Communication

774 relations: A fair day's wage for a fair day's work, A.L.A. Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States, Ableman v. Booth, Abolitionism, Abood v. Detroit Board of Education, Abraham Lincoln, Academic tenure, Accrual, Adair v. United States, Adams v. Tanner, Adarand Constructors, Inc. v. Peña, Adkins v. Children's Hospital, Adolf A. Berle, Affirmative action, AFL–CIO, African Americans, Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967, Aggregate demand, Agriculture in the United States, Alabama, Alden v. Maine, Alexander v. Gardner-Denver Co., Alien Contract Labor Law, Aliquippa, Pennsylvania, Allied-occupied Germany, Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America, American Civil Liberties Union, American Civil War, American Federation of Labor, American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009, American Revolution, American Rights at Work, Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, Anderson v. Mt. Clemens Pottery Co., Andrew Carnegie, Annual leave, Anthony Kennedy, Antonin Scalia, Arbitration, Arbitration Fairness Act of 2011, Arbitration in the United States, Archibald Cox, Arizona Supreme Court, Armour & Co. v. Wantock, Article One of the United States Constitution, Asmus v. Pacific Bell, AT&T, AT&T Corp. v. Hulteen, AT&T Mobility LLC v. Concepcion, At-will employment, ..., Atlantic slave trade, Auer v. Robbins, Autocracy, Automatic enrolment, Automatic stabilizer, Avery Dennison, Éleuthère Irénée du Pont, Bailey v. Drexel Furniture Co., Bammert v. Don's Super Valu, Inc., Bargaining power, Bargaining unit, Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch, Beatrice Webb, Benjamin I. Sachs, Bennett Amendment, Benzene, Bernie Sanders, Bhasin v Hrynew, Big business, Bill Clinton, Black people, BlackRock, Board of directors, Bona fide occupational qualification, Boston, Boston Police Strike, Brian Schatz, British Empire, Brockmeyer v. Dun & Bradstreet, Broker-dealer, Brown v. Board of Education, Brown v. Hotel and Restaurant Employees, Buckley v. Valeo, Building & Construction Trades Council v. Associated Builders & Contractors of Massachusetts/Rhode Island, Inc., Bureau of Indian Affairs, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Bushey v. New York State Civil Service Commission, Byron White, California Agricultural Labor Relations Act of 1975, California Codes, California Department of Fair Employment and Housing, California Department of Industrial Relations, California Fair Employment and Housing Act of 1959, California Federal Savings and Loan Association v. Guerra, California Labor Code, CalPERS, Calvin Coolidge, Cambridge Judge Business School, Capital (economics), Card check, Case law, Castillo v. Case Farms of Ohio, Chamber of Commerce v. Brown, Charles Evans Hughes, Charles Stewart (customs official), Chattanooga, Tennessee, Chickasaw, Child care, Child labor laws in the United States, Child labour, Christensen v. Harris County, Christopher v. SmithKline Beecham Corp., Chrysler, Citizens United v. FEC, City of Ontario v. Quon, City of Richmond v. J.A. Croson Co., Civil disobedience, Civil Rights Act of 1866, Civil Rights Act of 1875, Civil Rights Act of 1964, Civil Rights Act of 1991, Civil Rights Cases, Civil rights movement, Civil Service Reform Act of 1978, Clarence Thomas, Class action, Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914, Cleveland, Cleveland Board of Education v. LaFleur, Co-determination, Collective action, Collective agreement, Collective agreement coverage, Collective bargaining, Colonial history of the United States, Commerce Clause, Commission on Industrial Relations, Commodity, Common law, Commonwealth, Commonwealth v. Hunt, Commonwealth v. Pullis, Communications Workers of America v. Beck, Community for Creative Non-Violence v. Reid, Company union, Competition law, Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act of 2007, Conflict of interest, Congress of Industrial Organizations, Connecticut, Connecticut Supreme Court, Connick v. Myers, Consideration, Consolidated Laws of New York, Constitution of Italy, Constitutionality, Consumer Credit Protection Act of 1968, Control Council Law No 22, Copeland "Anti-kickback" Act, Coppage v. Kansas, Corfield v. Coryell, Corporate bond, Corporate promoter, Cross-checking, Cynthia Estlund, Dan River, Danbury, Connecticut, Dave Beck, Davenport v. Washington Education Ass'n, David Souter, Davis–Bacon Act of 1931, De Veau v. Braisted, Debs v. United States, Debt bondage, Declaration of independence, Defined benefit pension plan, Defined contribution plan, Delaware General Corporation Law, Democracy, Democratic Party (United States), Derivative (finance), Developed country, Discrimination, Discrimination (Employment and Occupation) Convention, Disparate impact, Disparate treatment, Diversification (finance), Division of labour, Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, Donovan v. Bierwirth, Dothard v. Rawlinson, Dred Scott v. Sandford, Due process, Due Process Clause, Dunlop Commission on the Future of Worker-Management Relations: Final Report, Dunlop v. Bachowski, Duplex Printing Press Co. v. Deering, Duty of fair representation, Eastern Associated Coal Corp. v. United Mine Workers of America, Eastwood v Magnox Electric plc, Economic democracy, Economic, social and cultural rights, Egelhoff v. Egelhoff, Eileen Appelbaum, Electromation Inc, Eleventh Amendment to the United States Constitution, Elgin v. Department of Treasury, Elizabeth Warren, Emancipation Proclamation, Embezzlement, Emergency Relief Appropriation Act of 1935, Empirical evidence, Employee Free Choice Act, Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, Employee stock ownership plan, Employment, Employment Act of 1946, Employment agency, Employment contract, Employment discrimination, Enforcement Act of 1870, England, English law, Enron, Enterprise bargaining agreement, Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, Equal opportunity, Equal Pay Act of 1963, Equal pay for equal work, Equal Protection Clause, Equality Act (United States), Equality before the law, Equitable Life Assurance Society v Hyman, Erdman Act, Eugene V. Debs, European labour law, European Union, European Union law, Evil, Executive compensation, Executive Order 8802, Fair Employment Practice Committee, Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938, Fair trade, Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993, Faragher v. City of Boca Raton, Fascism, Fast track (trade), Federal Arbitration Act, Federal Aviation Administration, Federal Corrupt Practices Act, Federal Election Campaign Act, Federal Emergency Relief Administration, Federal Labor Relations Act, Federal preemption, Federal Reserve Act, Federal Reserve Reform Act of 1977, Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, Federal Trade Commission Act of 1914, FedEx, FedEx Home Delivery v. NLRB, Felix Frankfurter, Fiat justitia ruat caelum, Fidelity Investments, Fiduciary, Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution, Financial institution, Firefighter, First Amendment to the United States Constitution, First National Bank of Boston v. Bellotti, Ford Motor Co. v. NLRB, Foreign direct investment, Fortunato v. Office of Stephen M. Silston, D.D.S., Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, Framingham, Massachusetts, Frank Murphy, Franklin D. Roosevelt, Frederick Winslow Taylor, Freedom of association, Freedom of Association and Protection of the Right to Organise Convention, Freedom of contract, Freedom of movement under United States law, Freedom of speech, Friedrich Kessler, Friedrichs v. California Teachers Ass'n, Fugitive Slave Act of 1793, Fugitive Slave Act of 1850, Fugitive Slave Clause, Full employment, Funding, Gade v. National Solid Wastes Management Ass'n, Gael Tarleton, Garcetti v. Ceballos, Garcia v. San Antonio Metropolitan Transit Authority, Garner v. Teamsters Local 776, Geduldig v. Aiello, Gender pay gap in the United States, General Tire, George W. Bush, Georgia (U.S. state), Gibbons v. Ogden, Glass Lewis, GlaxoSmithKline, Global workforce, Golden State Transit Corp. v. City of Los Angeles, Gomez-Perez v. Potter, Good faith, Good faith (law), Government bond, Great Depression, Griggs v. Duke Power Co., Guam, Habeas corpus, Hague v. Committee for Industrial Organization, Hammer v. Dagenhart, Harassment, Harper v. Virginia State Board of Elections, Harris County, Texas, Harris v. Quinn, Harry Blackmun, Harry S. Truman, Harvard Law School, Hatmaking, Health maintenance organization, Heffernan v. City of Paterson, Herbert Hovenkamp, High school diploma, History of immigration to the United States, Hobson's choice, Hoffman Plastic Compounds, Inc. v. NLRB, Holidays with Pay Convention (Revised), 1970, Howard Johnson Co. v. Detroit Local Joint Executive Board, Huffman v. Office of Personnel Management, Human, Human development (humanity), Human skin color, Humanitarianism, Humphrey–Hawkins Full Employment Act, Illegal immigration to the United States, Illinois, Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986, Imperial Group Pension Trust Ltd v Imperial Tobacco Ltd, In re Debs, In re NLRB, Income inequality in the United States, Income tax in the United States, Indentured servitude, Indentured servitude in the Americas, Independent union, Indigenous peoples of the Americas, Industrial democracy, Industrial Revolution, Inequality of bargaining power, Ingersoll-Rand Co. v. McClendon, Injunction, Institutional Shareholder Services, Internal Revenue Code, International Ass'n of Machinists v. Street, International Brotherhood of Teamsters, International labour law, International Labour Organization, International Society for Labor Law and Social Security, International Union of Operating Engineers, Interstate Commerce Act of 1887, Investment management, Janus v. AFSCME, Jewell Ridge Coal Corp. v. United Mine Workers of America, JI Case Co v National Labor Relations Board, Jim Crow laws, Jimmy Hoffa, Job performance, Job security, John F. Kennedy, John Marshall Harlan, John Paul Stevens, John R. Commons, John Roberts, John Stuart Mill, Johnson v Unisys Ltd, Joseph McKenna, Just cause, Kücükdeveci v Swedex GmbH & Co KG, Keating–Owen Act, Keech v Sandford, Kirsten Gillibrand, Knights of Labor, Labor Management Relations Act of 1947, Labor Management Reporting and Disclosure Act of 1959, Labor Reform Act of 1977, Labor rights, Labor unions in the United States, Laboratories of democracy, Labour is not a commodity, Labour law, Labriola v. Pollard Group, Inc., Lance Liebman, Lawrence Summers, Lawsuit, Layoff, Lechmere, Inc. v. NLRB, Legal history of income tax in the United States, Lehnert v. Ferris Faculty Ass'n, Lemmerman v. A.T. Williams Oil Co., Lemuel Shaw, Lennie Hoffmann, Baron Hoffmann, LGBT employment discrimination in the United States, Liberal democracy, Liberty, Life insurance, Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness, List of countries by inequality-adjusted HDI, List of countries by life expectancy, List of minimum annual leave by country, Living wage, Local 217, Hotel & Restaurant Employees Union v MHM Inc, Lochner era, Lochner v. New York, Locke v. Karass, Lockheed Corp. v. Spink, Loewe v. Lawlor, Long Island Care at Home, Ltd. v. Coke, Louis Brandeis, Louisiana, Lyndon B. Johnson, Machinists v. Wisconsin Employment Rel. Comm'n, Magnan v. Anaconda Industries, Inc., March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom, Market access, Marquez v. Screen Actors Guild Inc., Marriner Stoddard Eccles, Martin Luther King Jr., Massachusetts, Massachusetts Bay Colony, Massachusetts Board of Retirement v. Murgia, Massachusetts General Court, Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court, Matadeen v Pointu, Matthew W. Finkin, Maximum wage, McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, McKinley Tariff, McNamara–O'Hara Service Contract Act, Mead Corp. v. Tilley, Meinhard v. Salmon, Merit system, Meritor Savings Bank v. Vinson, Merrick Garland, Mertens v. Hewitt Associates, Migrant and Seasonal Agricultural Workers Protection Act of 1983, Migrant worker, Minimum wage, Minimum wage in the United States, Missouri, Monetary policy, Montana Supreme Court, Morgan Stanley, Morton v. Mancari, National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933, National Labor Federation, National Labor Relations Act of 1935, National Labor Relations Board, National League of Cities v. Usery, National Trades Union, National Trades' Union, National War Labor Board (1918–1919), Nationality, Nationwide Mutual Insurance Co. v. Darden, Natural rate of unemployment, Negligence, Negotiation, New Deal, New Haven, Connecticut, New Jersey, New Negro Alliance v. Sanitary Grocery Co., New Process Steel, L.P. v. NLRB, New State Ice Co. v. Liebmann, New York (state), New York City Transit Authority v. Beazer, New York State Legislature, Nicholas Klein, NLRB v. Columbian Enameling & Stamping Co., NLRB v. Fansteel Metallurgical Corp., NLRB v. Hearst Publications, NLRB v. J. Weingarten, Inc., NLRB v. Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp., NLRB v. Kentucky River Community Care, Inc., NLRB v. Mackay Radio & Telegraph Co., NLRB v. Sands Manufacturing Co., NLRB v. Truck Drivers Local 449, NLRB v. Yeshiva University, Norris–La Guardia Act, North American Free Trade Agreement, North Carolina, O'Connor v. Ortega, Occupational Safety and Health Act (United States), OECD, Office of Federal Contract Compliance Programs, Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr., Oncale v. Sundowner Offshore Services, Inc., Oral contract, Other People's Money and How the Bankers Use It, Overtime, Panic of 1837, Parental leave, Paul v. Virginia, Paycheck Fairness Act, Pennsylvania, Pension, Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation, Pension Protection Act of 2006, Peonage Act of 1867, Pequot War, Permanent normal trade relations, Pete Visclosky, Philadelphia, Pickering v. Board of Education, Picket line, Piscataway School Board v. Taxman, Plessy v. Ferguson, Portal to Portal Act of 1947, Potter Stewart, Pound (mass), Poverty, Poverty in the United States, Pregnancy Discrimination Act, President, Prigg v. Pennsylvania, Principles of Labor Legislation, Principles of Political Economy, Privileges or Immunities Clause, Procter & Gamble, Productivity, Professional Air Traffic Controllers Organization (1968), Property, Protected concerted activity, Providence and Worcester Railroad, Proxy voting, Public employee pension plans in the United States, Public holidays in the United States, Public policy, Pullman Company, Pullman Strike, Quantum meruit, Queen's Bench, R v Journeymen-Taylors of Cambridge, Race (human categorization), Race to the bottom, Racial discrimination, Racial inequality in the United States, Racial segregation, Racial segregation in the United States, Racism, Racism in the United States, Ragsdale v. Wolverine World Wide, Inc., Rail transportation in the United States, Railway Labor Act, Rankin v. McPherson, Real wages, Reasonable person, Reconstruction Finance Corporation, Regents of the Univ. of Cal. v. Bakke, Rehabilitation Act of 1973, Religious discrimination in the United States, Republican Party (United States), Restatement (Second) of Contracts, Restatement of the Law of Agency, Third, Restitution, Restraint of trade, Rhode Island, Ricci v. DeStefano, Richard Nixon, Richard Thaler, Right to Organise and Collective Bargaining Convention, 1949, Right to work, Right-to-work law, Robert C. Clark, Robert F. Kennedy, Robinson v. Shell Oil Co., Ronald Reagan, Ruiz v Shell Oil Co, Rush Prudential HMO, Inc. v. Moran, Ruth Bader Ginsburg, Saint Francis College v. al-Khazraji, Samuel Alito, San Diego Building Trades Council v. Garmon, Sandra Day O'Connor, Savannah, Georgia, Save Our Secret Ballot, Schultz v Wheaton Glass Co., Second Bill of Rights, Sectoral collective bargaining, Securities Act of 1933, Securities Exchange Act of 1934, Security (finance), Self-dealing, Separate Car Act, Sexual identity, Sexual orientation, Shelley v. Kraemer, Sherman Antitrust Act, Sidney Webb, 1st Baron Passfield, Skidmore v. Swift & Co., Slaughter-House Cases, Slave Trade Act 1807, Slavery, Slavery Abolition Act 1833, Slavery among Native Americans in the United States, Slavery in the colonial United States, Slavery in the United States, Small Business Job Protection Act of 1996, Smoot–Hawley Tariff Act, Social exclusion, Social justice, Social law, Social security, Social Security Act, Solidarity action, Somerset v Stewart, South Prairie Const. Co. v. Local No. 627, International Union of Operating Engineers, AFL-CIO, St. Louis, Stabilization Act of 1942, Standard form contract, State income tax, Steele v Louisville & Nashville Railway Co, Stephen Breyer, Stimulus (economics), Stock, Stock market, Strict scrutiny, Suffrage, Supreme Court of California, Supreme Court of the United States, Takeover, Tammy Baldwin, Tax deferral, Teamwork for Employees and Managers Act of 1995, Technological change, Ted Cruz, Telegraphs (band), Tennessee Coal, Iron & Railroad Co. v. Muscoda Local No. 123, Termination of employment, Termination of Employment Convention, 1982, Texas, Texas Department of Community Affairs v. Burdine, Thanksgiving, The Conference Board, The Enemy Within (Kennedy book), The Principles of Scientific Management, The switch in time that saved nine, The Vanguard Group, Theory, Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, Thornhill v. Alabama, Thurgood Marshall, TIAA, Time-and-a-half, Title 15 of the United States Code, Title 19 of the United States Code, Title 29 of the United States Code, Title 42 of the United States Code, Title 8 of the United States Code, Title 9 of the United States Code, Torosyan v. Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Trade Act of 1974, Trade Act of 2002, Trade Agreements Act of 1979, Trade union, Trans-Pacific Partnership, Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership, Trbovich v. United Mine Workers, Treaty of Versailles, Trustee, U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, Unemployment in the United States, Unfair competition, Unfair dismissal, Unfair labor practice, Uniformed Services Employment and Reemployment Rights Act, Union density, Union security agreement, United Airlines, United Automobile Workers, United Kingdom labour law, United Mine Workers of America v. Gibbs, United States, United States antitrust law, United States Attorney General, United States Census Bureau, United States Circuit Court of the District of Columbia, United States Code, United States Commission on Civil Rights, United States Congress, United States Constitution, United States contract law, United States corporate law, United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit, United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit, United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit, United States Declaration of Independence, United States Department of Homeland Security, United States Department of Labor, United States free-trade agreements, United States House of Representatives, United States International Trade Commission, United States Merit Systems Protection Board, United States presidential election, 1920, United States presidential election, 1932, United States presidential election, 1936, United States presidential election, 2016, United States Secretary of Labor, United States Senate, United States Senate Select Committee on Improper Activities in Labor and Management, United States tort law, United States v. Congress of Industrial Organizations, United States v. Darby Lumber Co., United States v. Silk, United Steelworkers, United Steelworkers v Warrior & Gulf Navigation Co, United Steelworkers v. Weber, Universal Declaration of Human Rights, University of Pennsylvania v. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, Uruguay Round Agreements Act, Utica, New York, Vegelahn v. Guntner, Vesting, Veterans' Preference Act of 1944, Vicarious liability, Volkswagen Chattanooga Assembly Plant, Voluntary employees' beneficiary association, Voting, Wage regulation, Wall Street Crash of 1929, Wallace Corp. v. NLRB, Walling v. Helmerich & Payne, Inc., Walsh–Healey Public Contracts Act of 1936, Warren E. Burger, Washington (state), Washington v. Davis, Waters v. Churchill, West Coast Hotel Co. v. Parrish, Whistleblower Protection Act, White people, William Howard Taft, William J. Brennan Jr., William Murray, 1st Earl of Mansfield, William O. Douglas, William R. Day, William Rehnquist, Wilson v Racher, Wisconsin, Woodrow Wilson, Work–life balance in the United States, Worker Adjustment and Retraining Notification Act of 1988, Worker representation on corporate boards of directors, Working time, Working Time Directive 2003, Workplace democracy, Workplace Democracy Act, Works council, Works Progress Administration, World economy, World peace, World Trade Organization, World War I, World War II, Wygant v. Jackson Board of Education, Yellow-dog contract, Yeshiva University, Yick Wo v. Hopkins, 14 Penn Plaza LLC v. Pyett, 1790 United States Census, 401(k). Expand index (724 more) » « Shrink index

A fair day's wage for a fair day's work

A fair day's wage for a fair day's work is an objective of the labor movement, trade unions and other workers' groups, to increase pay, and adopt reasonable hours of work.

