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694 relations: Acculturation, Administrative division, Administrative divisions of Peru, Afro–Latin Americans, Aguaruna language, Air base, Alan García, Alberto Fujimori, Alejandro Soto Reyes, Alejandro Toledo, Alejandro Velasco Astete International Airport, Alpamayo, Altiplano, Amaranthaceae, Amaranthus caudatus, Amazon basin, Amazon rainforest, Amazon River, Amazon rubber cycle, Amazonas (Colombian department), American Popular Revolutionary Alliance, American Revolutionary War, Americas Quarterly, Anchovy, Andean civilizations, Andean Community, Andean music, Andes, Anti-aircraft warfare, Anticucho, Antonio José de Sucre, Architecture of Peru, Arequipa, Arequipa metropolitan area, Arica Province (Peru), Army of the Andes, Arrest and trial of Alberto Fujimori, Artichoke, Asháninka language, Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation, Asian Latin Americans, Asparagus, Association football, Augusto B. Leguía, Augusto Pinochet, Authoritarianism, Avocado, Ayacucho, Ayacucho massacre, Aymara language, ... Expand index (644 more) »
- Andean Community
- Countries in South America
- Cradle of civilization
- Spanish-speaking countries and territories
- States and territories established in 1821
Acculturation
Acculturation is a process of social, psychological, and cultural change that stems from the balancing of two cultures while adapting to the prevailing culture of the society.
Administrative division
Administrative divisions (also administrative units, administrative regions, #-level subdivisions, subnational entities, or constituent states, as well as many similar generic terms) are geographical areas into which a particular independent sovereign state is divided.
See Peru and Administrative division
Administrative divisions of Peru
The administrative divisions of Peru have changed from time to time since the nation gained independence from Spain in the early 19th century.
See Peru and Administrative divisions of Peru
Afro–Latin Americans
Afro–Latin Americans or Black Latin Americans (sometimes Afro-Latinos) are Latin Americans of full or mainly sub-Saharan African ancestry.
See Peru and Afro–Latin Americans
Aguaruna language
Aguaruna (or as native speakers prefer to call it, Awajún) is an indigenous American language of the Chicham family spoken by the Aguaruna people in Northern Peru.
See Peru and Aguaruna language
Air base
An airbase (stylised air base in American English), sometimes referred to as a military airbase, military airfield, military airport, air station, naval air station, air force station, or air force base, is an aerodrome or airport used as a military base by a military force for the operation of military aircraft.
Alan García
Alan Gabriel Ludwig García Pérez (23 May 1949 – 17 April 2019) was a Peruvian politician who served as President of Peru for two non-consecutive terms from 1985 to 1990 and from 2006 to 2011.
Alberto Fujimori
Alberto Kenya Fujimori Inomoto (藤森 謙也, Hepburn:,; born 28 July 1938) is a Peruvian former politician, professor, and engineer who served as President of Peru from 1990 to 2000.
Alejandro Soto Reyes
Alejandro Soto Reyes (born 24 May 1960) is a Peruvian lawyer and politician.
See Peru and Alejandro Soto Reyes
Alejandro Toledo
Alejandro Celestino Toledo Manrique (born 28 March 1946) is a Peruvian former politician who served as President of Peru, from 2001 to 2006.
Alejandro Velasco Astete International Airport
Alejandro Velasco Astete International Airport is an international airport located in the city of Cusco, in southeastern Peru.
See Peru and Alejandro Velasco Astete International Airport
Alpamayo
Alpamayo (possibly from Quechua allpa earth, mayu river, "earth river") or Shuyturaju (possibly from Ancash Quechua huytu, shuytu oblong, slim and long, Quechua rahu snow, ice, mountain covered in snow) is one of the most conspicuous peaks in the Cordillera Blanca of the Peruvian Andes.
Altiplano
The Altiplano (Spanish for "high plain"), Collao (Quechua and Aymara: Qullaw, meaning "place of the Qulla") or Andean Plateau, in west-central South America, is the most extensive high plateau on Earth outside Tibet.
