinity
Two-source hypothesis
The two-source hypothesis (or 2SH) is an explanation for the synoptic problem, the pattern of similarities and differences between the three Gospels of Matthew, Mark, and Luke.
See Criticism of Christianity and Two-source hypothesis
Tyndale New Testament Commentaries
Tyndale New Testament Commentaries (or TNTC) is a series of commentaries in English on the New Testament.
See Criticism of Christianity and Tyndale New Testament Commentaries
Uncle Tom's Cabin
Uncle Tom's Cabin; or, Life Among the Lowly is an anti-slavery novel by American author Harriet Beecher Stowe.
See Criticism of Christianity and Uncle Tom's Cabin
Universal resurrection
General resurrection or universal resurrection is the belief in a resurrection of the dead, or resurrection from the dead (Koine: ἀνάστασις νεκρῶν, anastasis nekron; literally: "standing up again of the dead") by which most or all people who have died would be resurrected (brought back to life).
See Criticism of Christianity and Universal resurrection
USA Today
USA Today (often stylized in all caps) is an American daily middle-market newspaper and news broadcasting company.
See Criticism of Christianity and USA Today
Victor J. Stenger
Victor John Stenger (January 29, 1935 – August 25, 2014) was an American particle physicist, philosopher, author, and religious skeptic.
See Criticism of Christianity and Victor J. Stenger
Violence
Violence is the use of physical force to cause harm to people, or non-human life, such as pain, injury, death, damage, or destruction.
See Criticism of Christianity and Violence
Voltaire
François-Marie Arouet (21 November 169430 May 1778), known by his nom de plume M. de Voltaire (also), was a French Enlightenment writer, philosopher (philosophe), satirist, and historian.
See Criticism of Christianity and Voltaire
Wayne Grudem
Wayne A. Grudem (born 1948) is an American New Testament scholar, theologian, seminary professor, and author.
See Criticism of Christianity and Wayne Grudem
Wedding at Cana
The wedding at Cana (also called the marriage at Cana, wedding feast at Cana or marriage feast at Cana) is the name of the story in the Gospel of John at which the first miracle attributed to Jesus takes place.
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Westcott and Hort
The New Testament in the Original Greek is a Greek-language version of the New Testament published in 1881.
See Criticism of Christianity and Westcott and Hort
Western Christianity
Western Christianity is one of two subdivisions of Christianity (Eastern Christianity being the other).
See Criticism of Christianity and Western Christianity
Why I Am Not a Christian
Why I Am Not a Christian is an essay by the British philosopher Bertrand Russell.
See Criticism of Christianity and Why I Am Not a Christian
William Lane Craig
William Lane Craig (born August 23, 1949) is an American analytic philosopher, Christian apologist, author, and Wesleyan theologian who upholds the view of Molinism and neo-Apollinarianism.
See Criticism of Christianity and William Lane Craig
William Wilberforce
William Wilberforce (24 August 1759 – 29 July 1833) was a British politician, philanthropist, and a leader of the movement to abolish the slave trade.
See Criticism of Christianity and William Wilberforce
Witch-hunt
A witch-hunt, or a witch purge, is a search for people who have been labeled witches or a search for evidence of witchcraft.
See Criticism of Christianity and Witch-hunt
Women in Christianity
The roles of women in Christianity have varied since its founding.
See Criticism of Christianity and Women in Christianity
Women's rights
Women's rights are the rights and entitlements claimed for women and girls worldwide.
See Criticism of Christianity and Women's rights
Women's suffrage
Women's suffrage is the right of women to vote in elections.
See Criticism of Christianity and Women's suffrage
References
Also known as Anti-bible, Arguments against Christianity, Christianity and Biblical adherence, Christianity, and Biblical adherance, Christianity, tolerance, and equality, Controversies related to Christianity and Christians, Criticism of Christian doctrine, Criticisms of Christianity, Critique of Christendom, Critique of Christianity, Critiques of Christianity, Opposition to Christianity.