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A.L.A. Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States

A.L.A. Schechter Poultry Corp.

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Ableman v. Booth

Ableman v. Booth,, was a United States Supreme Court case in which the Court held that State courts cannot issue rulings on federal law that contradict the decisions of federal courts,Hoiberg, Dale H. (2010) overturning a decision by the Supreme Court of Wisconsin.

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Abolitionism

Abolitionism is a general term which describes the movement to end slavery.

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Abood v. Detroit Board of Education

Abood v. Detroit Board of Education,, was a US labor law case where the United States Supreme Court upheld the maintaining of a union shop in a public workplace.

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Abraham Lincoln

Abraham Lincoln (February 12, 1809 – April 15, 1865) was an American statesman and lawyer who served as the 16th President of the United States from March 1861 until his assassination in April 1865.

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Academic tenure

A tenured appointment is an indefinite academic appointment that can be terminated only for cause or under extraordinary circumstances, such as financial exigency or program discontinuation.

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Accrual

Accrual (accumulation) of something is, in finance, the adding together of interest or different investments over a period of time.

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Adair v. United States

Adair v. United States, 208 U.S. 161 (1908), was a US labor law case of the United States Supreme Court which declared that bans on "yellow-dog" contracts (that forbade workers from joining labor unions) were unconstitutional.

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Adams v. Tanner

Adams v. Tanner,, was a United States Supreme Court case in which the Court held that a Washington state law that prohibited employment agencies was unconstitutional.

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Adarand Constructors, Inc. v. Peña

Adarand Constructors, Inc.

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Adkins v. Children's Hospital

Adkins v. Children's Hospital, 261 U.S. 525 (1923), is a United States Supreme Court opinion that federal minimum wage legislation for women was an unconstitutional infringement of liberty of contract, as protected by the due process clause of the Fifth Amendment.

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Adolf A. Berle

Adolf Augustus Berle Jr. (January 27, 1895 – February 17, 1971) was a lawyer, educator, author, and U.S. diplomat.

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Affirmative action

Affirmative action, also known as reservation in India and Nepal, positive action in the UK, and employment equity (in a narrower context) in Canada and South Africa, is the policy of protecting members of groups that are known to have previously suffered from discrimination.

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AFL–CIO

The American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations (AFL-CIO) is the largest federation of unions in the United States.

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African Americans

African Americans (also referred to as Black Americans or Afro-Americans) are an ethnic group of Americans with total or partial ancestry from any of the black racial groups of Africa.

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Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967

The Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967 (ADEA; to) is a US labor law that forbids employment discrimination against anyone at least 40 years of age in the United States (see). In 1967, the bill was signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson.

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Aggregate demand

In macroeconomics, aggregate demand (AD) or domestic final demand (DFD) is the total demand for final goods and services in an economy at a given time.

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Agriculture in the United States

Agriculture is a major industry in the United States, which is a net exporter of food.

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Alabama

Alabama is a state in the southeastern region of the United States.

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Alden v. Maine

Alden v. Maine,, was a decision by the Supreme Court of the United States about whether the United States Congress may use its Article One powers to abrogate a state's sovereign immunity from suits in its own courts, thereby allowing citizens to sue a state in state court without the state's consent.

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Alexander v. Gardner-Denver Co.

Alexander v. Gardner-Denver Co. (1974) is a US labor law case, concerning arbitration with collective agreements for labor rights.

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Alien Contract Labor Law

The 1885 Alien Contract Labor Law (Sess. II Chap. 164; 23 Stat. 332), also known as the Foran Act, was an act to prohibit the importation and migration of foreigners and aliens under contract or agreement to perform labor in the United States, its Territories, and the District of Columbia.

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Aliquippa, Pennsylvania

Aliquippa is a city in Beaver County in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania, located on the Ohio River in the western portions of the Pittsburgh Metropolitan Statistical Area.

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Allied-occupied Germany

Upon the defeat of Nazi Germany in World War II, the victorious Allies asserted their joint authority and sovereignty over 'Germany as a whole', defined as all territories of the former German Reich which lay west of the Oder–Neisse line, having declared the extinction of Nazi Germany at the death of Adolf Hitler (see 1945 Berlin Declaration).

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Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America

The Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America (ACWA) was a United States labor union known for its support for "social unionism" and progressive political causes.

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American Civil Liberties Union

The American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) is a nonprofit organization whose stated mission is "to defend and preserve the individual rights and liberties guaranteed to every person in this country by the Constitution and laws of the United States." Officially nonpartisan, the organization has been supported and criticized by liberal and conservative organizations alike.

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American Civil War

The American Civil War (also known by other names) was a war fought in the United States from 1861 to 1865.

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American Federation of Labor

The American Federation of Labor (AFL) was a national federation of labor unions in the United States founded in Columbus, Ohio, in December 1886 by an alliance of craft unions disaffected from the Knights of Labor, a national labor union.

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American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009

The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (ARRA), nicknamed the Recovery Act, was a stimulus package enacted by the 111th U.S. Congress and signed into law by President Barack Obama in February 2009.

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American Revolution

The American Revolution was a colonial revolt that took place between 1765 and 1783.

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American Rights at Work

American Rights at Work (ARAW) is a U.S. self-described nonpartisan, nonprofit organization that advocates for workers and their right to form unions without interference.

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Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990

The Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 is a civil rights law that prohibits discrimination based on disability.

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Anderson v. Mt. Clemens Pottery Co.

Anderson v. Mt.

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Andrew Carnegie

Andrew Carnegie (but commonly or;MacKay, p. 29. November 25, 1835August 11, 1919) was a Scottish-American industrialist, business magnate, and philanthropist.

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Annual leave

Annual leave is paid time off work granted by employers to employees to be used for whatever the employee wishes.

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Anthony Kennedy

Anthony McLeod Kennedy (born July 23, 1936) is the senior Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States.

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Antonin Scalia

Antonin Gregory Scalia (March 11, 1936 – February 13, 2016) was an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from 1986 until his death in 2016.

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Arbitration

Arbitration, a form of alternative dispute resolution (ADR), is a way to resolve disputes outside the courts.

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Arbitration Fairness Act of 2011

The Arbitration Fairness Act of 2011 is a proposed law in the US Congress to reverse the effects of 14 Penn Plaza LLC v. Pyett and AT&T Mobility v. Concepcion.

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Arbitration in the United States

Arbitration, in the context of United States law, is a form of alternative dispute resolution.

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Archibald Cox

Archibald "Archie" Cox Jr. (May 17, 1912 – May 29, 2004) was an American lawyer and law professor who served as U.S. Solicitor General under President John F. Kennedy and later as a special prosecutor during the Watergate scandal.

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Arizona Supreme Court

The Arizona Supreme Court is the state supreme court of the U.S. state of Arizona.

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Armour & Co. v. Wantock

Armour & Co v Wantock, 323 US 126 (1944) is a US labor law case, concerning the minimum wage.

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Article One of the United States Constitution

Article One of the United States Constitution establishes the legislative branch of the federal government, the United States Congress.

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Asmus v. Pacific Bell

Asmus v. Pacific Bell, 23 Cal.4th 1 (2000) is a US labor law case, concerning the scope of federal preemption against state law for labor rights.

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AT&T

AT&T Inc. is an American multinational conglomerate holding company headquartered at Whitacre Tower in Downtown Dallas, Texas.

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AT&T Corp. v. Hulteen

AT&T Corporation v. Hulteen, is a US labor law case of the United States Supreme Court, holding that maternity leave taken before the passage of the 1978 Pregnancy Discrimination Act needed not to be considered in calculating employee pension benefits.

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AT&T Mobility LLC v. Concepcion

AT&T Mobility v. Concepcion,, is a legal dispute that was decided by the United States Supreme Court.

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At-will employment

At-will employment is a term used in U.S. labor law for contractual relationships in which an employee can be dismissed by an employer for any reason (that is, without having to establish "just cause" for termination), and without warning, as long as the reason is not illegal (e.g. firing because of the employee's race or religion).

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Atlantic slave trade

The Atlantic slave trade or transatlantic slave trade involved the transportation by slave traders of enslaved African people, mainly to the Americas.

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Auer v. Robbins

Auer v. Robbins,, is a United States Supreme Court case that concerns the standard that the Court should apply when it reviews an executive department's interpretation of regulations established under federal legislation.

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Autocracy

An autocracy is a system of government in which supreme power (social and political) is concentrated in the hands of one person, whose decisions are subject to neither external legal restraints nor regularized mechanisms of popular control (except perhaps for the implicit threat of a coup d'état or mass insurrection).

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Automatic enrolment

In public services, automatic enrolment defines programmes where citizens are automatically included unless they opt out.

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Automatic stabilizer

In macroeconomics, automatic stabilizers are features of the structure of modern government budgets, particularly income taxes and welfare spending, that act to dampen fluctuations in real GDP.

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Avery Dennison

Avery Dennison Corporation is a global manufacturer and distributor of pressure-sensitive adhesive materials (such as self-adhesive labels), apparel branding labels and tags, RFID inlays, and specialty medical products.

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Éleuthère Irénée du Pont

Éleuthère Irénée du Pont de Nemours (24 June 1771 – 31 October 1834), known as Irénée du Pont, or E. I. du Pont, was a French-American chemist and industrialist who founded the gunpowder manufacturer E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company.

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Bailey v. Drexel Furniture Co.

Bailey v. Drexel Furniture Co., 259 U.S. 20 (1922), was a United States Supreme Court case in which the Court ruled the 1919 Child Labor Tax Law unconstitutional as an improper attempt by Congress to penalize employers using child labor.

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Bammert v. Don's Super Valu, Inc.

In Bammert v. Don's Super Valu, Inc., 646 N.W.2d 365 (Wis. 2002), the Wisconsin Supreme Court was faced with "a single question of first-impression: can the public policy exception to the employment-at-will doctrine be invoked when an at-will employee is fired in retaliation for the actions of his or her non-employee spouse?" The court answered this question in the negative.

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Bargaining power

Bargaining power is the relative ability of parties in a situation to exert influence over each other.

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Bargaining unit

A bargaining unit, in labor relations, is a group of employees with a clear and identifiable community of interests who are (under U.S. law) represented by a single labor union in collective bargaining and other dealings with management.

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Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch

The Bürgerliches Gesetzbuch, abbreviated BGB, is the civil code of Germany.

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Beatrice Webb

Martha Beatrice Webb, Baroness Passfield, (née Potter; 22 January 1858 – 30 April 1943), was an English sociologist, economist, socialist, labour historian and social reformer.

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Benjamin I. Sachs

Benjamin I. Sachs (born 1971) is Kestnbaum Professor of Labor and Industry at Harvard Law School, a chair previously held by Harvard economist James L. Medoff (1947-2012).

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Bennett Amendment

The Bennett Amendment is a US labor law provision in the Civil Rights Act of 1964, Title VII, §703(h) passed to limit sex discrimination claims regarding pay to the rules in the Equal Pay Act of 1963.

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Benzene

Benzene is an important organic chemical compound with the chemical formula C6H6.

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Bernie Sanders

Bernard Sanders (born September 8, 1941) is an American politician serving as the junior United States Senator from Vermont since 2007.

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Bhasin v Hrynew

is a leading Canadian contract law case, concerning good faith as a basic organizing principle in contractual relations in Canada's common law jurisdictions.

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Big business

No description.

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Bill Clinton

William Jefferson Clinton (born August 19, 1946) is an American politician who served as the 42nd President of the United States from 1993 to 2001.

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Black people

Black people is a term used in certain countries, often in socially based systems of racial classification or of ethnicity, to describe persons who are perceived to be dark-skinned compared to other populations.

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BlackRock

BlackRock, Inc. is an American global investment management corporation based in New York City.

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Board of directors

A board of directors is a recognized group of people who jointly oversee the activities of an organization, which can be either a for-profit business, nonprofit organization, or a government agency.

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Bona fide occupational qualification

In employment law, a bona fide occupational qualification (BFOQ) (US) or bona fide occupational requirement (BFOR) (Canada) or genuine occupational qualification (GOQ) (UK) is a quality or an attribute that employers are allowed to consider when making decisions on the hiring and retention of employees—a quality that when considered in other contexts would constitute discrimination and thus be in violation of civil rights employment law.

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Boston

Boston is the capital city and most populous municipality of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the United States.

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Boston Police Strike

In the Boston Police Strike, Boston police officers went on strike on September 9, 1919.

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Brian Schatz

Brian Emanuel Schatz (born October 20, 1972) is an American politician serving as the senior United States Senator from Hawaii since 2012.

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British Empire

The British Empire comprised the dominions, colonies, protectorates, mandates and other territories ruled or administered by the United Kingdom and its predecessor states.

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Brockmeyer v. Dun & Bradstreet

Brockmeyer v. Dun & Bradstreet 113 Wis.

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Broker-dealer

In financial services, a broker-dealer is a natural person, company or other organization that engages in the business of trading securities for its own account or on behalf of its customers.

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Brown v. Board of Education

Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, 347 U.S. 483 (1954), was a landmark United States Supreme Court case in which the Court declared state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students to be unconstitutional.

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Brown v. Hotel and Restaurant Employees

Brown v. Hotel and Restaurant Employees, 468 U.S. 491 (1984), is a 4-to-3 ruling by the United States Supreme Court which held that a New Jersey state gaming law requiring union leaders to be of good moral character was not preempted by the National Labor Relations Act (NLRA).

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Buckley v. Valeo

Buckley v. Valeo,, is a U.S. constitutional law Supreme Court case on campaign finance.

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Building & Construction Trades Council v. Associated Builders & Contractors of Massachusetts/Rhode Island, Inc.

Building & Construction Trades Council v Associated Builders & Contractors of Massachusetts/Rhode Island, Inc (1993) is a US labor law case, concerning the scope of federal preemption against state law for labor rights.

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Bureau of Indian Affairs

The Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) is an agency of the federal government of the United States within the U.S. Department of the Interior.

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Bureau of Labor Statistics

The Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) is a unit of the United States Department of Labor.

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Bushey v. New York State Civil Service Commission

Bushey v. New York State Civil Serv.

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Byron White

Byron Raymond "Whizzer" White (June 8, 1917 – April 15, 2002) was an associate justice of the Supreme Court of the United States.

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California Agricultural Labor Relations Act of 1975

The California Agricultural Labor Relations Act (CALRA), also referred to as the Alatorre-Zenovich-Dunlap-Berman Agricultural Labor Relations Act of 1975, is a landmark statute in US labor law enacted by the state of California which became law on June 4, 1975,"Governor Signs Historic Farm Labor Legislation." Los Angeles Times. June 5, 1975.

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California Codes

The California Codes are 29 legal codes enacted by the California State Legislature, which together form the general statutory law of California.

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California Department of Fair Employment and Housing

The California Department of Fair Employment and Housing is an agency of California state government charged with the protection of residents from employment, housing and public accommodation discrimination, and hate violence.

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California Department of Industrial Relations

The California Department of Industrial Relations (DIR) is a department of the government of the state of California which was initially created in 1927.

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California Fair Employment and Housing Act of 1959

The California Fair Employment and Housing Act of 1959, codified as Government Code §§12900 - 12996, is a powerful California statute used to fight sexual harassment and other forms of unlawful discrimination in employment and housing, which was passed on September 18, 1959.

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California Federal Savings and Loan Association v. Guerra

California Federal S. & L. Assn.

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California Labor Code

The California Labor Code, more formally known as "the Labor Code", is a collection of civil law statutes for the State of California.

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CalPERS

The California Public Employees' Retirement System (CalPERS) is an agency in the California executive branch that "manages pension and health benefits for more than 1.6 million California public employees, retirees, and their families".

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Calvin Coolidge

John Calvin Coolidge Jr. (July 4, 1872 – January 5, 1933) was an American politician and the 30th President of the United States (1923–1929).

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Cambridge Judge Business School

Cambridge Judge Business School is the business school of the University of Cambridge.

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Capital (economics)

In economics, capital consists of an asset that can enhance one's power to perform economically useful work.

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Card check

Card check (also called majority sign-up) is a method for employees to organize into a labor union in which a majority of employees in a bargaining unit sign authorization forms, or "cards", stating they wish to be represented by the union.

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Case law

Case law is a set of past rulings by tribunals that meet their respective jurisdictions' rules to be cited as precedent.

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Castillo v. Case Farms of Ohio

Castillo v. Case Farms of Ohio, 96 F Supp.

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Chamber of Commerce v. Brown

Chamber of Commerce v. Brown, 554 U.S. 60 (2008), is a US labor law case, concerning the scope of federal preemption against state law for labor rights.

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Charles Evans Hughes

Charles Evans Hughes Sr. (April 11, 1862 – August 27, 1948) was an American statesman, Republican politician, and the 11th Chief Justice of the United States.

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Charles Stewart (customs official)

Charles Stewart was a Scottish-born American merchant and customs officer who was the slaveowner in the Somersett Case, which effectively led to the outlawing of slavery in Britain in 1772.

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Chattanooga, Tennessee

Chattanooga is a city in the U.S. state of Tennessee, with a population of 177,571 in 2016.

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Chickasaw

The Chickasaw are an indigenous people of the Southeastern Woodlands.