Amaranthaceae
Amaranthaceae is a family of flowering plants commonly known as the amaranth family, in reference to its type genus Amaranthus.
Amaranthus caudatus
Amaranthus caudatus (also known as Amaranthus edulis and Amaranthus mantegazzianus) is a species of annual flowering plant.
See Peru and Amaranthus caudatus
Amazon basin
The Amazon basin is the part of South America drained by the Amazon River and its tributaries.
Amazon rainforest
The Amazon rainforest, also called Amazon jungle or Amazonia, is a moist broadleaf tropical rainforest in the Amazon biome that covers most of the Amazon basin of South America.
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Amazon River
The Amazon River (Río Amazonas, Rio Amazonas) in South America is the largest river by discharge volume of water in the world, and the longest or second-longest river system in the world, a title which is disputed with the Nile. The headwaters of the Apurímac River on Nevado Mismi had been considered for nearly a century the Amazon basin's most distant source until a 2014 study found it to be the headwaters of the Mantaro River on the Cordillera Rumi Cruz in Peru.
Amazon rubber cycle
The Amazon rubber cycle or boom (Ciclo da borracha,; Fiebre del caucho) was an important part of the economic and social history of Brazil and Amazonian regions of neighboring countries, being related to the extraction and commercialization of rubber.
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Amazonas (Colombian department)
Amazonas is a department of Southern Colombia in the south of the country.
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American Popular Revolutionary Alliance
The Peruvian Aprista Party (Partido Aprista Peruano, PAP) is a Peruvian political party and a member of the Socialist International.
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American Revolutionary War
The American Revolutionary War (April 19, 1775 – September 3, 1783), also known as the Revolutionary War or American War of Independence, was a military conflict that was part of the broader American Revolution, in which American Patriot forces organized as the Continental Army and commanded by George Washington defeated the British Army.
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Americas Quarterly
Americas Quarterly (AQ) is a publication dedicated to politics, business, and culture in the Americas.
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Anchovy
An anchovy is a small, common forage fish of the family Engraulidae.
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Andean civilizations
The Andean civilizations were South American complex societies of many indigenous people.
See Peru and Andean civilizations
Andean Community
The Andean Community (Comunidad Andina, CAN) is a free trade area with the objective of creating a customs union comprising the South American countries (Andean states) of Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru.
Andean music
Andean music is a group of styles of music from the Andes region in South America.
Andes
The Andes, Andes Mountains or Andean Mountain Range are the longest continental mountain range in the world, forming a continuous highland along the western edge of South America.
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Anti-aircraft warfare
Anti-aircraft warfare is the counter to aerial warfare and it includes "all measures designed to nullify or reduce the effectiveness of hostile air action" (NATO's definition).
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Anticucho
Anticuchos (singular anticucho, Quechua 'Anti Kuchu', Anti: 'Eastern region of the Andes' or 'Eastern native ethnicities', Kuchu: 'Cut'; Quechua for 'Anti-style cuts', 'Eastern-style cuts') are popular and inexpensive meat dishes that originated in the Andes during the pre-Columbian era, specifically in the Antisuyu region of the Tawantinsuyu (Inca Empire).
Antonio José de Sucre
Antonio José de Sucre y Alcalá (3 February 1795 – 4 June 1830), known as the "Gran Mariscal de Ayacucho" ("Grand Marshal of Ayacucho"), was a Venezuelan general and politician who served as the president of Bolivia from 1825 to 1828.
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Architecture of Peru
Peruvian architecture is the architecture carried out during any time in what is now Peru, and by Peruvian architects worldwide.
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Arequipa
Arequipa (Aymara and Ariqipa), also known by its nicknames of Ciudad Blanca (Spanish for "White City") and León del Sur (Spanish for "Lion of the South"), is a city in Peru and the capital of the eponymous province and department.