, Blaise Pascal, Blood libel, Bogomilism, Book of Revelation, Breaking the Spell (Dennett book), Bruce M. Metzger, Byzantine Empire, Byzantine Iconoclasm, C. S. Lewis, Candida Moss, Capital punishment, Cappadocian Fathers, Carl Sagan, Catharism, Catholic Church, Catholic Church and politics, Celsus, Chalcedon Foundation, Chaldean Catholic Church, Charlemagne, Chicago Statement on Biblical Inerrancy, Chinese Communist Revolution, Christ myth theory, Christendom, Christian apologetics, Christian denomination, Christian egalitarianism, Christian Ethics (book), Christian fascism, Christian feminism, Christian fundamentalism, Christian Identity, Christian mission, Christian pacifism, Christian persecution complex, Christian reconstructionism, Christian revival, Christian right, Christian terrorism, Christian theology, Christian universalism, Christian views on slavery, Christianity, Christianity and colonialism, Christianity and homosexuality, Christianity and paganism, Christianity and Theosophy, Christianity and transgender people, Christianization, Christians, Christopher Hitchens, Church Fathers, Circumcision controversy in early Christianity, Civil rights movement, Clarity of scripture, Classical antiquity, Clement of Alexandria, Climate change denial, Colonialism, Communism, Complementarianism, Confessing Church, Conflict theories, Conservatism, Constantine the Great and Christianity, Constantinian shift, Contraceptive mandate, Corporal punishment, Corruption, Cosmos: A Personal Voyage, Council of Jerusalem, Craig Blomberg, Creationism, Criticism of Jesus, Criticism of Protestantism, Criticism of religion, Criticism of the Bible, Criticism of the Catholic Church, Crusades, Crypto-Islam, Crypto-Judaism, Curse of Ham, Cyprian, Dan Barker, Daniel B. Wallace, Daniel Dennett, Darrell L. Bock, David Bentley Hart, David Flusser, David Hume, David Robertson (minister), Dayananda Saraswati, Dead Sea Scrolls, Dennis McKinsey, Depression (mood), Dinesh D'Souza, Doctrine, Documentary hypothesis, Dying-and-rising god, E. P. Sanders, Earl Doherty, Early Christianity, Early modern Europe, Eastern Orthodox Church, Eastern Orthodoxy, Ecumenism, Edict of Expulsion, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Elizabeth Castelli, Embryonic stem cell, Empirical evidence, English Civil War, Epistle, Epistle to Philemon, Epistle to the Colossians, Epistle to the Ephesians, Epistle to the Hebrews, Essenes, Ethics, Evelyn Stagg, Existence of God, Faith healing, Fall of the Western Roman Empire, Feminism, First Crusade, First Epistle of John, Forced conversion, Frank Stagg (theologian), Free will, Freedom of religion, Freethought, French Revolution, French Wars of Religion, Friedrich Nietzsche, G. A. Wells, G. K. Chesterton, Gaudium et spes, Genocide, George Barna, George E. Mendenhall, German Christians (movement), German Evangelical Church, Gleichschaltung, Gnosticism, God, God Is Not Great, Google Books, Gospel, Gospel of John, Gospel of Mark, Gospel of Mary, Grand Rapids, Michigan, Great Tribulation, Greco-Roman mysteries, Gregory of Nyssa, Gryphon Publications, Ham (son of Noah), Harold Lindsell, Harriet Beecher Stowe, Harvard University, Hate group, Hector Avalos, Hell, Hellenistic period, Hercules, Heresy, Heresy in Christianity, Hermann, Freiherr von Soden, Hindus, Historian, Historical reliability of the Gospels, Historiography, History of Christian thought on persecution and tolerance, History of science, Hitler: A Study in Tyranny, Homophobia, Howard Clarke, Human rights, Hypocrisy, Idolatry, Immanuel Kant, Immorality, Incarnation (Christianity), Inquisition, Internal consistency of the Bible, Internet Infidels, Isaac of Troki, Islam, Islamic view of the Trinity, Ismail al-Faruqi, Israelites, J. M. Robertson, James H. Charlesworth, Japheth, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Jennifer Glancy, Jesus, Jesus and the woman taken in adultery, Jewish Christianity, Jewish eschatology, Jews, Jews for Judaism, Johann Christoph Wagenseil, Johannine Comma, John Chrysostom, John Stuart Mill, John W. Loftus, John Wesley, John Woolman, Jonathan Kvanvig, Joseph Goebbels, Josh McDowell, Journal of the Evangelical Theological Society, Judaism, Julian (emperor), Just war theory, K. M. Panikkar, Karen Leigh King, Karl Marx, King, King James Only movement, Kingship and kingdom of God, Kriminalgeschichte des Christentums, Ku Klux Klan, Kurt Aland, L. Michael White, Lamin Sanneh, Language, Last Judgment, Late antiquity, Latin, Laying on of hands, Le Roy Froom, Lee Strobel, Left-wing politics, Leprechaun, Letter to a Christian Nation, Lewis's trilemma, LGBT, LGBT movements, Liberal democracy, Liberalism, Libertarianism, Limbo, Ludwig Feuerbach, Ludwig Müller, Maccabees, Madhya Pradesh, Maimonides, Manumission, Marilyn McCord Adams, Mark Twain, Martha, Martin Bormann, Martin Luther King Jr., Martin Niemöller, Mary Magdalene, Mary of Bethany, Mary, mother of Jesus, Masoretic Text, Mass (liturgy), Master–slave morality, Max Jammer, Mennonites, Messiah, Messiah in Judaism, Messianic Age, Methodism, Michael Grant (classicist), Michael Lou Martin, Middle Ages, Millennialism, Miracle, Muslims, Myth of the flat Earth, National Socialist Program, Nazarene (title), Nazi persecution of the Catholic Church in Germany, Nazirite, Neoconservatism, Neoplatonism, New Covenant, New Testament, Nicolaus Copernicus, Niyogi Committee Report on Christian Missionary Activities, Nondenominational Christianity, Norman Geisler, Northern Crusades, Novum Testamentum Graece, Olaf Tryggvason, Old Testament, Old Testament messianic prophecies quoted in the New Testament, Omnipotence, Ordination of women, Origen, Orthography, Pacifism, Pastoral epistles, Patriarchy, Paul the Apostle, Pauline epistles, PBS, Peccatism, Persecution of Christians, Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire, Persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire, Pharisees, Philosophy, Planning Commission (India), Polytheism, Pope Nicholas V, Popular culture, Porphyry (philosopher), Positive Christianity, Prejudice, Preterism, Problem of evil, Progressive Christianity, Prometheus Books, Protestantism, Ptolemy, Punishment, Quakers, Raja Ram Mohan Roy, Ram Swarup, Ravi Zacharias, Reformation, Reich Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda, Reichskonkordat, Rejection of Jesus, Religious intolerance, Religious nationalism, Religious persecution, Religious pluralism, Religious tolerance, Rephaite, Resurrection of Jesus, Rhineland massacres, Richard Dawkins, Robert G. Ingersoll, Robert M. Price, Rodney Stark, Roman Empire, Russian Revolution, Sabbath in Christianity, Sacraments of the Catholic Church, Saint Patrick, Salvation in Christianity, Sam Harris, Same-sex marriage, Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, Science & Theology News, Science fiction, Second Coming, Second Council of Constantinople, Second Temple, Sectarian violence among Christians, Sectarianism, Secular humanism, Secularism, Separation of church and state, September 11 attacks, Septuagint, Sermon on the Mount, Seven Laws of Noah, Shem, Sheol, Shirk (Islam), Shlomo ibn Aderet, Siege of Jerusalem (1099), Siege of Jerusalem (70 CE), Sigmund Freud, Sin, Sita Ram Goel, Slavery, Slavery in ancient Rome, Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, Southern Baptist Convention, Southern Christian Leadership Conference, Spanish Inquisition, Split of Christianity and Judaism, Stephen L. Harris, Stephen Samuel Wise, Supersessionism, Superstition, Supremacism, Swami Vivekananda, Syllogism, Talmud, Ted Peters (theologian), Temple University, Tertullian, Teutonic Order, Textual criticism, The Bible and violence, The Dawkins Delusion?, The God Delusion, The Great Divorce, The Jesus Mysteries, The Myth of Persecution, The Myth of the Twentieth Century, The New York Times, The Woman's Bible, Theocracy, Theology, Thirty Years' War, Thomas Aquinas, Thomas L. Thompson, Thomas Manton, Thomas Paine, Tim Keller (pastor), Torah, Trakai, Transphobia, Triennial Convention, Trinity, Two-source hypothesis, Tyndale New Testament Commentaries, Uncle Tom's Cabin, Universal resurrection, USA Today, Victor J. Stenger, Violence, Voltaire, Wayne Grudem, Wedding at Cana, Westcott and Hort, Western Christianity, Why I Am Not a Christian, William Lane Craig, William Wilberforce, Witch-hunt, Women in Christianity, Women's rights, Women's suffrage.