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Child care

Child care, or otherwise known as daycare, is the care and supervision of a child or multiple children at a time.

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Child labor laws in the United States

Child labor laws in the United States address issues related to the employment and welfare of working minors and children in the United States.

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Child labour

Child labour refers to the employment of children in any work that deprives children of their childhood, interferes with their ability to attend regular school, and that is mentally, physically, socially or morally dangerous and harmful.

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Christensen v. Harris County

Christensen v. Harris County, 529 U.S. 576 (2000) is a Supreme Court of the United States case holding that a county's policy of requiring employees to schedule time off to avoid accruing time off was not prohibited by the Fair Labor Standards Act.

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Christopher v. SmithKline Beecham Corp.

Christopher v. SmithKline Beecham Corp., (2012) is a US labor law case of the United States Supreme Court.

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Chrysler

Fiat Chrysler Automobiles US LLC (commonly known as Chrysler) is the American subsidiary of Fiat Chrysler Automobiles N.V., an Italian-American automobile manufacturer registered in the Netherlands with headquarters in London, U.K., for tax purposes.

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Citizens United v. FEC

Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission,, is a landmark U.S. constitutional law, campaign finance, and corporate law case dealing with regulation of political campaign spending by organizations.

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City of Ontario v. Quon

Ontario v. Quon,, is a United States Supreme Court case concerning the extent to which the right to privacy applies to electronic communications in a government workplace.

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City of Richmond v. J.A. Croson Co.

City of Richmond v. J.A. Croson Co., 488 U.S. 469 (1989) was a case in which the United States Supreme Court held that the city of Richmond's minority set-aside program, which gave preference to minority business enterprises (MBE) in the awarding of municipal contracts, was unconstitutional under the Equal Protection Clause.

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Civil disobedience

Civil disobedience is the active, professed refusal of a citizen to obey certain laws, demands, orders or commands of a government or occupying international power.

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Civil Rights Act of 1866

The Civil Rights Act of 1866,, enacted April 9, 1866, was the first United States federal law to define citizenship and affirm that all citizens are equally protected by the law.

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Civil Rights Act of 1875

The Civil Rights Act of 1875 (–337), sometimes called Enforcement Act or Force Act, was a United States federal law enacted during the Reconstruction Era in response to civil rights violations to African Americans, "to protect all citizens in their civil and legal rights", giving them equal treatment in public accommodations, public transportation, and to prohibit exclusion from jury service.

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Civil Rights Act of 1964

The Civil Rights Act of 1964 is a landmark civil rights and US labor law in the United States that outlaws discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.

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Civil Rights Act of 1991

The Civil Rights Act of 1991 is a United States labor law, passed in response to United States Supreme Court decisions that limited the rights of employees who had sued their employers for discrimination.

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Civil Rights Cases

The Civil Rights Cases,,. were a group of five US Supreme Court constitutional law cases.

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Civil rights movement

The civil rights movement (also known as the African-American civil rights movement, American civil rights movement and other terms) was a decades-long movement with the goal of securing legal rights for African Americans that other Americans already held.

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Civil Service Reform Act of 1978

The Civil Service Reform Act of 1978, (October 13, 1978, Pub.L. 95–454, 92 Stat. 1111) (CSRA), reformed the civil service of the United States federal government, partly in response to the Watergate scandal.

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Clarence Thomas

Clarence Thomas (born June 23, 1948) is an American judge, lawyer, and government official who currently serves as an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States.

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Class action

A class action, class suit, or representative action is a type of lawsuit where one of the parties is a group of people who are represented collectively by a member of that group.

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Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914

The Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914 (codified at), was a part of United States antitrust law with the goal of adding further substance to the U.S. antitrust law regime; the Clayton Act sought to prevent anticompetitive practices in their incipiency.

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Cleveland

Cleveland is a city in the U.S. state of Ohio, and the county seat of Cuyahoga County.

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Cleveland Board of Education v. LaFleur

Cleveland Board of Education v. LaFleur, 414 U.S. 632 (1974),.

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Co-determination

Codetermination (also "copartnership" or "worker participation") is the practice of workers of an enterprise having the right to vote for representatives on the board of directors in a company.

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Collective action

Collective action refers to action taken together by a group of people whose goal is to enhance their status and achieve a common objective.

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Collective agreement

A collective agreement, collective labour agreement (CLA) or collective bargaining agreement (CBA) is a special type of commercial agreement, usually as one negotiated "collectively" between management (on behalf of the company) and trade unions (on behalf of employees).

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Collective agreement coverage

Collective agreement coverage or union representation refers to the proportion of people in a country population whose terms and conditions at work are made by collective bargaining, between an employer and a trade union, rather than by individual contracts.

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Collective bargaining

Collective bargaining is a process of negotiation between employers and a group of employees aimed at agreements to regulate working salaries, working conditions, benefits, and other aspects of workers' compensation and rights for workers.

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Colonial history of the United States

The colonial history of the United States covers the history of European colonization of the Americas from the start of colonization in the early 16th century until their incorporation into the United States of America.

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Commerce Clause

The Commerce Clause describes an enumerated power listed in the United States Constitution (Article I, Section 8, Clause 3).

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Commission on Industrial Relations

For the government agency in Nebraska see Court of Industrial Relations (Nebraska) The Commission on Industrial Relations (also known as the Walsh Commission) p. 12.

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Commodity

In economics, a commodity is an economic good or service that has full or substantial fungibility: that is, the market treats instances of the good as equivalent or nearly so with no regard to who produced them.

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Common law

Common law (also known as judicial precedent or judge-made law, or case law) is that body of law derived from judicial decisions of courts and similar tribunals.

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Commonwealth

A commonwealth is a traditional English term for a political community founded for the common good.

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Commonwealth v. Hunt

Commonwealth v. Hunt, 45 Mass.

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Commonwealth v. Pullis

Commonwealth v. Pullis, 3 Doc.

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Communications Workers of America v. Beck

Communications Workers of America v. Beck, 487 U.S. 735 (1988),.

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Community for Creative Non-Violence v. Reid

Community for Creative Non-Violence v. Reid, 490 U.S. 730 (1989) is a US copyright law and labor law case of a United States Supreme Court case regarding ownership of copyright.

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Company union

A company or "yellow" union is a worker organization which is dominated or influenced by an employer, and is therefore not an independent trade union.

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Competition law

Competition law is a law that promotes or seeks to maintain market competition by regulating anti-competitive conduct by companies.

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Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act of 2007

The Comprehensive Immigration Reform Act of 2007 (full name: Secure Borders, Economic Opportunity and Immigration Reform Act of 2007) was a bill discussed in the 110th United States Congress that would have provided legal status and a path to citizenship for the approximately 12 million undocumented immigrants residing in the United States.

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Conflict of interest

A conflict of interest (COI) is a situation in which a person or organization is involved in multiple interests, financial or otherwise, and serving one interest could involve working against another.

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Congress of Industrial Organizations

The Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) was a federation of unions that organized workers in industrial unions in the United States and Canada from 1935 to 1955.

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Connecticut

Connecticut is the southernmost state in the New England region of the northeastern United States.

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Connecticut Supreme Court

The Connecticut Supreme Court, formerly known as the Connecticut Supreme Court of Errors, is the highest court in the U.S. state of Connecticut.

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Connick v. Myers

Connick v. Myers, (1983), is a United States Supreme Court decision concerning the First Amendment rights of public employees who speak on matters of possible public concern within the workplace context.

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Consideration

Consideration is a concept of English common law and is a necessity for simple contracts but not for special contracts (contracts by deed).

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Consolidated Laws of New York

The Consolidated Laws of the State of New York are the codification of the permanent laws of a general nature of New York enacted by the New York State Legislature.

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Constitution of Italy

The Constitution of the Italian Republic (Costituzione della Repubblica Italiana) was enacted by the Constituent Assembly on 22 December 1947, with 453 votes in favour and 62 against.

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Constitutionality

Constitutionality is the condition of acting in accordance with an applicable constitution; the status of a law, a procedure, or an act's accordance with the laws or guidelines set forth in the applicable constitution.

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Consumer Credit Protection Act of 1968

The Consumer Credit Protection Act, is a United States law, composed of several titles relating to consumer credit, mainly title I, the Truth in Lending Act, title II related to extortionate credit transactions, title III related to restrictions on wage garnishment, and title IV related to the National Commission on Consumer Finance.

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Control Council Law No 22

Control Council Law No 22, Works Councils (10 April 1946) was a German labour law drafted in Allied-occupied Germany by the Military Government, to enable organisation of work councils in rebuilding the economy and society after World War Two.

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Copeland "Anti-kickback" Act

The Copeland "Anti-kickback" Act (codified at) is a US labor law and act of Congress that supplemented the Davis–Bacon Act of 1931.

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Coppage v. Kansas

Coppage v. Kansas, was a US Supreme Court case based on US labor law that allowed employers to implement contracts, called yellow-dog contracts, which forbade employees from joining unions.

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Corfield v. Coryell

Corfield v. Coryell (6 Fed. Cas. 546, no. 3,230 C.C.E.D.Pa. 1823) is a landmark 1823 federal circuit court case decided by Justice Bushrod Washington, sitting by designation as a judge for the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania.

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Corporate bond

A corporate bond is a bond issued by a corporation in order to raise financing for a variety of reasons such as to ongoing operations, M&A, or to expand business.

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Corporate promoter

A corporate promoter is a firm or person who does the preliminary work incidental to the formation of a company, including its promotion, incorporation, and floatation, and solicits people to invest money in the company, usually when it is being formed.

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Cross-checking

Cross-checking is an infraction in the sport of ice hockey where a player checks an opponent by using the shaft of his or her stick with both hands.

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Cynthia Estlund

Cynthia Estlund (born 1957) is the Catherine A. Rein Professor of Law at the New York University School of Law.

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Dan River

The Dan River flows in the U.S. states of North Carolina and Virginia.

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Danbury, Connecticut

Danbury is a city in Fairfield County, Connecticut, United States, located approximately northeast of New York City, making it part of the New York metropolitan area.

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Dave Beck

Dave Beck (June 16, 1894 – December 26, 1993) was an American labor leader, and president of the International Brotherhood of Teamsters from 1952 to 1957.

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Davenport v. Washington Education Ass'n

Davenport v. Washington Education Association, 551 U.S. 177 (2007), is a ruling by the Supreme Court of the United States in which the Court held that it does not violate the First Amendment for a state to require its public-sector unions to receive affirmative authorization from a non-member before spending that nonmember's agency fees for election-related purposes.

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David Souter

David Hackett Souter (born September 17, 1939) is a retired Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States.

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Davis–Bacon Act of 1931

The Davis–Bacon Act of 1931 is a United States federal law that establishes the requirement for paying the local prevailing wages on public works projects for laborers and mechanics.

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De Veau v. Braisted

De Veau v. Braisted, 363 U.S. 144 (1960), is a 5-to-3 ruling by the Supreme Court of the United States that an interstate compact restricting convicted felons from holding union office is not preempted by the National Labor Relations Act or the Labor Management Reporting and Disclosure Act, does not violate the Due Process Clause of the 14th Amendment, and is not an ex post facto law or bill of attainder in violation of Article One, Section 10 of the Constitution.

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Debs v. United States

Debs v. United States, was a United States Supreme Court decision, relevant for US labor law and constitutional law, that upheld the Espionage Act of 1917.

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Debt bondage

Debt bondage, also known as debt slavery or bonded labour, is a person's pledge of labour or services as security for the repayment for a debt or other obligation, where there is no hope of actually repaying the debt.

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Declaration of independence

A declaration of independence or declaration of statehood is an assertion by a defined territory that it is independent and constitutes a state.

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Defined benefit pension plan

A defined benefit pension plan is a type of pension plan in which an employer/sponsor promises a specified pension payment, lump-sum (or combination thereof) on retirement that is predetermined by a formula based on the employee's earnings history, tenure of service and age, rather than depending directly on individual investment returns.

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Defined contribution plan

A defined contribution (DC) plan is a type of retirement plan in which the employer, employee or both make contributions on a regular basis.

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Delaware General Corporation Law

The Delaware General Corporation Law (Title 8, Chapter 1 of the Delaware Code) is the statute governing corporate law in the U.S. state of Delaware.

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Democracy

Democracy (δημοκρατία dēmokraa thetía, literally "rule by people"), in modern usage, has three senses all for a system of government where the citizens exercise power by voting.

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Democratic Party (United States)

The Democratic Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Republican Party (nicknamed the GOP for Grand Old Party).

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Derivative (finance)

In finance, a derivative is a contract that derives its value from the performance of an underlying entity.

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Developed country

A developed country, industrialized country, more developed country, or "more economically developed country" (MEDC), is a sovereign state that has a highly developed economy and advanced technological infrastructure relative to other less industrialized nations.

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Discrimination

In human social affairs, discrimination is treatment or consideration of, or making a distinction in favor of or against, a person based on the group, class, or category to which the person is perceived to belong.

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Discrimination (Employment and Occupation) Convention

The Convention concerning Discrimination in Respect of Employment and Occupation or Discrimination (Employment and Occupation) Convention (ILO Convention No.111) is an International Labour Organization Convention on anti-discrimination.

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Disparate impact

Disparate impact in United States labor law refers to practices in employment, housing, and other areas that adversely affect one group of people of a protected characteristic more than another, even though rules applied by employers or landlords are formally neutral.

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Disparate treatment

Disparate treatment is one kind of unlawful discrimination in US labor law.

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Diversification (finance)

In finance, diversification is the process of allocating capital in a way that reduces the exposure to any one particular asset or risk.

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Division of labour

The division of labour is the separation of tasks in any system so that participants may specialize.

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Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act

The Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (commonly referred to as Dodd–Frank) was signed into United States federal law by US President Barack Obama on July 21, 2010.

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Donovan v. Bierwirth

Donovan v. Bierwirth 680 F2d 263 (1982) is a US labor law case, concerning the minimum wage.

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Dothard v. Rawlinson

Dothard v. Rawlinson, (1977), was the first United States Supreme Court case which the bona fide occupational qualifications (BFOQ) defense was used.

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Dred Scott v. Sandford

Dred Scott v. Sandford,, also known as the Dred Scott case, was a landmark decision by the United States Supreme Court on US labor law and constitutional law.

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Due process

Due process is the legal requirement that the state must respect all legal rights that are owed to a person.

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Due Process Clause

The Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments to the United States Constitution each contain a due process clause.

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Dunlop Commission on the Future of Worker-Management Relations: Final Report

The Dunlop Commission on the Future of Worker-Management Relations: Final Report was a major review of US labor law, containing recommendations for reform, established by the US Department of Labor and US Department of Commerce.

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Dunlop v. Bachowski

Dunlop v. Bachowski, 421 U.S. 560 (1975), is a unanimous decision of the Supreme Court of the United States which held that the Labor-Management Reporting and Disclosure Act of 1959 gives federal courts jurisdiction to review decisions of the United States Department of Labor to proceed (or not) with prosecutions under the Act.

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Duplex Printing Press Co. v. Deering

Duplex Printing Press Co.

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Duty of fair representation

The duty of fair representation is incumbent upon U.S. labor unions that are the exclusive bargaining representative of workers in a particular group.

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Eastern Associated Coal Corp. v. United Mine Workers of America

Eastern Associated Coal Corp.

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Eastwood v Magnox Electric plc

Eastwood v Magnox Electric plc is a UK labour law case concerning damages for wrongful dismissal, which were held to not be limited if a breach of contract occurs during the performance of the contract, rather than at the point of termination.

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Economic democracy

Economic democracy is a socioeconomic philosophy that proposes to shift decision-making power from corporate managers and corporate shareholders to a larger group of public stakeholders that includes workers, customers, suppliers, neighbors and the broader public.

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Economic, social and cultural rights

Economic, social and cultural rights are socio-economic human rights, such as the right to education, right to housing, right to adequate standard of living, right to health and the right to science and culture.

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Egelhoff v. Egelhoff

Egelhoff v. Egelhoff, 532 U.S. 141 (2001), is a major decision of the Supreme Court of the United States on federalism, specifically with regards to the preemption powers of federal law over state laws.

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Eileen Appelbaum

Eileen Appelbaum is a senior economist at the Center for Economic and Policy Research and an expert in private equity and labor relations.

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Electromation Inc

Electromation Inc 309 NLRB No 163 (1992) is a US labor law case, concerning the scope of federal preemption against state law for labor rights.

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Eleventh Amendment to the United States Constitution

The Eleventh Amendment (Amendment XI) to the United States Constitution, which was passed by Congress on March 4, 1794, and ratified by the states on February 7, 1795, deals with each state's sovereign immunity and was adopted to overrule the U.S. Supreme Court's decision in Chisholm v. Georgia,.

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Elgin v. Department of Treasury

Elgin v. Department of Treasury,, was a United States Supreme Court case where the court ruled that the Civil Service Reform Act of 1978 (CSRA) gives exclusive jurisdiction for claims under the Act to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit.

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Elizabeth Warren

Elizabeth Ann Warren (née Herring, born June 22, 1949) is an American politician and academic serving as the senior United States Senator from Massachusetts, a seat she was elected to in 2012.

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Emancipation Proclamation

The Emancipation Proclamation, or Proclamation 95, was a presidential proclamation and executive order issued by United States President Abraham Lincoln on January 1, 1863.

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Embezzlement

Embezzlement is the act of withholding assets for the purpose of conversion (theft) of such assets, by one or more persons to whom the assets were entrusted, either to be held or to be used for specific purposes.

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Emergency Relief Appropriation Act of 1935

The Emergency Relief Appropriation Act of 1935 was passed on April 8, 1935, as a part of Franklin Delano Roosevelt's New Deal.

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Empirical evidence

Empirical evidence, also known as sensory experience, is the information received by means of the senses, particularly by observation and documentation of patterns and behavior through experimentation.

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Employee Free Choice Act

The Employee Free Choice Act is the name for several legislative bills on US labor law (.) which have been proposed and sometimes introduced into one or both chambers of the U.S. Congress.

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Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974

The Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (ERISA) (codified in part at) is a federal United States tax and labor law that establishes minimum standards for pension plans in private industry.

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Employee stock ownership plan

An employee stock ownership plan (ESOP) is an employee-owner program that provides a company's workforce with an ownership interest in the company.

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Employment

Employment is a relationship between two parties, usually based on a contract where work is paid for, where one party, which may be a corporation, for profit, not-for-profit organization, co-operative or other entity is the employer and the other is the employee.

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Employment Act of 1946

The Employment Act of 1946 ch.

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Employment agency

An employment agency is an organization which matches employers to employees.

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Employment contract

An employment contract or contract of employment is a kind of contract used in labour law to attribute rights and responsibilities between parties to a bargain.