Arequipa metropolitan area
The Arequipa Metropolitan Area is the name used to refer to the metropolitan area whose principal city is Arequipa, according to Metropolitan Development Plan of Arequipa According to population statistics of INEI It is the second most populous metropolitan area of Peru in year 2017.
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Arica Province (Peru)
Arica was a historical province of Peru, which existed between 1823 and 1883.
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Army of the Andes
The Army of the Andes (Ejército de los Andes) was a military force created by the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata (Argentina) and mustered by general José de San Martín in his campaign to free Chile from the Spanish Empire.
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Arrest and trial of Alberto Fujimori
Former Peruvian President Alberto Fujimori was arrested, tried, and convicted for a number of crimes related to corruption and human rights abuses that occurred during his government.
See Peru and Arrest and trial of Alberto Fujimori
Artichoke
The globe artichoke (Cynara cardunculus var. scolymus),Rottenberg, A., and D. Zohary, 1996: "The wild ancestry of the cultivated artichoke." Genet.
Asháninka language
Asháninka (also known as Campa, although this name is derogatory) is an Arawakan language spoken by the Asháninka people of Peru and Acre, Brazil.
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Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation
Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) is an inter-governmental forum for 21 member economies in the Pacific Rim that promotes free trade throughout the Asia-Pacific region.
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Asian Latin Americans
Asian Latin Americans (sometimes Asian-Latinos) are Latin Americans of Asian descent.
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Asparagus
Asparagus (Asparagus officinalis) is a perennial flowering plant species in the genus Asparagus native to Eurasia.
Association football
Association football, more commonly known as football or soccer, is a team sport played between two teams of 11 players each, who primarily use their feet to propel a ball around a rectangular field called a pitch.
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Augusto B. Leguía
Augusto Bernardino Leguía y Salcedo (19 February 1863 – 6 February 1932) was a Peruvian politician who served as President of Peru from 1908 to 1912 and from 1919 to 1930, the latter term known as the "Oncenio" after its eleven-year length.
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Augusto Pinochet
Augusto José Ramón Pinochet Ugarte (25 November 1915 – 10 December 2006) was a Chilean army officer and military dictator who ruled Chile from 1973 to 1990.
Authoritarianism
Authoritarianism is a political system characterized by the rejection of political plurality, the use of strong central power to preserve the political status quo, and reductions in democracy, separation of powers, civil liberties, and the rule of law.
Avocado
The avocado, alligator pear or avocado pear (Persea americana) is a medium-sized, evergreen tree in the laurel family (Lauraceae).
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Ayacucho
Ayacucho (Ayak'uchu, derived from the words aya ("death" or "soul") and k'uchu ("corner") in honour of the battle of Ayacucho), founded in 1540 as San Juan de la Frontera de Huamanga and known simply as Huamanga (Quechua: Wamanga) until 1825, is the capital city of Ayacucho Region and of Huamanga Province, Ayacucho Region, Peru.
Ayacucho massacre
The Ayacucho massacre was a massacre.
See Peru and Ayacucho massacre
Aymara language
Aymara (also Aymar aru) is an Aymaran language spoken by the Aymara people of the Bolivian Andes.
Aymara people
The Aymara or Aimara (aymara), people are an indigenous people in the Andes and Altiplano regions of South America.
Banana
A banana is an elongated, edible fruit – botanically a berry – produced by several kinds of large herbaceous flowering plants in the genus Musa.
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Bandurria
The bandurria is a plucked chordophone from Spain, similar to the mandolin and bandola, primarily used in Spanish folk music, but also found in former Spanish colonies.
Barcelona Centre for International Affairs
The Barcelona Centre for International Affairs (CIDOB) is a Spanish think tank headquartered in Barcelona, devoted to research in the field of international relations.
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Baroque
The Baroque is a Western style of architecture, music, dance, painting, sculpture, poetry, and other arts that flourished from the early 17th century until the 1750s.