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Employment discrimination

Employment discrimination is a form of discrimination based on race, gender, religion, national origin, physical or mental disability, age, sexual orientation, and gender identity by employers.

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Enforcement Act of 1870

The Enforcement Act of 1869, also known as the Civil Rights Act of 1870 or First Ku Klux Klan Act, or Force Act was a United States federal law written to empower the President with the legal authority to enforce the first section of the Fifteenth Amendment throughout the United States.

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England

England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom.

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English law

English law is the common law legal system of England and Wales, comprising mainly criminal law and civil law, each branch having its own courts and procedures.

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Enron

Enron Corporation was an American energy, commodities, and services company based in Houston, Texas.

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Enterprise bargaining agreement

Enterprise bargaining is wage and working conditions being negotiated at the level of the individual organisations, usually in Australia.

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Equal Employment Opportunity Commission

The U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) is a federal agency that administers and enforces civil rights laws against workplace discrimination.

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Equal opportunity

Equal opportunity arises from the similar treatment of all people, unhampered by artificial barriers or prejudices or preferences, except when particular distinctions can be explicitly justified.

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Equal Pay Act of 1963

The Equal Pay Act of 1963 is a United States labor law amending the Fair Labor Standards Act, aimed at abolishing wage disparity based on sex (see Gender pay gap).

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Equal pay for equal work

Equal pay for equal work is the concept of labor rights that individuals in the same workplace be given equal pay.

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Equal Protection Clause

The Equal Protection Clause is part of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution.

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Equality Act (United States)

The Equality Act is a bill in the United States House of Representatives and the Senate that if passed would amend the Civil Rights Act of 1964 to include protections that ban discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation, gender identity, and sex in the areas of employment, housing, public accommodations, public education, federal funding, credit, and the jury system.

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Equality before the law

Equality before the law, also known as: equality under the law, equality in the eyes of the law, or legal equality, is the principle that each independent being must be treated equally by the law (principle of isonomy) and that all are subject to the same laws of justice (due process).

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Equitable Life Assurance Society v Hyman

Equitable Life Assurance Society v Hyman is an English contract law case, concerning implied terms.

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Erdman Act

The Erdman Act of 1898 was a United States federal law pertaining to railroad labor disputes.

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Eugene V. Debs

Eugene Victor Debs (November 5, 1855 – October 20, 1926) was an American democratic socialist political activist and trade unionist, one of the founding members of the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW or the Wobblies), and five times the candidate of the Socialist Party of America for President of the United States.

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European labour law

European labour law regulates basic transnational standards of employment and partnership at work in the European Union and countries adhering to the European Convention on Human Rights.

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European Union

The European Union (EU) is a political and economic union of EUnum member states that are located primarily in Europe.

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European Union law

European Union law is the system of laws operating within the member states of the European Union.

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Evil

Evil, in a colloquial sense, is the opposite of good, the word being an efficient substitute for the more precise but religion-associated word "wickedness." As defined in philosophy it is the name for the psychology and instinct of individuals which selfishly but often necessarily defends the personal boundary against deadly attacks and serious threats.

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Executive compensation

Executive compensation or executive pay is composed of the financial compensation and other non-financial awards received by an executive from their firm for their service to the organization.

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Executive Order 8802

Executive Order 8802 was signed by President Franklin D. Roosevelt on June 25, 1941, to prohibit racial discrimination in the national defense industry.

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Fair Employment Practice Committee

The Fair Employment Practice Committee (FEPC) was created in 1941 in the United States to implement Executive Order 8802 by President Franklin D. Roosevelt, "banning discriminatory employment practices by Federal agencies and all unions and companies engaged in war-related work.", Our Documents, Executive Order 8802 dated June 25, 1941, General Records of the United States Government; Record Group 11; National Archives This was shortly before the United States entered World War II.

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Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938

The Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 (abbreviated as FLSA) is a United States labor law that creates the right to a minimum wage, and "time-and-a-half" overtime pay when people work over forty hours a week.

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Fair trade

Fair trade is a social movement whose stated goal is to help producers in developing countries achieve better trading conditions.

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Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993

The Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993 (FMLA) is a United States labor law requiring covered employers to provide employees with job-protected and unpaid leave for qualified medical and family reasons.

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Faragher v. City of Boca Raton

Faragher v. City of Boca Raton, is a US labor law case of the United States Supreme Court case in which the Court identified the circumstances under which an employer may be held liable under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 for the acts of a supervisory employee whose sexual harassment of subordinates has created a hostile work environment amounting to employment discrimination.

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Fascism

Fascism is a form of radical authoritarian ultranationalism, characterized by dictatorial power, forcible suppression of opposition and control of industry and commerce, which came to prominence in early 20th-century Europe.

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Fast track (trade)

The fast track authority for brokering trade agreements is the authority of the President of the United States to negotiate international agreements that Congress can approve or deny but cannot amend or filibuster.

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Federal Arbitration Act

The United States Arbitration Act (codified at), more commonly referred to as the Federal Arbitration Act or FAA, is an act of Congress that provides for judicial facilitation of private dispute resolution through arbitration.

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Federal Aviation Administration

The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) of the United States is a national authority with powers to regulate all aspects of civil aviation.

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Federal Corrupt Practices Act

The Federal Corrupt Practices Act, also known as the Publicity Act, was a federal law of the United States that was enacted in 1910 and amended in 1911 and 1925.

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Federal Election Campaign Act

The Federal Election Campaign Act of 1971 (FECA,, et seq.) is the primary United States federal law regulating political campaign spending and fundraising.

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Federal Emergency Relief Administration

The Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA) was the new name given by the Roosevelt Administration to the Emergency Relief Administration (ERA) which President Franklin Delano Roosevelt had created in 1933.

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Federal Labor Relations Act

The (FSLMRS aka "the Statute") is a federal law which establishes collective bargaining rights for most employees of the federal government in the United States.

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Federal preemption

In the law of the United States, federal preemption is the invalidation of a U.S. state law that conflicts with federal law.

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Federal Reserve Act

The Federal Reserve Act (ch. 6,, enacted December 23, 1913) is an Act of Congress that created and established the Federal Reserve System (the central banking system of the United States), and which created the authority to issue Federal Reserve Notes (commonly known as the US Dollar) as legal tender.

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Federal Reserve Reform Act of 1977

The Federal Reserve Reform Act of 1977 enacted a number of reforms to the Federal Reserve, making it more accountable for its actions on monetary and fiscal policy and tasking it with the goal to "promote maximum employment, production, and price stability".

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Federal Rules of Civil Procedure

The Federal Rules of Civil Procedure (officially abbreviated Fed. R. Civ. P.; colloquially FRCP) govern civil procedure (i.e. for civil lawsuits) in United States district (federal) courts.

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Federal Trade Commission Act of 1914

The Federal Trade Commission Act of 1914 established the Federal Trade Commission.

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FedEx

FedEx Corporation is an American multinational courier delivery services company headquartered in Memphis, Tennessee.

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FedEx Home Delivery v. NLRB

FedEx Home Delivery v NLRB (DC 2009) is a US labor law case on the scope of protection for labor rights.

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Felix Frankfurter

Felix Frankfurter (November 15, 1882February 22, 1965) was an American lawyer, professor, and jurist who served as an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States.

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Fiat justitia ruat caelum

Fiat justitia ruat cælum is a Latin legal phrase, meaning "Let justice be done though the heavens fall." The maxim signifies the belief that justice must be realized regardless of consequences.

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Fidelity Investments

Fidelity Investments Inc., commonly referred to as Fidelity, is a multinational financial services corporation based in Boston, Massachusetts.

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Fiduciary

A fiduciary is a person who holds a legal or ethical relationship of trust with one or more other parties (person or group of persons).

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Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

The Fifteenth Amendment (Amendment XV) to the United States Constitution prohibits the federal and state governments from denying a citizen the right to vote based on that citizen's "race, color, or previous condition of servitude".

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Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution

The Fifth Amendment (Amendment V) to the United States Constitution is part of the Bill of Rights and, among other things, protects individuals from being compelled to be witnesses against themselves in criminal cases.

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Financial institution

Financial institutions, otherwise known as banking institutions, are corporations which provide services as intermediaries of financial markets.

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Firefighter

A firefighter is a rescuer extensively trained in firefighting, primarily to extinguish hazardous fires that threaten life, property and the environment as well as to rescue people and animals from dangerous situations.

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First Amendment to the United States Constitution

The First Amendment (Amendment I) to the United States Constitution prevents Congress from making any law respecting an establishment of religion, prohibiting the free exercise of religion, or abridging the freedom of speech, the freedom of the press, the right to peaceably assemble, or to petition for a governmental redress of grievances.

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First National Bank of Boston v. Bellotti

First National Bank of Boston v. Bellotti, 435 U.S. 765 (1978),.

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Ford Motor Co. v. NLRB

Ford Motor Co.

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Foreign direct investment

A foreign direct investment (FDI) is an investment in the form of a controlling ownership in a business in one country by an entity based in another country.

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Fortunato v. Office of Stephen M. Silston, D.D.S.

Fortunato v. Office of Stephen M. Silston, D.D.S., 856 A.2d 530 (Conn. Super. 2004) is a United States employment law case, concerning wrongful termination.

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Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

The Fourteenth Amendment (Amendment XIV) to the United States Constitution was adopted on July 9, 1868, as one of the Reconstruction Amendments.

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Framingham, Massachusetts

Framingham is a city in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts in the United States.

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Frank Murphy

William Francis "Frank" Murphy (April 13, 1890July 19, 1949) was a Democratic politician and jurist from Michigan.

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Franklin D. Roosevelt

Franklin Delano Roosevelt Sr. (January 30, 1882 – April 12, 1945), often referred to by his initials FDR, was an American statesman and political leader who served as the 32nd President of the United States from 1933 until his death in 1945.

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Frederick Winslow Taylor

Frederick Winslow Taylor (March 20, 1856 – March 21, 1915) was an American mechanical engineer who sought to improve industrial efficiency.

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Freedom of association

Freedom of association encompasses both an individual's right to join or leave groups voluntarily, the right of the group to take collective action to pursue the interests of its members, and the right of an association to accept or decline membership based on certain criteria.

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Freedom of Association and Protection of the Right to Organise Convention

The Freedom of Association and Protection of the Right to Organise Convention (1948) is an International Labour Organization Convention, and one of eight conventions that form the core of international labour law, as interpreted by the Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work.

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Freedom of contract

Freedom of contract is the freedom of private or public individuals and groups (of any legal entity) to form nonviolent contracts without government restrictions.

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Freedom of movement under United States law

Freedom of movement under United States law is governed primarily by the Privileges and Immunities Clause of the United States Constitution which states, "The Citizens of each State shall be entitled to all Privileges and Immunities of Citizens in the several States." As far back as the circuit court ruling in Corfield v. Coryell, 6 Fed. Cas. 546 (1823), freedom of movement has been judicially recognized as a fundamental Constitutional right.

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Freedom of speech

Freedom of speech is a principle that supports the freedom of an individual or a community to articulate their opinions and ideas without fear of retaliation, censorship, or sanction.

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Friedrich Kessler

Friedrich "Fritz" Kessler (August 25, 1901 – January 21, 1998) was an American law professor who taught at Yale Law School (1935–1938, 1947–1970), University of Chicago Law School, and University of California, Berkeley School of Law.

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Friedrichs v. California Teachers Ass'n

Friedrichs v. California Teachers Association,, is a United States labor law case that came before the Supreme Court of the United States.

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Fugitive Slave Act of 1793

The Fugitive Slave Act of 1793 was an Act of the United States Congress to give effect to the Fugitive Slave Clause of the U.S. Constitution (Article 4, Section 2, Clause 3 Note: Superseded by the Thirteenth Amendment) which guaranteed a right of a slaveholder to recover an escaped slave.

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Fugitive Slave Act of 1850

The Fugitive Slave Law or Fugitive Slave Act was passed by the United States Congress on September 18, 1850, as part of the Compromise of 1850 between Southern slave-holding interests and Northern Free-Soilers.

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Fugitive Slave Clause

The Fugitive Slave Clause of the United States Constitution, also known as either the Slave Clause or the Fugitives From Labor Clause, is Article IV, Section 2, Clause 3, which requires a "person held to service or labour" (usually a slave, apprentice, or indentured servant) who flees to another state to be returned to the owner in the state from which that person escaped.

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Full employment

Full employment means that everyone who wants a job have all the hours of work they need on "fair wages".

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Funding

Funding is the act of providing financial resources, usually in the form of money, or other values such as effort or time, to finance a need, program, and project, usually by an organization or company.

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Gade v. National Solid Wastes Management Ass'n

Gade v. National Solid Wastes Management Association, 505 U.S. 88 (1992), is a US labor law case of the United States Supreme Court.

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Gael Tarleton

Gael Tarleton (born January 1, 1959) is an American politician of the Democratic Party.

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Garcetti v. Ceballos

Garcetti v. Ceballos, 547 U.S. 410 (2006), is a U.S. Supreme Court decision involving First Amendment free speech protections for government employees.

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Garcia v. San Antonio Metropolitan Transit Authority

Garcia v. San Antonio Metropolitan Transit Authority, 469 U.S. 528 (1985), is a United States Supreme Court decision in which the Court held that the Congress has the power under the Commerce Clause of the Constitution to extend the Fair Labor Standards Act, which requires that employers provide minimum wage and overtime pay to their employees, to state and local governments.

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Garner v. Teamsters Local 776

Garner v. Teamsters Local 776, (1953) is a US labor law case, concerning the scope of federal preemption against state law for labor rights.

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Geduldig v. Aiello

Geduldig v. Aiello,, was an equal protection case in the United States in which the US Supreme Court ruled on whether unfavorable treatment to pregnant women could count as sex discrimination.

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Gender pay gap in the United States

The gender pay gap in the United States is the ratio of female-to-male median or average (depending on the source) yearly earnings among full-time, year-round workers.

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General Tire

The General Tire and Rubber Company is an American manufacturer of tires for motor vehicles.

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George W. Bush

George Walker Bush (born July 6, 1946) is an American politician who served as the 43rd President of the United States from 2001 to 2009.

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Georgia (U.S. state)

Georgia is a state in the Southeastern United States.

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Gibbons v. Ogden

Gibbons v. Ogden, was a landmark decision in which the Supreme Court of the United States held that the power to regulate interstate commerce, granted to Congress by the Commerce Clause of the United States Constitution, encompassed the power to regulate navigation.

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Glass Lewis

Glass, Lewis & Co. is one of two prominent proxy advisory services in the world, the other being Institutional Shareholder Services ("ISS").

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GlaxoSmithKline

GlaxoSmithKline plc (GSK) is a British pharmaceutical company headquartered in Brentford, London.

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Global workforce

Global workforce refers to the international labor pool of workers, including those employed by multinational companies and connected through a global system of networking and production, immigrant workers, transient migrant workers, telecommuting workers, those in export-oriented employment, contingent work or other precarious employment.

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Golden State Transit Corp. v. City of Los Angeles

Golden State Transit Corp v City of Los Angeles (1986) is a US labor law case, concerning the scope of federal preemption against state law for labor rights.

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Gomez-Perez v. Potter

Gomez-Perez v. Potter,, is a US labor law case of the United States Supreme Court holding that federal employees can assert claims for retaliation resulting from filing an age discrimination complaint. The case continued the Court's long-standing position that cause for action following retaliation can be inferred in civil rights legislation, even though the law does not explicitly provide protection against victimization. The case is important because it signaled a willingness by recently appointed Justice Samuel Alito to continue the Court's expansive interpretation of civil rights laws.

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Good faith

Good faith (bona fides), in human interactions, is a sincere intention to be fair, open, and honest, regardless of the outcome of the interaction.

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Good faith (law)

In contract law, the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing is a general presumption that the parties to a contract will deal with each other honestly, fairly, and in good faith, so as to not destroy the right of the other party or parties to receive the benefits of the contract.

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Government bond

A government bond or sovereign bond is a bond issued by a national government, generally with a promise to pay periodic interest payments and to repay the face value on the maturity date.

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Great Depression

The Great Depression was a severe worldwide economic depression that took place mostly during the 1930s, beginning in the United States.

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Griggs v. Duke Power Co.

Griggs v Duke Power Co, (1971), was a court case argued before the Supreme Court of the United States on December 14, 1970.

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Guam

Guam (Chamorro: Guåhån) is an unincorporated and organized territory of the United States in Micronesia in the western Pacific Ocean.

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Habeas corpus

Habeas corpus (Medieval Latin meaning literally "that you have the body") is a recourse in law through which a person can report an unlawful detention or imprisonment to a court and request that the court order the custodian of the person, usually a prison official, to bring the prisoner to court, to determine whether the detention is lawful.

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Hague v. Committee for Industrial Organization

Hague v. Committee for Industrial Organization,, is a US labor law case decided by the United States Supreme Court.

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Hammer v. Dagenhart

Hammer v. Dagenhart,, was a United States Supreme Court decision involving the power of Congress to enact child labor laws.

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Harassment

Harassment covers a wide range of behaviors of an offensive nature.

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Harper v. Virginia State Board of Elections

Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections, 383 U.S. 663 (1966), was a case in which the U.S. Supreme Court found that Virginia's poll tax was unconstitutional under the equal protection clause of the 14th Amendment.

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Harris County, Texas

Harris County is a county located in the U.S. state of Texas.

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Harris v. Quinn

Harris v. Quinn,, is a US labor law case of the United States Supreme Court regarding provisions of Illinois state law that allowed a union security agreement.

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Harry Blackmun

Harry Andrew Blackmun (November 12, 1908March 4, 1999) was an American lawyer and jurist who served as an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from 1970 until 1994.

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Harry S. Truman

Harry S. Truman (May 8, 1884 – December 26, 1972) was an American statesman who served as the 33rd President of the United States (1945–1953), taking office upon the death of Franklin D. Roosevelt.

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Harvard Law School

Harvard Law School (also known as Harvard Law or HLS) is one of the professional graduate schools of Harvard University located in Cambridge, Massachusetts.

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Hatmaking

Hatmaking or millinery is the design, manufacture and sale of hats and head-wear.

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Health maintenance organization

In the United States, a health maintenance organization (HMO) is a medical insurance group that provides health services for a fixed annual fee.

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Heffernan v. City of Paterson

Heffernan v. City of Paterson, 578 U.S. ___ (2016), was a United States Supreme Court case in 2016 concerning the First Amendment rights of public employees.

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Herbert Hovenkamp

Herbert Hovenkamp (born 1948) is the James G. Dinan University Professor at the University of Pennsylvania Law School and the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania.

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High school diploma

A high school diploma is a North American academic school leaving qualification awarded upon high school graduation.

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History of immigration to the United States

The history of immigration to the United States details the movement of people to the United States starting with the first European settlements from around 1600.

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Hobson's choice

A Hobson's choice is a free choice in which only one thing is offered.

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Hoffman Plastic Compounds, Inc. v. NLRB

Hoffman Plastic Compounds, Inc.

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Holidays with Pay Convention (Revised), 1970

Holidays with Pay Convention (Revised), 1970 is an International Labour Organization Convention.

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Howard Johnson Co. v. Detroit Local Joint Executive Board

Howard Johnson Co v Detroit Local Joint Executive Board, is a US labor law case that decided that under the Labor Management Relations Act § 301 there can be no obligation on an employer to collectively bargain with employees of a business that has been transferred to him.

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Huffman v. Office of Personnel Management

Huffman v. Office of Personnel Management, 263 F.3d 1341 (Fed. Cir. 2001) is a decision by the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit addressing a two decade-old conflict between the United States Congress and the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit over the depth of whistleblower protection available to federal civilian employees covered by the Whistleblower Protection Act of 1989.

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Human

Humans (taxonomically Homo sapiens) are the only extant members of the subtribe Hominina.

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Human development (humanity)

Human development is the science that seeks to understand how and why the people of all ages and circumstances change or remain the same over time.

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Human skin color

Human skin color ranges in variety from the darkest brown to the lightest hues.

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Humanitarianism

Humanitarianism is an active belief in the value of human life, whereby humans practice benevolent treatment and provide assistance to other humans, in order to better humanity for moral, altruistic and logical reasons.

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Humphrey–Hawkins Full Employment Act

The Full Employment and Balanced Growth Act (known informally as the Humphrey–Hawkins Full Employment Act) is an act of legislation by the United States government.

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Illegal immigration to the United States

Illegal immigration to the United States is the entry into the United States of foreign nationals in violation of United States immigration laws and also the remaining in the country of foreign nationals after their visa, or other authority to be in the country, has expired.

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Illinois

Illinois is a state in the Midwestern region of the United States.

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Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986

The Immigration Reform and Control Act (IRCA),, also known as the Simpson–Mazzoli Act or the Reagan Amnesty, signed into law by Ronald Reagan on November 6, 1986, is an Act of Congress which reformed United States immigration law.

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Imperial Group Pension Trust Ltd v Imperial Tobacco Ltd

Imperial Group Pension Trust Ltd v Imperial Tobacco Ltd 1 WLR 589 is an English trust law case, especially relevant for UK labour law and UK company law, concerning pension funds and the implementation of a poison pill.

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In re Debs

In re Debs, (1895) was a US labor law case of the United States Supreme Court decision handed down concerning Eugene V. Debs and labor unions.

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In re NLRB

In re Labor Board, 304 U.S. 486 (1938), is a 5-to-2 decision by the Supreme Court of the United States which held that the National Labor Relations Act requires the filing of a petition and a transcript in order for an enforcement order to proceed in federal court, and that a writ of prohibition and writ of mandamus are appropriate measures to take in quashing a petition when no transcript has been filed.

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Income inequality in the United States

Income inequality in the United States has increased significantly since the 1970s after several decades of stability, meaning the share of the nation's income received by higher income households has increased.

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Income tax in the United States

Income taxes in the United States are imposed by the federal, most state, and many local governments.

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Indentured servitude

An indentured servant or indentured laborer is an employee (indenturee) within a system of unfree labor who is bound by a signed or forced contract (indenture) to work for a particular employer for a fixed time.

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Indentured servitude in the Americas

Indentured servitude in the Americas was a means by which immigrants, typically young Europeans under 25,Tomlins (2001) at notes 31, 42, 66 came to the Americas from the early 17th to the early 20th centuries.

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Independent union

An independent union is a trade union that represents workers in one plant or company and is free of employer control.

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Indigenous peoples of the Americas

The indigenous peoples of the Americas are the pre-Columbian peoples of the Americas and their descendants. Although some indigenous peoples of the Americas were traditionally hunter-gatherers—and many, especially in the Amazon basin, still are—many groups practiced aquaculture and agriculture. The impact of their agricultural endowment to the world is a testament to their time and work in reshaping and cultivating the flora indigenous to the Americas. Although some societies depended heavily on agriculture, others practiced a mix of farming, hunting and gathering. In some regions the indigenous peoples created monumental architecture, large-scale organized cities, chiefdoms, states and empires. Many parts of the Americas are still populated by indigenous peoples; some countries have sizable populations, especially Belize, Bolivia, Canada, Chile, Ecuador, Greenland, Guatemala, Guyana, Mexico, Panama and Peru. At least a thousand different indigenous languages are spoken in the Americas. Some, such as the Quechuan languages, Aymara, Guaraní, Mayan languages and Nahuatl, count their speakers in millions. Many also maintain aspects of indigenous cultural practices to varying degrees, including religion, social organization and subsistence practices. Like most cultures, over time, cultures specific to many indigenous peoples have evolved to incorporate traditional aspects but also cater to modern needs. Some indigenous peoples still live in relative isolation from Western culture, and a few are still counted as uncontacted peoples.

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Industrial democracy

Industrial democracy is an arrangement which involves workers making decisions, sharing responsibility and authority in the workplace.

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Industrial Revolution

The Industrial Revolution was the transition to new manufacturing processes in the period from about 1760 to sometime between 1820 and 1840.

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Inequality of bargaining power

In law, economics and the social sciences, inequality of bargaining power is where one party to a "bargain", contract or agreement, has more and better alternatives than the other party.

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Ingersoll-Rand Co. v. McClendon

Ingersoll-Rand Co.

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Injunction

An injunction is an equitable remedy in the form of a court order that compels a party to do or refrain from specific acts.

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Institutional Shareholder Services

Institutional Shareholder Services, Inc.

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Internal Revenue Code

The Internal Revenue Code (IRC), formally the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, is the domestic portion of federal statutory tax law in the United States, published in various volumes of the United States Statutes at Large, and separately as Title 26 of the United States Code (USC).

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International Ass'n of Machinists v. Street

International Association of Machinists v. Street, 367 U.S. 740 (1961), was a US labor law decision by the United States Supreme Court on labor union freedom to make collective agreements with employers to enroll workers in union membership, or collect fees for the service of collective bargaining.

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International Brotherhood of Teamsters

The International Brotherhood of Teamsters (IBT) is a labor union in the United States and Canada.

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International labour law

International labour law is the body of rules spanning public and private international law which concern the rights and duties of employees, employers, trade unions and governments in regulating the workplace.

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International Labour Organization

The International Labour Organization (ILO) is a United Nations agency dealing with labour problems, particularly international labour standards, social protection, and work opportunities for all.

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International Society for Labor Law and Social Security

The International Society for Labour and Social Security Law is an international association whose purpose is to study labour and social security law at the national and international level, to promote the exchange of ideas and information from a comparative perspective, and to encourage collaboration among academics, lawyers, and other experts within the fields of labour and social security law.

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International Union of Operating Engineers

The International Union of Operating Engineers (IUOE) is a trade union within the United States-based AFL-CIO representing primarily construction workers who work as heavy equipment operators, mechanics, surveyors, and stationary engineers (also called operating engineers or power engineers) who maintain heating and other systems in buildings and industrial complexes, in the United States and Canada.

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Interstate Commerce Act of 1887

The Interstate Commerce Act of 1887 is a United States federal law that was designed to regulate the railroad industry, particularly its monopolistic practices.

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Investment management

Investment management is the professional asset management of various securities (shares, bonds and other securities) and other assets (e.g., real estate) in order to meet specified investment goals for the benefit of the investors.

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Janus v. AFSCME

Janus v. American Federation of State, County, and Municipal Employees, Council 31,, was a landmark US labor law United States Supreme Court case concerning the power of labor unions to collect fees from non-union members for the service of collective bargaining.

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Jewell Ridge Coal Corp. v. United Mine Workers of America

Jewell Ridge Coal Corp.

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JI Case Co v National Labor Relations Board

JI Case Co v National Labor Relations Board (1944) is a US labor law case, concerning the scope of labor rights in the United States.

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Jim Crow laws

Jim Crow laws were state and local laws that enforced racial segregation in the Southern United States.

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Jimmy Hoffa

James Riddle Hoffa (February 14, 1913 – disappeared July 30, 1975) was an American labor union leader who served as the President of the International Brotherhood of Teamsters (IBT) union from 1958 until 1971.

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Job performance

Job performance assesses whether a person performs a job well.

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Job security

Job security is the probability that an individual will keep their job; a job with a high level of job security is such that a person with the job would have a small chance of becoming unemployed.

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John F. Kennedy

John Fitzgerald "Jack" Kennedy (May 29, 1917 – November 22, 1963), commonly referred to by his initials JFK, was an American politician who served as the 35th President of the United States from January 1961 until his assassination in November 1963.

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John Marshall Harlan

John Marshall Harlan (June 1, 1833October 14, 1911) was an American lawyer and politician who served as an associate justice on the U.S. Supreme Court.

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John Paul Stevens

John Paul Stevens (born April 20, 1920) is an American lawyer and jurist who served as an associate justice of the United States Supreme Court from 1975 until his retirement in 2010.

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John R. Commons

John Rogers Commons (October 13, 1862 – May 11, 1945) was an American institutional economist, Georgist, progressive and labor historian at the University of Wisconsin–Madison.

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John Roberts

John Glover Roberts Jr. (born January 27, 1955) is an American lawyer who serves as the 17th and current Chief Justice of the United States.

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John Stuart Mill

John Stuart Mill, also known as J.S. Mill, (20 May 1806 – 8 May 1873) was a British philosopher, political economist, and civil servant.

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Johnson v Unisys Ltd

Johnson v Unisys Limited is a leading UK labour law case on the measure of damages for unfair dismissal and the nature of the contract of employment.

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Joseph McKenna

Joseph McKenna (August 10, 1843 – November 21, 1926) was an American politician who served in all three branches of the U.S. federal government, as a member of the U.S. House of Representatives, as U.S. Attorney General and as an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court.

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Just cause

Just cause is a common standard in United States labor law arbitration that is used in labor union contracts in the United States as a form of job security.

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Kücükdeveci v Swedex GmbH & Co KG

Kücükdeveci v Swedex GmbH & Co KG (2010) is a leading EU labour law case, which held that there is a general principle of law in all European Union member states, against discrimination, and in favour of equal treatment.

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Keating–Owen Act

The Keating-Owen Child Labor Act of 1916 also known as Wick's Bill, was a short-lived statute enacted by the U.S. Congress which sought to address child labor by prohibiting the sale in interstate commerce of goods produced by factories that employed children under fourteen, mines that employed children younger than sixteen, and any facility where children under fourteen worked after 7:00 p.m. or before 6:00 a.m. or more than eight hours daily.

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Keech v Sandford

is a foundational case, deriving from English trusts law, on the fiduciary duty of loyalty.

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Kirsten Gillibrand

Kirsten Elizabeth Gillibrand (Rutnik;; born December 9, 1966) is an American attorney and politician serving as the junior United States Senator from New York since January 2009.

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Knights of Labor

Knights of Labor (K of L), officially Noble and Holy Order of the Knights of Labor, was the largest and one of the most important American labor organizations of the 1880s.

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Labor Management Relations Act of 1947

The Labor Management Relations Act of 1947, better known as the Taft–Hartley Act, (80 H.R. 3020) is a United States federal law that restricts the activities and power of labor unions.

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Labor Management Reporting and Disclosure Act of 1959

The Labor Management Reporting and Disclosure Act of 1959 (also "LMRDA" or the "Landrum–Griffin Act"), is a US labor law that regulates labor unions' internal affairs and their officials' relationships with employers.

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Labor Reform Act of 1977

The Labor Reform Act of 1978 was a proposed United States Act of Congress on US labor law that never came into force.

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Labor rights

Labor rights or workers' rights are a group of legal rights and claimed human rights having to do with labor relations between workers and their employers, usually obtained under labor and employment law.

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Labor unions in the United States

Labor unions in the United States are organizations that represent workers in many industries recognized under US labor law.

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Laboratories of democracy

"Laboratories of democracy" is a phrase popularized by U.S. Supreme Court Justice Louis Brandeis in New State Ice Co. v. Liebmann to describe how a "state may, if its citizens choose, serve as a laboratory; and try novel social and economic experiments without risk to the rest of the country." Brandeis was an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from 1916 to 1939.

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Labour is not a commodity

"Labour is not a commodity" is the principle expressed in the preamble to the International Labour Organization's founding documents.

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Labour law

Labour law (also known as labor law or employment law) mediates the relationship between workers, employing entities, trade unions and the government.

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Labriola v. Pollard Group, Inc.

Labriola v. Pollard Group, Inc., 152 Wash.2d 828 (2004), was a case decided by the Supreme Court of Washington that invalidated a modification of an employment contract for an at-will employee which would have added a non-competition agreement because the modification lacked independent consideration.

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Lance Liebman

Lance Liebman (born 1941) is an American law professor.

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Lawrence Summers

Lawrence Henry Summers (born November 30, 1954) is an American economist, former Vice President of Development Economics and Chief Economist of the World Bank (1991–93),, Data & Research office, The World Bank, retrieved March 31, 2017, World Bank Live, The World Bank, retrieved March 31, 2017 Harvard Kennedy School, Harvard University, retrieved March 31, 2017 senior U.S. Treasury Department official throughout President Clinton's administration (ultimately Treasury Secretary, 1999–2001), U.S. Treasury Department, Last Updated: 11/20/2010, retrieved March 31, 2017 and former director of the National Economic Council for President Obama (2009–2010).

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Lawsuit

A lawsuit (or suit in law) is "a vernacular term for a suit, action, or cause instituted or depending between two private persons in the courts of law." A lawsuit is any proceeding by a party or parties against another in a court of law.

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Layoff

A layoff is the temporary suspension or permanent termination of employment of an employee or, more commonly, a group of employees (collective layoff) for business reasons, such as personnel management or downsizing an organization.

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Lechmere, Inc. v. NLRB

Lechmere, Inc.

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Legal history of income tax in the United States

Taxation of income in the United States has been practised since colonial times.

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Lehnert v. Ferris Faculty Ass'n

Lehnert v. Ferris Faculty Association,, deals with First Amendment rights and unions in public employment.

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Lemmerman v. A.T. Williams Oil Co.

Lemmerman v. A.T. Williams Oil Co., 350 S.E.2d 83 (1986) was a case before the Supreme Court of North Carolina, United States, which hinged on the question of whether the plaintiff met the definition as an "employee" of the A.T. Williams Oil Co. under the state's Workers' Compensation Act.

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Lemuel Shaw

Lemuel Shaw (January 9, 1781 – March 30, 1861) was an American jurist who served as Chief Justice of the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court (1830–1860).

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Lennie Hoffmann, Baron Hoffmann

Leonard Hubert "Lennie" Hoffmann, Baron Hoffmann PC GBS (born 8 May 1934) is a retired senior South African-British judge.

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LGBT employment discrimination in the United States

The regulation of LGBT employment discrimination in the United States varies by jurisdiction.

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Liberal democracy

Liberal democracy is a liberal political ideology and a form of government in which representative democracy operates under the principles of classical liberalism.

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Liberty

Liberty, in politics, consists of the social, political, and economic freedoms to which all community members are entitled.

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Life insurance

Life insurance (or life assurance, especially in the Commonwealth of Nations) is a contract between an insurance policy holder and an insurer or assurer, where the insurer promises to pay a designated beneficiary a sum of money (the benefit) in exchange for a premium, upon the death of an insured person (often the policy holder).

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Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness

"Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness" is a well-known phrase in the United States Declaration of Independence.

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List of countries by inequality-adjusted HDI

This is a list of countries by inequality-adjusted human development index (IHDI), as published by the UNDP in its 2016 Human Development Report.

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List of countries by life expectancy

This is a collection of lists of countries by average life expectancy at birth.

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List of minimum annual leave by country

In the majority of nations, including all industrialized nations except the United States, advances in employee relations have seen the introduction of statutory agreements for minimum employee leave from work—that is the amount of entitlement to paid vacation and public holidays.

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Living wage

A living wage is the minimum income necessary for a worker to meet their basic needs.

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Local 217, Hotel & Restaurant Employees Union v MHM Inc

Local 217, Hotel & Restaurant Employees Union v MHM Inc, (1992) is a US labor law case, concerning the scope of labor rights in the United States.

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Lochner era

The Lochner era is a period in American legal history from 1897 to 1937 in which the Supreme Court of the United States is said to have made it a common practice "to strike down economic regulations adopted by a State based on the Court's own notions of the most appropriate means for the State to implement its considered policies," by using its interpretation of substantive due process to strike down laws held to be infringing on economic liberty or private contract rights.

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Lochner v. New York

Lochner v. New York, 198 U.S. 45 (1905), was a landmark U.S. labor law case in the US Supreme Court, holding that limits to working time violated the Fourteenth Amendment.

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Locke v. Karass

Locke v. Karass, 555 U.S. 207 (2009), is a court case in which the Supreme Court of the United States held that the Constitution permits the local chapter of a labor union to charge a "service fee" to non-members to cover non-local litigation expenses if (a) the expenses are "appropriately related to collective bargaining" and (b) there is a reciprocal relationship between the local chapter and the national union.

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Lockheed Corp. v. Spink

Lockheed Corp v. Spink, 517 U.S. 882 (1996), is a US labor law case, concerning occupational pensions.

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Loewe v. Lawlor

Loewe v. Lawlor, 208 U.S. 274 (1908), also referred to as the Danbury Hatters' Case, is a United States Supreme Court case in US labor law concerning the application of antitrust laws to labor unions.

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Long Island Care at Home, Ltd. v. Coke

Long Island Care at Home Ltd v Coke, 551 U.S. 158 (2007), is a US labor law case, concerning the minimum wage.

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Louis Brandeis

Louis Dembitz Brandeis (November 13, 1856 – October 5, 1941) was an American lawyer and associate justice on the Supreme Court of the United States from 1916 to 1939.

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Louisiana

Louisiana is a state in the southeastern region of the United States.

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Lyndon B. Johnson

Lyndon Baines Johnson (August 27, 1908January 22, 1973), often referred to by his initials LBJ, was an American politician who served as the 36th President of the United States from 1963 to 1969, assuming the office after having served as the 37th Vice President of the United States from 1961 to 1963.

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Machinists v. Wisconsin Employment Rel. Comm'n

Machinists v. Wisconsin Employment Rel.

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Magnan v. Anaconda Industries, Inc.

Magnan v. Anaconda Industries, Inc 193 Conn.

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March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom

The March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom, the March on Washington, or The Great March on Washington, was held in Washington, D.C. on Wednesday, August 28, 1963.

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Market access

Market access for goods means the conditions, tariff and Non-tariff measures (NTMs), set by countries for the entry of specific goods into their markets.

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Marquez v. Screen Actors Guild Inc.

Marquez v. Screen Actors Guild Inc.,, was a United States Supreme Court decision involving the validity of a union shop contract.

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Marriner Stoddard Eccles

Marriner Stoddard Eccles (September 9, 1890 – December 18, 1977) was a U.S. banker, economist, and member and chairman of the Federal Reserve Board.

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Martin Luther King Jr.

Martin Luther King Jr. (January 15, 1929 – April 4, 1968) was an American Baptist minister and activist who became the most visible spokesperson and leader in the civil rights movement from 1954 until his death in 1968.

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Massachusetts

Massachusetts, officially known as the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, is the most populous state in the New England region of the northeastern United States.

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Massachusetts Bay Colony

The Massachusetts Bay Colony (1628–1691) was an English settlement on the east coast of North America in the 17th century around the Massachusetts Bay, the northernmost of the several colonies later reorganized as the Province of Massachusetts Bay.

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Massachusetts Board of Retirement v. Murgia

Massachusetts Board of Retirement v. Murgia, (1976) was a United States Supreme Court case in which the Court held a Massachusetts law setting a mandatory retirement age of 50 for police officers was Constitutionally permissible.

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Massachusetts General Court

The Massachusetts General Court (formally styled the General Court of Massachusetts) is the state legislature of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts.

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Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court

The Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court (SJC) is the highest court in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts.

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Matadeen v Pointu

Matadeen v Pointu is a constitutional law decision of the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council on appeal from the Supreme Court of Mauritius.

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Matthew W. Finkin

Matthew W. Finkin (born 7 April 1943) is one of the leading labor law scholars in the United States.

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Maximum wage

A maximum wage, also often called a wage ceiling, is a legal limit on how much income an individual can earn.

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McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green

McDonnell Douglas Corp.

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McKinley Tariff

The Tariff Act of 1890, commonly called the McKinley Tariff, was an act of the United States Congress framed by Representative William McKinley that became law on October 1, 1890.

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McNamara–O'Hara Service Contract Act

The McNamara–O'Hara Service Contract Act of 1965 (SCA), codified at, is a US labor law that requires government to use its bargaining power to ensure fair wages for workers when it buys services from private contractors.

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Mead Corp. v. Tilley

Mead Corp.

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Meinhard v. Salmon

Meinhard v. Salmon, 164 N.E. 545 (N.Y. 1928), is a widely cited case in which the New York Court of Appeals held that partners in a business owe fiduciary duties to one another where a business opportunity arises during the course of the partnership.

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Merit system

The merit system is the process of promoting and hiring government employees based on their ability to perform a job, rather than on their political connections.

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Meritor Savings Bank v. Vinson

Meritor Savings Bank v. Vinson, 477 U.S. 57 (1986), is a US labor law case, where the United States Supreme Court, in a 9-0 decision, recognized sexual harassment as a violation of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964.

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Merrick Garland

Merrick Brian Garland (born November 13, 1952) is the Chief United States Circuit Judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit.

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Mertens v. Hewitt Associates

Mertens v. Hewitt Associates, 508 U.S. 248 (1993), is the second in the trilogy of United States Supreme Court ERISA preemption cases that effectively denies any remedy for employees who are harmed by medical malpractice or other bad acts of their health plan if they receive their health care from their employer.

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Migrant and Seasonal Agricultural Workers Protection Act of 1983

The Migrant and Seasonal Agricultural Worker Protection Act (AWPA or MSPA) (public law 97-470) (January 14, 1983), codified at 29 U.S.C. §§ 1801-1872, is the main federal law that protects farmworkers in the United States and repealed and replaced the Farm Labor Contractor Registration Act (P.L. 88-582).

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Migrant worker

A "migrant worker" is a person who either migrates within their home country or outside it to pursue work such as seasonal work.

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Minimum wage

A minimum wage is the lowest remuneration that employers can legally pay their workers.

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Minimum wage in the United States

The minimum wage in the United States is set by US labor law and a range of state and local laws.

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Missouri

Missouri is a state in the Midwestern United States.

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Monetary policy

Monetary policy is the process by which the monetary authority of a country, typically the central bank or currency board, controls either the cost of very short-term borrowing or the monetary base, often targeting an inflation rate or interest rate to ensure price stability and general trust in the currency.

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Montana Supreme Court

The Montana Supreme Court is the highest court of the Montana state court system in the U.S. state of Montana.

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Morgan Stanley

Morgan Stanley is an American multinational investment bank and financial services company headquartered at 1585 Broadway in the Morgan Stanley Building, Midtown Manhattan, New York City.

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Morton v. Mancari

Morton v. Mancari,, was a United States legal case about the constitutionality, under the Fifth Amendment, of hiring preferences given to Indians within the Bureau of Indian Affairs.

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National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933

The National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933 (NIRA) was a US labor law and consumer law passed by the US Congress to authorize the President to regulate industry for fair wages and prices that would stimulate economic recovery.

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National Labor Federation

The National Labor Federation (NATLFED) is a network of local community associations, run exclusively by volunteers, that claim to organize workers excluded from collective bargaining protections by U.S. labor law, specifically, under the National Labor Relations Act of 1935.

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National Labor Relations Act of 1935

The National Labor Relations Act of 1935 (49 Stat. 449) (also known as the Wagner Act after New York Senator Robert F. Wagner) is a foundational statute of United States labor law which guarantees basic rights of private sector employees to organize into trade unions, engage in collective bargaining for better terms and conditions at work, and take collective action including strike if necessary.

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National Labor Relations Board

The National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) is an independent US government agency with responsibilities for enforcing US labor law in relation to collective bargaining and unfair labor practices.

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National League of Cities v. Usery

National League of Cities v. Usery,, was a case in which the Supreme Court of the United States held that the Fair Labor Standards Act could not constitutionally be applied to state governments.

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National Trades Union

The National Trades Union was the first federation of city trade unions in the United States.

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National Trades' Union

The National Trades' Union was the first federation of labor unions in the United States.

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National War Labor Board (1918–1919)

The National War Labor Board (NWLB) was an agency of the United States government established on April 8, 1918 to mediate labor disputes during World War I.

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Nationality

Nationality is a legal relationship between an individual person and a state.

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Nationwide Mutual Insurance Co. v. Darden

Nationwide Mutual Insurance Co.

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Natural rate of unemployment

The natural rate of unemployment is the name that was given to a key concept in the study of economic activity.

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Negligence

Negligence (Lat. negligentia) is a failure to exercise appropriate and or ethical ruled care expected to be exercised amongst specified circumstances.

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Negotiation

Negotiation comes from the Latin neg (no) and otsia (leisure) referring to businessmen who, unlike the patricians, had no leisure time in their industriousness; it held the meaning of business (le négoce in French) until the 17th century when it took on the diplomatic connotation as a dialogue between two or more people or parties intended to reach a beneficial outcome over one or more issues where a conflict exists with respect to at least one of these issues.

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New Deal

The New Deal was a series of programs, public work projects, financial reforms and regulations enacted in the United States 1933-36, in response to the Great Depression.

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New Haven, Connecticut

New Haven is a coastal city in the U.S. state of Connecticut.

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New Jersey

New Jersey is a state in the Mid-Atlantic region of the Northeastern United States.

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New Negro Alliance v. Sanitary Grocery Co.

New Negro Alliance v. Sanitary Grocery Co., 303 U.S. 552 (1938) was a landmark United States Supreme Court decision, which affects US labor law, safeguarding a right to boycott and in the struggle by African Americans against discriminatory hiring practices.

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New Process Steel, L.P. v. NLRB

New Process Steel v. NLRB, is a US labor law case of the United States Supreme Court holding that the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) cannot make decisions without a quorum of three members.

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New State Ice Co. v. Liebmann

New State Ice Co.

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New York (state)

New York is a state in the northeastern United States.

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New York City Transit Authority v. Beazer

New York City Transit Authority v. Beazer,, was a case decided by the United States Supreme Court in which the constitutionality of an employer's refusal to hire methadone users was upheld.

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New York State Legislature

New York State Legislature are the two houses that act as the state legislature of the U.S. state of New York.

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Nicholas Klein

Nicholas Klein was an American labor union advocate, and attorney who is best known for his speech to the Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America in 1918.

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NLRB v. Columbian Enameling & Stamping Co.

NLRB v. Columbian Enameling & Stamping Co., 306 U.S. 292 (1939), is a 5-to-2 decision by the Supreme Court of the United States which held that the National Labor Relations Act required decisions of the National Labor Relations Board (Board) to be based on substantial evidence.

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NLRB v. Fansteel Metallurgical Corp.

National Labor Relations Board v. Fansteel Metallurgical Corporation, 306 U.S. 240 (1939), is a United States Supreme Court case in which the Court held that the National Labor Relations Board had no authority to order an employer to reinstate workers fired after a sit-down strike, even if the employer's illegal actions triggered that strike.

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NLRB v. Hearst Publications

NLRB v. Hearst Publications, was an administrative law case heard before the United States Supreme Court.

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NLRB v. J. Weingarten, Inc.

NLRB v. J. Weingarten, Inc., is a US labor law case decided by the Supreme Court of the United States.

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NLRB v. Jones & Laughlin Steel Corp.

National Labor Relations Board v. Jones & Laughlin Steel Corporation, 301 U.S. 1 (1937), was a US labor law case in the United States Supreme Court that declared that the National Labor Relations Act of 1935 (commonly known as the Wagner Act) was constitutional.

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NLRB v. Kentucky River Community Care, Inc.

NLRB v. Kentucky River Community Care, Inc., 532 U.S. 706 (2001), is a US labor law case, concerning the scope of labor rights in the United States.

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NLRB v. Mackay Radio & Telegraph Co.

NLRB v. Mackay Radio & Telegraph Co., 304 U.S. 333 (1938), is a 7-0 decision by the United States Supreme Court which held that workers who strike remain employees for the purposes of the National Labor Relations Act (NLRA).

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NLRB v. Sands Manufacturing Co.

National Labor Relations Board v. Sands Manufacturing Co., 306 U.S. 332 (1939), is US labor law case, decided by a majority of 5 to 2 by the US Supreme Court, which overturned a decision by the National Labor Relations Board because it was not supported by substantial evidence.

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NLRB v. Truck Drivers Local 449

NLRB v. Truck Drivers Local 449 (Buffalo Linen Supply Co.), 353 U.S. 87 (1957), is an 8-0 decision by the Supreme Court of the United States in which the Court held that a temporary lockout by a multi-employer bargaining group threatened by a whipsaw strike was lawful under the National Labor Relations Act (NLRA), also known as the Taft-Hartley Act.

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NLRB v. Yeshiva University

National Labor Relations Board v. Yeshiva University, 444 U.S. 672 (1980), is a US labor law case, concerning the scope of labor rights in the United States.

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Norris–La Guardia Act

The Norris–La Guardia Act (also known as the Anti-Injunction Bill) is a 1932 United States federal law on US labor law.

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North American Free Trade Agreement

The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA; Spanish: Tratado de Libre Comercio de América del Norte, TLCAN; French: Accord de libre-échange nord-américain, ALÉNA) is an agreement signed by Canada, Mexico, and the United States, creating a trilateral trade bloc in North America.

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North Carolina

North Carolina is a U.S. state in the southeastern region of the United States.

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O'Connor v. Ortega

O'Connor v. Ortega,, is a United States Supreme Court decision on the Fourth Amendment rights of government employees with regard to administrative searches in the workplace, during investigations by supervisors for violations of employee policy rather than by law enforcement for criminal offenses.

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Occupational Safety and Health Act (United States)

The Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 is a US labor law governing the federal law of occupational health and safety in the private sector and federal government in the United States.

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OECD

The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD; Organisation de coopération et de développement économiques, OCDE) is an intergovernmental economic organisation with 35 member countries, founded in 1961 to stimulate economic progress and world trade.

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Office of Federal Contract Compliance Programs

The Office of Federal Contract Compliance Programs (OFCCP) is part of the U.S. Department of Labor.

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Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.

Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr. (March 8, 1841 – March 6, 1935) was an American jurist who served as an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from 1902 to 1932, and as Acting Chief Justice of the United States from January–February 1930.

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Oncale v. Sundowner Offshore Services, Inc.

Oncale v. Sundowner Offshore Services,, was a decision of the Supreme Court of the United States.

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Oral contract

An oral contract is a contract, the terms of which have been agreed by spoken communication.

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Other People's Money and How the Bankers Use It

Other People's Money And How the Bankers Use It (1914) is a collection of essays written by Louis Brandeis first published as a book in 1914, and reissued in 1933.

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Overtime

Overtime is the amount of time someone works beyond normal working hours.

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Panic of 1837

The Panic of 1837 was a financial crisis in the United States that touched off a major recession that lasted until the mid-1840s.

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Parental leave

Parental leave or family leave is an employee benefit available in almost all countries.

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Paul v. Virginia

Paul v. Virginia,, is a U.S. corporate law case, of the United States Supreme Court.

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Paycheck Fairness Act

The Paycheck Fairness Act (and) is a proposed US labor law that would add procedural protections to the Equal Pay Act of 1963 and the Fair Labor Standards Act as part of an effort to address the gender pay gap in the United States.

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Pennsylvania

Pennsylvania (Pennsylvania German: Pennsylvaani or Pennsilfaani), officially the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, is a state located in the northeastern and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States.

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Pension

A pension is a fund into which a sum of money is added during an employee's employment years, and from which payments are drawn to support the person's retirement from work in the form of periodic payments.

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Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation

The Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation (PBGC) is an agency of the United States government that was created by the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (ERISA) to encourage the continuation and maintenance of voluntary private defined benefit pension plans, provide timely and uninterrupted payment of pension benefits, and keep pension insurance premiums at the lowest level necessary to carry out its operations.

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Pension Protection Act of 2006

The Pension Protection Act of 2006, 120 Stat.

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Peonage Act of 1867

The Peonage Abolition Act of 1867 was an Act passed by Congress on March 2, 1867, that abolished peonage in the New Mexico Territory and elsewhere in the United States.

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Pequot War

The Pequot War was an armed conflict that took place between 1636 and 1638 in New England between the Pequot tribe and an alliance of the colonists of the Massachusetts Bay, Plymouth, and Saybrook colonies and their allies from the Narragansett and Mohegan tribes.

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Permanent normal trade relations

The status of permanent normal trade relations (PNTR) is a legal designation in the United States for free trade with a foreign nation.

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Pete Visclosky

Peter John Visclosky (born August 13, 1949) is the U.S. Representative for, serving since 1985.

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Philadelphia

Philadelphia is the largest city in the U.S. state and Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, and the sixth-most populous U.S. city, with a 2017 census-estimated population of 1,580,863.

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Pickering v. Board of Education

Pickering v. Board of Education,,. was a case in which the Supreme Court of the United States held that in the absence of proof of the teacher knowingly or recklessly making false statements the teacher had a right to speak on issues of public importance without being dismissed from his or her position.

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Picket line

A picket line is a horizontal rope, along which horses are tied at intervals.

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Piscataway School Board v. Taxman

Piscataway School Board v. Taxman, 91 F.3d 1547 (3d Cir. 1996) is a US labor law case on racial discrimination, that began in 1989 against the Piscataway Township Schools.

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Plessy v. Ferguson

Plessy v. Ferguson, 163 U.S. 537 (1896),.

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Portal to Portal Act of 1947

The Portal to Portal Act of 1947 (29 USC §§251-262) was an Act of Congress on United States labor law, passed to limit the remedies available in the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 (FLSA).

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Potter Stewart

Potter Stewart (January 23, 1915December 7, 1985) was an Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court, serving from 1958 to 1981.

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Pound (mass)

The pound or pound-mass is a unit of mass used in the imperial, United States customary and other systems of measurement.

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Poverty

Poverty is the scarcity or the lack of a certain (variant) amount of material possessions or money.

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Poverty in the United States

Poverty is a state of deprivation, lacking the usual or socially acceptable amount of money or material possessions.

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Pregnancy Discrimination Act

The Pregnancy Discrimination Act (PDA) of 1978 is a United States federal statute.

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President

The president is a common title for the head of state in most republics.

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Prigg v. Pennsylvania

Prigg v. Pennsylvania,, was a United States Supreme Court case in which the court held that the federal Fugitive Slave Act precluded a Pennsylvania state law, which prohibited blacks from being taken out of Pennsylvania into slavery.

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Principles of Labor Legislation

Principles of Labor Legislation (1916) was a foundational US labor law text, written in the United States by John R. Commons and John Bertram Andrews.

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Principles of Political Economy

Principles of Political Economy (1848) by John Stuart Mill was one of the most important economics or political economy textbooks of the mid-nineteenth century.

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Privileges or Immunities Clause

The Privileges or Immunities Clause is Amendment XIV, Section 1, Clause 2 of the United States Constitution.

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Procter & Gamble

Procter & Gamble Co. (P&G) is an American multi-national consumer goods corporation headquartered in downtown Cincinnati, Ohio, founded in 1837 by British American William Procter and Irish American James Gamble.

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Productivity

Productivity describes various measures of the efficiency of production.

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Professional Air Traffic Controllers Organization (1968)

The Professional Air Traffic Controllers Organization or PATCO was a United States trade union that operated from 1968 until its decertification in 1981 following a strike that was declared illegal and broken by the Reagan Administration.

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Property

Property, in the abstract, is what belongs to or with something, whether as an attribute or as a component of said thing.

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Protected concerted activity

Protected Concerted Activity is a legal term used in labor policy to define employee protection against employer retaliation in the United States.

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Providence and Worcester Railroad

The Providence and Worcester Railroad is a Class II railroad owned by Genesee & Wyoming.

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Proxy voting

Proxy voting is a form of voting whereby a member of a decision-making body may delegate his or her voting power to a representative, to enable a vote in absence.

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Public employee pension plans in the United States

In the United States, public sector pensions are offered by federal, state and local levels of government.

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Public holidays in the United States

The schedule of public holidays in the United States is largely influenced by the schedule of federal holidays, but is controlled by private sector employers who employ 62% of the total U.S. population with paid time off.

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Public policy

Public policy is the principled guide to action taken by the administrative executive branches of the state with regard to a class of issues, in a manner consistent with law and institutional customs.

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Pullman Company

The Pullman Car Company, founded by George Pullman, manufactured railroad cars in the mid-to-late 19th century through the first half of the 20th century, during the boom of railroads in the United States.

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Pullman Strike

The Pullman Strike was a nationwide railroad strike in the United States that lasted from May 11 to July 20, 1894, and a turning point for US labor law.

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Quantum meruit

Quantum meruit is a Latin phrase meaning "what one has earned".

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Queen's Bench

The Queen's Bench (or, during the reign of a male monarch, the King's Bench, Cour du banc du Roi) is the superior court in a number of jurisdictions within some of the Commonwealth realms.

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R v Journeymen-Taylors of Cambridge

R v Journeymen-Taylors of Cambridge (1721) 88 ER 9 is a labour law case, concerning the historical attitude of the common law to trade unions.

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Race (human categorization)

A race is a grouping of humans based on shared physical or social qualities into categories generally viewed as distinct by society.

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Race to the bottom

The race to the bottom is a socio-economic phrase which is used to describe government deregulation of the business environment, or reduction in tax rates, in order to attract or retain economic activity in their jurisdictions.

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Racial discrimination

Racial discrimination refers to discrimination against individuals on the basis of their race.

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Racial inequality in the United States

Racial inequality in the United States refers to social advantages and disparities that affect different races within the United States.

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Racial segregation

Racial segregation is the separation of people into racial or other ethnic groups in daily life.

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Racial segregation in the United States

Racial segregation in the United States, as a general term, includes the segregation or separation of access to facilities, services, and opportunities such as housing, medical care, education, employment, and transportation along racial lines.

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Racism

Racism is the belief in the superiority of one race over another, which often results in discrimination and prejudice towards people based on their race or ethnicity.

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Racism in the United States

Racism in the United States against non-whites is widespread and has been so the colonial era.

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Ragsdale v. Wolverine World Wide, Inc.

Ragsdale v. Wolverine World Wide, Inc., 535 U.S. 81 (2002), is a U.S. labor law case, concerning the scope of federal preemption against state law for labor rights.

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Rail transportation in the United States

Rail transportation in the United States consists primarily of freight shipments, while passenger service, once a large and vital part of the nation's passenger transportation network, plays a limited role as compared to transportation patterns in many other countries.

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Railway Labor Act

The Railway Labor Act is a United States federal law on US labor law that governs labor relations in the railroad and airline industries.

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Rankin v. McPherson

Rankin v. McPherson,, is a major decision of the Supreme Court of the United States concerning the First Amendment, specifically whether the protection of the First Amendment extends to government employees who make extremely critical remarks about the President.

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Real wages

Real wages are wages adjusted for inflation, or, equivalently, wages in terms of the amount of goods and services that can be bought.

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Reasonable person

In law, a reasonable person, reasonable man, or the man on the Clapham omnibus is a hypothetical person of legal fiction crafted by the courts and communicated through case law and jury instructions.

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Reconstruction Finance Corporation

The Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC) was a government corporation in the United States between 1932 and 1957 that provided financial support to state and local governments and made loans to banks, railroads, mortgage associations, and other businesses.

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Regents of the Univ. of Cal. v. Bakke

Regents of the University of California v. Bakke,, was a landmark decision by the Supreme Court of the United States.

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Rehabilitation Act of 1973

The Rehabilitation Act of 1973,, is a federal law, codified as et seq.

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Religious discrimination in the United States

Religious discrimination is valuing or treating a person or group differently because of what they do or do not believe.

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Republican Party (United States)

The Republican Party, also referred to as the GOP (abbreviation for Grand Old Party), is one of the two major political parties in the United States, the other being its historic rival, the Democratic Party.

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Restatement (Second) of Contracts

The Restatement (Second) of the Law of Contracts is a legal treatise from the second series of the Restatements of the Law, and seeks to inform judges and lawyers about general principles of contract common law.

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Restatement of the Law of Agency, Third

The Restatement of the Law of Agency (3rd edn, 2006) is a set of principles issued by the American Law Institute, intended to clarify the prevailing opinion on how the law of agency stands in 2006.

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Restitution

The law of restitution is the law of gains-based recovery.

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Restraint of trade

Restraint of trade is a common law doctrine relating to the enforceability of contractual restrictions on freedom to conduct business.

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Rhode Island

Rhode Island, officially the State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, is a state in the New England region of the United States.

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Ricci v. DeStefano

Ricci v. DeStefano, is a US labor law case of the United States Supreme Court on unlawful discrimination through disparate impact under the Civil Rights Act of 1964.

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Richard Nixon

Richard Milhous Nixon (January 9, 1913 – April 22, 1994) was an American politician who served as the 37th President of the United States, serving from 1969 until 1974, when he resigned from office, the only U.S. president to do so.

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Richard Thaler

Richard H. Thaler (born September 12, 1945) is an American economist and the Charles R. Walgreen Distinguished Service Professor of Behavioral Science and Economics at the University of Chicago Booth School of Business.

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Right to Organise and Collective Bargaining Convention, 1949

The Right to Organise and Collective Bargaining Convention (1949) is an International Labour Organization Convention.

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Right to work

The right to work is the concept that people have a human right to work, or engage in productive employment, and may not be prevented from doing so.

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Right-to-work law

"Right-to-work laws" are statutes in 28 U.S. states that prohibit union security agreements between companies and workers' unions.

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Robert C. Clark

Robert C. Clark (born 1944) is currently Harvard University Distinguished Service Professor of the Harvard Law School.

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Robert F. Kennedy

Robert Francis "Bobby" Kennedy (November 20, 1925 – June 6, 1968) was an American politician and lawyer who served as the 64th United States Attorney General from January 1961 to September 1964, and as a U.S. Senator for New York from January 1965 until his assassination in June 1968.

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Robinson v. Shell Oil Co.

Robinson v. Shell Oil Company, (1997) is US labor law case in the United States Supreme Court in which the Court unanimously held that under federal law, U.S. employers must not engage in workplace discrimination such as writing bad job references, or otherwise retaliating against former employees as a punishment for filing job discrimination complaints.

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Ronald Reagan

Ronald Wilson Reagan (February 6, 1911 – June 5, 2004) was an American politician and actor who served as the 40th President of the United States from 1981 to 1989.

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Ruiz v Shell Oil Co

Ruiz v Shell Oil Co, (1969) is a US labor law case, concerning the scope of labor rights in the United States.

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Rush Prudential HMO, Inc. v. Moran

Rush Prudential HMO, Inc.

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Ruth Bader Ginsburg

Ruth Bader Ginsburg (born Joan Ruth Bader; March 15, 1933) is an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States.

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Saint Francis College v. al-Khazraji

Saint Francis College v. al-Khazraji,, is a US labor law case decided by the United States Supreme Court.

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Samuel Alito

Samuel Anthony Alito Jr. (born April 1, 1950) is an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States.

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San Diego Building Trades Council v. Garmon

San Diego Building Trades Council v. Garmon, 359 U.S. 236 (1959), is a US labor law case, concerning the scope of federal preemption against state law for labor rights.

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Sandra Day O'Connor

Sandra Day O'Connor (born March 26, 1930) is a retired Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States, having served from her appointment in 1981 by Ronald Reagan until 2006.

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Savannah, Georgia

Savannah is the oldest city in the U.S. state of Georgia and is the county seat of Chatham County.

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Save Our Secret Ballot

The Save Our Secret Ballot, Inc.

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Schultz v Wheaton Glass Co.

Shultz v. Wheaton Glass Co., 421 F.2d 259 (3rd Cir. 1970) was a case heard before the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit in 1970.

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Second Bill of Rights

The Second Bill of Rights is a list of rights that was proposed by United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt during his State of the Union Address on Tuesday, January 11, 1944.

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Sectoral collective bargaining

Sectoral collective bargaining is an aim of trade unions or labor unions to reach a collective agreement that covers all workers in a sector of the economy.

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Securities Act of 1933

The United States Congress enacted the Securities Act of 1933, also known as the 1933 Act, the Securities Act, the Truth in Securities Act, the Federal Securities Act, or the '33 Act, Title I of Pub.

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Securities Exchange Act of 1934

The Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (also called the Exchange Act, '34 Act, or 1934 Act) (codified at et seq.) is a law governing the secondary trading of securities (stocks, bonds, and debentures) in the United States of America.

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Security (finance)

A security is a tradable financial asset.

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Self-dealing

Self-dealing is the conduct of a trustee, attorney, corporate officer, or other fiduciary that consists of taking advantage of his position in a transaction and acting in his own interests rather than in the interests of the beneficiaries of the trust, corporate shareholders, or his clients.

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Separate Car Act

The Withdraw Car Act (Act 111) was a law passed by the Louisiana State Legislature in 1890 which required "equal, but separate" train car accommodations for Blacks and Whites.

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Sexual identity

Sexual identity is how one thinks of oneself in terms of to whom one is romantically or sexually attracted.

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Sexual orientation

Sexual orientation is an enduring pattern of romantic or sexual attraction (or a combination of these) to persons of the opposite sex or gender, the same sex or gender, or to both sexes or more than one gender.

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Shelley v. Kraemer

Shelley v. Kraemer, (1948) is a landmark United States Supreme Court case holding that the State-Action Doctrine includes the enforcement of private contracts, the Equal Protection Clause prohibits racially restrictive housing covenants, and that such covenants are unenforceable in court.

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Sherman Antitrust Act

The Sherman Antitrust Act (Sherman Act) is a landmark federal statute in the history of United States antitrust law (or "competition law") passed by Congress in 1890 under the presidency of Benjamin Harrison.

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Sidney Webb, 1st Baron Passfield

Sidney James Webb, 1st Baron Passfield, (13 July 1859 – 13 October 1947) was a British socialist, economist, reformer and a co-founder of the London School of Economics.

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Skidmore v. Swift & Co.

Skidmore v. Swift & Co., 323 U.S. 134 (1944), is a United States Supreme Court decision holding that an administrative agency's interpretative rules deserve deference according to their persuasiveness.

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Slaughter-House Cases

The Slaughter-House Cases,, was the first United States Supreme Court interpretation of the U.S. Constitution's Fourteenth Amendment which had recently been enacted.

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Slave Trade Act 1807

The Slave Trade Act 1807, officially An Act for the Abolition of the Slave Trade, was an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom prohibiting the slave trade in the British Empire.

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Slavery

Slavery is any system in which principles of property law are applied to people, allowing individuals to own, buy and sell other individuals, as a de jure form of property.

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Slavery Abolition Act 1833

The Slavery Abolition Act 1833 (3 & 4 Will. IV c. 73) abolished slavery throughout the British Empire.

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Slavery among Native Americans in the United States

Slavery among Native Americans in the United States includes slavery by Native Americans as well as slavery of Native Americans roughly within the present-day United States.

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Slavery in the colonial United States

Slavery in the colonial area which later became the '''United States''' (1600–1776) developed from complex factors, and researchers have proposed several theories to explain the development of the institution of slavery and of the slave trade.

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Slavery in the United States

Slavery in the United States was the legal institution of human chattel enslavement, primarily of Africans and African Americans, that existed in the United States of America in the 18th and 19th centuries.

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Small Business Job Protection Act of 1996

The Small Business Job Protection Act of 1996 is a United States federal law.

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Smoot–Hawley Tariff Act

The Tariff Act of 1930 (codified at), commonly known as the Smoot–Hawley Tariff or Hawley–Smoot Tariff, was an act implementing protectionist trade policies sponsored by Senator Reed Smoot and Representative Willis C. Hawley and was signed into law on June 17, 1930.

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Social exclusion

Social exclusion, or social marginalization, is the social disadvantage and relegation to the fringe of society.

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Social justice

Social justice is a concept of fair and just relations between the individual and society.

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Social law

Social law is a unified concept of law, which replaces the classical division of public law and private law.

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Social security

Social security is "any government system that provides monetary assistance to people with an inadequate or no income." Social security is enshrined in Article 22 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which states: Everyone, as a member of society, has the right to social security and is entitled to realization, through national effort and international co-operation and in accordance with the organization and resources of each State, of the economic, social and cultural rights indispensable for his dignity and the free development of his personality.

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Social Security Act

The Social Security Act of 1935, now codified as, created Social Security in the United States, and is relevant for US labor law.

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Solidarity action

Solidarity action (also known as secondary action, a secondary boycott, or a sympathy strike) is industrial action by a trade union in support of a strike initiated by workers in a separate corporation, but often the same enterprise, group of companies, or connected firm.

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Somerset v Stewart

Somerset v Stewart (1772) (also known as Somersett's case, and in State Trials as v.XX Sommersett v Steuart) is a famous judgment of the Court of King's Bench in 1772, which held that chattel slavery was unsupported by the common law in England and Wales, although the position elsewhere in the British Empire was left ambiguous.

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South Prairie Const. Co. v. Local No. 627, International Union of Operating Engineers, AFL-CIO

South Prairie Construction Co.

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St. Louis

St.

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Stabilization Act of 1942

The Stabilization Act of 1942, formally entitled "An Act to Amend the Emergency Price Control Act of 1942, to Aid in Preventing Inflation, and for Other Purposes," and sometimes referred to as the "Inflation Control Act", was an act of Congress that amended the Emergency Price Control Act of 1942.

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Standard form contract

A standard form contract (sometimes referred to as a contract of adhesion, a leonine contract, a take-it-or-leave-it contract, or a boilerplate contract) is a contract between two parties, where the terms and conditions of the contract are set by one of the parties, and the other party has little or no ability to negotiate more favorable terms and is thus placed in a "take it or leave it" position.

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State income tax

Most individual U.S. states collect a state income tax in addition to federal income tax.

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Steele v Louisville & Nashville Railway Co

Steele v Louisville & Nashville Railroad Co (1944) is a US labor law case, concerning the right to equal treatment in labor unions for everyone to get labor rights.

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Stephen Breyer

Stephen Gerald Breyer (born August 15, 1938) is an American lawyer, professor, and jurist who serves as an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States.

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Stimulus (economics)

In economics, stimulus refers to attempts to use monetary or fiscal policy (or stabilization policy in general) to stimulate the economy.

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Stock

The stock (also capital stock) of a corporation is constituted of the equity stock of its owners.

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Stock market

A stock market, equity market or share market is the aggregation of buyers and sellers (a loose network of economic transactions, not a physical facility or discrete entity) of stocks (also called shares), which represent ownership claims on businesses; these may include securities listed on a public stock exchange as well as those only traded privately.

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Strict scrutiny

Strict scrutiny is the most stringent standard of judicial review used by United States courts.

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Suffrage

Suffrage, political franchise, or simply franchise is the right to vote in public, political elections (although the term is sometimes used for any right to vote).

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Supreme Court of California

The Supreme Court of California is the court of last resort in the courts of the State of California.

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Supreme Court of the United States

The Supreme Court of the United States (sometimes colloquially referred to by the acronym SCOTUS) is the highest federal court of the United States.

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Takeover

In business, a takeover is the purchase of one company (the target) by another (the acquirer, or bidder).

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Tammy Baldwin

Tammy Suzanne Green Baldwin (born February 11, 1962) is an American politician serving as the junior United States Senator from Wisconsin since 2013.

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Tax deferral

Tax deferral refers to instances where a taxpayer can delay paying taxes to some future period.

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Teamwork for Employees and Managers Act of 1995

Teamwork for Employees and Managers Act of 1995 was a bill vetoed by President Bill Clinton, pushed by the Republican dominated Congress.

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Technological change

Technological change (TC), technological development, technological achievement, or technological progress is the overall process of invention, innovation and diffusion of technology or processes.

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Ted Cruz

Rafael Edward "Ted" Cruz (born December 22, 1970) is an American politician and attorney serving as the junior United States Senator from Texas since 2013.

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Telegraphs (band)

Telegraphs were an alternative rock band based in Brighton, England.

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Tennessee Coal, Iron & Railroad Co. v. Muscoda Local No. 123

Tennessee Coal, Iron & Railroad Co.

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Termination of employment

Termination of employment, is an employee's departure from a job and the end of an employee's duration with an employer.

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Termination of Employment Convention, 1982

Termination of Employment Convention, 1982 is an International Labour Organization Convention.

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Texas

Texas (Texas or Tejas) is the second largest state in the United States by both area and population.

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Texas Department of Community Affairs v. Burdine

Texas Department of Community Affairs v. Burdine is a US labor law case of the United States Supreme Court.

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Thanksgiving

Thanksgiving Day is a national holiday celebrated in Canada, the United States, some of the Caribbean islands, and Liberia.

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The Conference Board

The Conference Board, Inc. is a 501(c)(3) non-profit business membership and research group organization.

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The Enemy Within (Kennedy book)

The Enemy Within: The McClellan Committee's Crusade Against Jimmy Hoffa and Corrupt Labor Unions is a book by Robert F. Kennedy first published in 1960, and republished in 1994.

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The Principles of Scientific Management

The Principles of Scientific Management is a monograph published by Frederick Winslow Taylor.

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The switch in time that saved nine

"The switch in time that saved nine" is the name given to what was perceived as the sudden jurisprudential shift by Associate Justice Owen Roberts of the U.S. Supreme Court in the 1937 case West Coast Hotel Co. v. Parrish.

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The Vanguard Group

The Vanguard Group is an American registered investment advisor based in Malvern, Pennsylvania with over $5.1 trillion in assets under management.

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Theory

A theory is a contemplative and rational type of abstract or generalizing thinking, or the results of such thinking.

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Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution

The Thirteenth Amendment (Amendment XIII) to the United States Constitution abolished slavery and involuntary servitude, except as punishment for a crime.

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Thornhill v. Alabama

Thornhill v. Alabama, 310 U.S. 88 (1940), was a United States Supreme Court case heard in 1938 and decided in 1940.

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Thurgood Marshall

Thurgood Marshall (July 2, 1908January 24, 1993) was an American lawyer, serving as Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from October 1967 until October 1991.

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TIAA

TIAA, formerly TIAA-CREF (Teachers Insurance and Annuity Association-College Retirement Equities Fund), is a Fortune 100 financial services organization that is the leading provider of financial services in the academic, research, medical, cultural and governmental fields.

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Time-and-a-half

Time-and-a-half is payment to a worker (or workers) at 1.5 times their usual hourly rate.

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Title 15 of the United States Code

Title 15 of the United States Code outlines the role of commerce and trade in the United States Code.

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Title 19 of the United States Code

Title 19 of the United States Code outlines the role of customs and duties in the United States Code.

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Title 29 of the United States Code

Title 29 of the United States Code is a code that outlines labor regulations in the United States.

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Title 42 of the United States Code

Title 42 of the United States Code is the United States Code dealing with public health, social welfare, and civil rights.

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Title 8 of the United States Code

Title 8 of the United States Code outlines the role of aliens and nationality in the United States Code.

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Title 9 of the United States Code

Title 9 of the United States Code outlines the role of arbitration in the United States Code.

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Torosyan v. Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc.

Torosyan v Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc, 662 A2d 89 (1995) is a US labor law case, concerning the contract of employment in state law for labor rights.

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Trade Act of 1974

The Trade Act of 1974 (codified at) was passed to help industry in the United States become more competitive or phase workers into other industries or occupations.

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Trade Act of 2002

The Trade Act of 2002 (U.S. Trade Promotion Authority Act) granted the President of the United States the authority to negotiate trade deals with other countries and gives Congress the approval to only vote up or down on the agreement, not to amend it.

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Trade Agreements Act of 1979

The Trade Agreements Act of 1979 (TAA),, codified at, is an Act of Congress that governs trade agreements negotiated between the United States and other countries under the Trade Act of 1974.

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Trade union

A trade union or trades union, also called a labour union (Canada) or labor union (US), is an organization of workers who have come together to achieve many common goals; such as protecting the integrity of its trade, improving safety standards, and attaining better wages, benefits (such as vacation, health care, and retirement), and working conditions through the increased bargaining power wielded by the creation of a monopoly of the workers.

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Trans-Pacific Partnership

The Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) is a trade agreement between Australia, Brunei, Canada, Chile, Japan, Malaysia, Mexico, New Zealand, Peru, Singapore, Vietnam, and United States signed on 4 February 2016, which was not ratified as required and did not take effect.

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Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership

The Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP) is a proposed trade agreement between the European Union and the United States, with the aim of promoting trade and multilateral economic growth.

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Trbovich v. United Mine Workers

Trbovich v. United Mine Workers,, is a 6–1 decision of the Supreme Court of the United States in which the Court held that the Labor-Management Reporting and Disclosure Act of 1959 gave union members the right to intervene in enforcement proceedings brought by the United States Department of Labor in enforcement proceedings under the Act.

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Treaty of Versailles

The Treaty of Versailles (Traité de Versailles) was the most important of the peace treaties that brought World War I to an end.

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Trustee

Trustee (or the holding of a trusteeship) is a legal term which, in its broadest sense, is a synonym for anyone in a position of trust and so can refer to any person who holds property, authority, or a position of trust or responsibility for the benefit of another.

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U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission

The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) is an independent agency of the United States federal government.

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Unemployment in the United States

Unemployment in the United States discusses the causes and measures of U.S. unemployment and strategies for reducing it.

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Unfair competition

Unfair (or disloyal) competition in commercial law is a deceptive business practice that causes economic harm to other businesses or to consumers.

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Unfair dismissal

In labour law, unfair dismissal is an act of employment termination made without good reason or contrary to the country's specific legislation.

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Unfair labor practice

An unfair labor practice in US labor law refers to certain actions taken by employers or unions that violate the National Labor Relations Act of 1935 (49 Stat. 449) (also known as the NLRA and the Wagner Act after NY Senator Robert F. Wagner) and other legislation.

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Uniformed Services Employment and Reemployment Rights Act

The Uniformed Services Employment and Reemployment Rights Act of 1994 (USERRA,, codified as amended at) was passed by U.S. Congress and signed into law by U.S. President Bill Clinton on October 13, 1994 to protect the civilian employment of active and reserve military personnel in the United States called to active duty.

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Union density

The union density or union membership rate is the ratio of the number of employees who are members of trade unions to all the employees in a country or population.

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Union security agreement

A union security agreement is a contractual agreement, usually part of a union collective bargaining agreement, in which an employer and a trade or labor union agree on the extent to which the union may compel employees to join the union, and/or whether the employer will collect dues, fees, and assessments on behalf of the union.

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United Airlines

United Airlines, Inc., commonly referred to as United, is a major United States airline headquartered in Chicago, Illinois.

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United Automobile Workers

The International Union, United Automobile, Aerospace, and Agricultural Implement Workers of America, better known as the United Automobile Workers (UAW), is an American labor union that represents workers in the United States (including Puerto Rico) and Canada.

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United Kingdom labour law

United Kingdom labour law regulates the relations between workers, employers and trade unions.

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United Mine Workers of America v. Gibbs

United Mine Workers of America v. Gibbs, 383 U.S. 715 (1966), was a case in which the Supreme Court of the United States held that in order for a United States district court to have pendent jurisdiction over a state-law cause of action, state and federal claims must arise from the same "common nucleus of operative fact" and the plaintiff must expect to try them all at once.

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United States

The United States of America (USA), commonly known as the United States (U.S.) or America, is a federal republic composed of 50 states, a federal district, five major self-governing territories, and various possessions.

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United States antitrust law

United States antitrust law is a collection of federal and state government laws that regulates the conduct and organization of business corporations, generally to promote fair competition for the benefit of consumers.

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United States Attorney General

The United States Attorney General (A.G.) is the head of the United States Department of Justice per, concerned with all legal affairs, and is the chief lawyer of the United States government.

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United States Census Bureau

The United States Census Bureau (USCB; officially the Bureau of the Census, as defined in Title) is a principal agency of the U.S. Federal Statistical System, responsible for producing data about the American people and economy.

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United States Circuit Court of the District of Columbia

The United States Circuit Court of the District of Columbia (in case citations, C.C.D.C.) is a former United States federal court, which existed from 1801 to 1863.

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United States Code

The Code of Laws of the United States of America (variously abbreviated to Code of Laws of the United States, United States Code, U.S. Code, U.S.C., or USC) is the official compilation and codification of the general and permanent federal statutes of the United States.

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United States Commission on Civil Rights

The U.S. Commission on Civil Rights is a bipartisan, independent commission of the United States federal government, created in 1957, that is charged with the responsibility for investigating, reporting on, and making recommendations concerning civil rights issues in the United States.

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United States Congress

The United States Congress is the bicameral legislature of the Federal government of the United States.

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United States Constitution

The United States Constitution is the supreme law of the United States.

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United States contract law

Contract law regulates the obligations established by agreement, whether express or implied, between private parties in the United States.

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United States corporate law

United States corporate law regulates the governance, finance and power of corporations in US law.

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United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit

The United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit (in case citations, D.C. Cir.) known informally as the D.C. Circuit, is the federal appellate court for the U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia.

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United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit

The United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit (in case citations, 5th Cir.) is a federal court with appellate jurisdiction over the district courts in the following federal judicial districts.

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United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit

The United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit (in case citations, 2d Cir.) is one of the thirteen United States Courts of Appeals.

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United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit

The United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit (in case citations, 6th Cir.) is a federal court with appellate jurisdiction over the district courts in the following districts.

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United States Declaration of Independence

The United States Declaration of Independence is the statement adopted by the Second Continental Congress meeting at the Pennsylvania State House (now known as Independence Hall) in Philadelphia on July 4, 1776.

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United States Department of Homeland Security

The United States Department of Homeland Security (DHS) is a cabinet department of the United States federal government with responsibilities in public security, roughly comparable to the interior or home ministries of other countries.

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United States Department of Labor

The United States Department of Labor (DOL) is a cabinet-level department of the U.S. federal government responsible for occupational safety, wage and hour standards, unemployment insurance benefits, reemployment services, and some economic statistics; many U.S. states also have such departments.

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United States free-trade agreements

The United States is party to many free-trade agreements (FTAs) worldwide.

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United States House of Representatives

The United States House of Representatives is the lower chamber of the United States Congress, the Senate being the upper chamber.

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United States International Trade Commission

The United States International Trade Commission (USITC, sometimes I.T.C.) is an independent, bipartisan, quasi-judicial, federal agency of the United States that provides trade expertise to both the legislative and executive branches.

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United States Merit Systems Protection Board

The Merit Systems Protection Board (MSPB) is an independent quasi-judicial agency established in 1979 to protect federal merit systems against partisan political and other prohibited personnel practices and to ensure adequate protection for federal employees against abuses by agency management.

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United States presidential election, 1920

The United States presidential election of 1920 was the 34th quadrennial presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 2, 1920.

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United States presidential election, 1932

The United States presidential election of 1932 was the thirty-seventh quadrennial presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 8, 1932.

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United States presidential election, 1936

The United States presidential election of 1936 was the thirty-eighth quadrennial presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 3, 1936.

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United States presidential election, 2016

The United States presidential election of 2016 was the 58th quadrennial American presidential election, held on Tuesday, November 8, 2016.

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United States Secretary of Labor

The United States Secretary of Labor is a member of the Cabinet of the United States, and as the head of the U.S. Department of Labor, exercises control over the department, and enforces and suggests laws involving unions, the workplace, and all other issues involving any form of business-person controversies.

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United States Senate

The United States Senate is the upper chamber of the United States Congress, which along with the United States House of Representatives—the lower chamber—comprise the legislature of the United States.

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United States Senate Select Committee on Improper Activities in Labor and Management

The United States Senate Select Committee on Improper Activities in Labor and Management (also known as the McClellan Committee) was a select committee created by the United States Senate on January 30, 1957,Hilty, James.

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United States tort law

This article addresses torts in United States law.

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United States v. Congress of Industrial Organizations

United States v. Congress of Industrial Organizations, 335 U.S. 106 (1948), is a decision by the United States Supreme Court, which held that a labor union's publication of a statement that advocated for its members to vote for a certain candidate for Congress did not violate the Federal Corrupt Practices Act, as amended by the 1947 Labor Management Relations Act.

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United States v. Darby Lumber Co.

United States v. Darby Lumber Co.,., was a case in which the United States Supreme Court upheld the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938, holding that the U.S. Congress had the power under the Commerce Clause to regulate employment conditions.

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United States v. Silk

United States v. Silk,, was a United States Supreme Court case regarding US labor law.

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United Steelworkers

The United Steel, Paper and Forestry, Rubber, Manufacturing, Energy, Allied Industrial and Service Workers International Union (United Steelworkers or USW) is the largest industrial labor union in North America, with 860,294 members.

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United Steelworkers v Warrior & Gulf Navigation Co

United Steelworkers v Warrior & Gulf Navigation Co (1960) is a US labor law case, concerning arbitration over collective agreements for labor rights.

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United Steelworkers v. Weber

United Steelworkers of America v. Weber,, was a case regarding affirmative action in which the United States Supreme Court held that the Civil Rights Act of 1964 did not bar employers from favoring women and minorities.

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Universal Declaration of Human Rights

The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) is a historic document that was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly at its third session on 10 December 1948 as Resolution 217 at the Palais de Chaillot in Paris, France.

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University of Pennsylvania v. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission

University of Pennsylvania v. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, is a US labor law case of the US Supreme Court holding neither common law evidentiary privilege, nor First Amendment academic freedom protects peer review materials that are relevant to charges of racial or sexual discrimination in tenure decisions.

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Uruguay Round Agreements Act

The Uruguay Round Agreements Act (URAA) is an Act of Congress in the United States that implemented in U.S. law the Marrakesh Agreement of 1994.

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Utica, New York

Utica is a city in the Mohawk Valley and the county seat of Oneida County, New York, United States.

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Vegelahn v. Guntner

Vegelahn v. Guntner, 167 Mass.

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Vesting

In law, vesting is to give an immediately secured right of present or future deployment.

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Veterans' Preference Act of 1944

The Veterans' Preference Act is a United States federal law passed in 1944.

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Vicarious liability

Vicarious liability is a form of a strict, secondary liability that arises under the common law doctrine of agency, respondeat superior, the responsibility of the superior for the acts of their subordinate or, in a broader sense, the responsibility of any third party that had the "right, ability or duty to control" the activities of a violator.

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Volkswagen Chattanooga Assembly Plant

The Volkswagen Chattanooga Assembly Plant (or Chattanooga Operations LLC) is an automobile assembly plant in Chattanooga, Tennessee, that began production in April 2011, was formally inaugurated in May 2011, and employs approximately 2,000.

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Voluntary employees' beneficiary association

A voluntary employees' beneficiary association (VEBA) is a form of trust fund permitted under United States federal tax law, whose sole purpose must be to provide employee benefits.

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Voting

Voting is a method for a group, such as, a meeting or an electorate to make a decision or express an opinion, usually following discussions, debates or election campaigns.

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Wage regulation

Wage regulation refers to attempts by a government to regulate wages paid to citizens.

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Wall Street Crash of 1929

The Wall Street Crash of 1929, also known as Black Tuesday (October 29), the Great Crash, or the Stock Market Crash of 1929, began on October 24, 1929 ("Black Thursday"), and was the most devastating stock market crash in the history of the United States, when taking into consideration the full extent and duration of its after effects.

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Wallace Corp. v. NLRB

Wallace Corporation v. National Labor Relations Board, 323 U.S. 248 (1944), is a US labor law case of the United States Supreme Court.

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Walling v. Helmerich & Payne, Inc.

Walling v Helmerich and Payne Inc, 323 U.S. 37 (1944), is a US labor law case, concerning the minimum wage.

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Walsh–Healey Public Contracts Act of 1936

The Walsh–Healey Public Contracts Act of 1936 is a US labor law, passed as part of the New Deal.

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Warren E. Burger

Warren Earl Burger (September 17, 1907 – June 25, 1995) was the 15th Chief Justice of the United States, serving from 1969 to 1986.

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Washington (state)

Washington, officially the State of Washington, is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States.

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Washington v. Davis

Washington v. Davis,, was a United States Supreme Court case that established that laws that have a racially discriminatory effect but were not adopted to advance a racially discriminatory purpose are valid under the U.S. Constitution.

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Waters v. Churchill

Waters v. Churchill, 511 U.S. 661 (1994), is a United States Supreme Court case concerning the First Amendment rights of public employees in the workplace.

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West Coast Hotel Co. v. Parrish

West Coast Hotel Co.

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Whistleblower Protection Act

The Whistleblower Protection Act of 1989, Pub.L. 101-12 as amended, is a United States federal law that protects federal whistleblowers who work for the government and report agency misconduct.

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White people

White people is a racial classification specifier, used mostly for people of European descent; depending on context, nationality, and point of view, the term has at times been expanded to encompass certain persons of North African, Middle Eastern, and South Asian descent, persons who are often considered non-white in other contexts.

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William Howard Taft

William Howard Taft (September 15, 1857 – March 8, 1930) was the 27th President of the United States (1909–1913) and the tenth Chief Justice of the United States (1921–1930), the only person to have held both offices.

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William J. Brennan Jr.

William Joseph Brennan Jr. (April 25, 1906 – July 24, 1997) was an American judge who served as an Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court from 1956 to 1990.

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William Murray, 1st Earl of Mansfield

William Murray, 1st Earl of Mansfield, PC, SL (2 March 1705 – 20 March 1793) was a British barrister, politician and judge noted for his reform of English law.

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William O. Douglas

William Orville Douglas (October 16, 1898January 19, 1980) was an American jurist and politician who served as an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States.

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William R. Day

William Rufus Day (April 17, 1849 – July 9, 1923) was an American diplomat and jurist, who served for nineteen years as a Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States.

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William Rehnquist

William Hubbs Rehnquist (October 1, 1924 – September 3, 2005) was an American lawyer and jurist who served on the Supreme Court of the United States for 33 years, first as an Associate Justice from 1972 to 1986, and then as the 16th Chief Justice of the United States from 1986 until his death in 2005.

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Wilson v Racher

Wilson v Racher ICR 428 is a UK labour law case concerning constructive dismissal.

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Wisconsin

Wisconsin is a U.S. state located in the north-central United States, in the Midwest and Great Lakes regions.

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Woodrow Wilson

Thomas Woodrow Wilson (December 28, 1856 – February 3, 1924) was an American statesman and academic who served as the 28th President of the United States from 1913 to 1921.

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Work–life balance in the United States

Work–life balance is having enough time for work and enough to have a life, thus the work life balance.

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Worker Adjustment and Retraining Notification Act of 1988

The Worker Adjustment and Retraining Notification Act of 1988 (the "WARN Act") is a US labor law which protects employees, their families, and communities by requiring most employers with 100 or more employees to provide 60 calendar-day advance notification of plant closings and mass layoffs of employees, as defined in the Act.

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Worker representation on corporate boards of directors

Worker representation on corporate boards of directors refers to the right of workers to vote for representatives on a board of directors in corporate law.

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Working time

Working time is the period of time that a person spends at paid labor.

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Working Time Directive 2003

The Working Time Directive, is a Directive of the European Union.

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Workplace democracy

Workplace democracy is the application of democracy in all its forms (including voting systems, debates, democratic structuring, due process, adversarial process, systems of appeal) to the workplace.

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Workplace Democracy Act

The Workplace Democracy Act is a proposed US labor law, that has been sponsored by Bernie Sanders and re-introduced from 1992 to 2018.

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Works council

A works council (very rarely called "work council") is a "shop-floor" organization representing workers that functions as a local/firm-level complement to trade unions but is independent of these at least in some countries.

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Works Progress Administration

The Works Progress Administration (WPA; renamed in 1939 as the Work Projects Administration) was the largest and most ambitious American New Deal agency, employing millions of people (mostly unskilled men) to carry out public works projects, including the construction of public buildings and roads.

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World economy

The world economy or global economy is the economy of the world, considered as the international exchange of goods and services that is expressed in monetary units of account (money).

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World peace

World peace, or peace on Earth, is the concept of an ideal state of happiness, freedom and peace within and among all people and nations on earth.

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World Trade Organization

The World Trade Organization (WTO) is an intergovernmental organization that regulates international trade.

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World War I

World War I (often abbreviated as WWI or WW1), also known as the First World War, the Great War, or the War to End All Wars, was a global war originating in Europe that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918.

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World War II

World War II (often abbreviated to WWII or WW2), also known as the Second World War, was a global war that lasted from 1939 to 1945, although conflicts reflecting the ideological clash between what would become the Allied and Axis blocs began earlier.

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Wygant v. Jackson Board of Education

Wygant v. Jackson Board of Education,, was a case before the United States Supreme Court.

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Yellow-dog contract

A yellow-dog contract (a yellow-dog clause of a contract, or an ironclad oath) is an agreement between an employer and an employee in which the employee agrees, as a condition of employment, not to be a member of a labor union.

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Yeshiva University

Yeshiva University is a private, non-profit research university located in New York City, United States, with four campuses in New York City.

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Yick Wo v. Hopkins

Yick Wo v. Hopkins, 118 U.S. 356 (1886),.

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14 Penn Plaza LLC v. Pyett

14 Penn Plaza LLC v. Pyett,, is a US labor law case in the United States Supreme Court on the rights of unionized workers to sue their employer for age discrimination.

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1790 United States Census

The United States Census of 1790 was the first census of the whole United States.

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401(k)

In the United States, a 401(k) plan is the tax-qualified, defined-contribution pension account defined in subsection 401(k) of the Internal Revenue Code.

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Redirects here:

Labor law in the United States, Labour law in the United States, U.S. labor law, US employment law, US labor law, US labour law, United States employment law, United States labor rights, Us labor.

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_labor_law

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