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Barrios Altos massacre
The Barrios Altos massacre occurred on 3 November 1991 in the Barrios Altos neighborhood of Lima, Peru.
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Basilica and Convent of Santo Domingo, Lima
The Basilica and Maximus Convent of Nuestra Señora del Rosario, popularly known as the Convent of Santo Domingo (or Convent of the Holy Rosary), is a Catholic religious complex located in the city of Lima, Peru.
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Basilica Cathedral of Arequipa
The Basilica Cathedral of Arequipa ("Basílica Catedral", in Spanish) is located in the "Plaza de Armas" of the city of Arequipa, province of Arequipa, Peru.
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Bass (fish)
Bass (bass) is a generic common name shared by many species of ray-finned fish from the large clade Percomorpha, mainly belonging to the orders Perciformes and Moroniformes, encompassing both freshwater and marine species.
Battle of Ayacucho
The Battle of Ayacucho (Batalla de Ayacucho) was a decisive military encounter during the Peruvian War of Independence. This battle secured the independence of Peru and ensured independence for the rest of South America. In Peru it is considered the end of the Spanish American wars of independence in this country, although the campaign of Antonio José de Sucre continued through 1825 in Upper Peru and the siege of the fortresses Chiloé and Callao eventually ended in 1826.
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Battle of Cajamarca
The Battle of Cajamarca also spelled Cajamalca (though many contemporary scholars prefer to call it Massacre of Cajamarca) was the ambush and seizure of the Inca ruler Atahualpa by a small Spanish force led by Francisco Pizarro, on November 16, 1532.
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Battle of Carabobo
The Battle of Carabobo, on 24 June 1821, was fought between independence fighters, led by Venezuelan General Simón Bolívar, and the Royalist forces, led by Spanish Field Marshal Miguel de la Torre.
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Battle of Chacabuco
The Battle of Chacabuco, fought during the Chilean War of Independence, occurred on February 12, 1817.
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Battle of Junín
The Battle of Junín was a military engagement of the Peruvian War of Independence, fought in the highlands of the Junín Region on 6 August 1824.
Battle of Maipú
The Battle of Maipú (Batalla de Maipú) was fought near Santiago, Chile on 5 April 1818, between South American rebels and Spanish royalists, during the Chilean War of Independence.
Battle of Pichincha
The Battle of Pichincha took place on 24 May 1822, on the slopes of the Pichincha volcano, 3,500 meters above sea-level, right next to the city of Quito, in modern Ecuador.
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Bay of San Miguel
The Bay of San Miguel is a bay of the Gulf of Panama, located on the Pacific coast of Darién Province in eastern Panama.
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BBC News
BBC News is an operational business division of the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) responsible for the gathering and broadcasting of news and current affairs in the UK and around the world.
Bean
A bean is the seed of several plants in the family Fabaceae, which are used as vegetables for human or animal food.
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Bernardo O'Higgins
Bernardo O'Higgins Riquelme (20 August 1778 – 24 October 1842) was a Chilean independence leader who freed Chile from Spanish rule in the Chilean War of Independence.
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Bicentennial of the Independence of Peru
The Bicentennial of the Independence of Peru (Bicentenario de la Independencia de Perú) occurred on 28 July 2021.
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Biotechnology
Biotechnology is a multidisciplinary field that involves the integration of natural sciences and engineering sciences in order to achieve the application of organisms and parts thereof for products and services.
Black Peruvians
Black Peruvians or Afro-Peruvians are Peruvians of mostly or partially African descent.
Blueberry
Blueberry is a widely distributed and widespread group of perennial flowering plant with blue or purple berries.
Bogotá
Bogotá (also), officially Bogotá, Distrito Capital, abbreviated Bogotá, D.C., and formerly known as Santa Fe de Bogotá during the Spanish Colonial period and between 1991 and 2000, is the capital and largest city of Colombia, and one of the largest cities in the world.
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Bolivia
Bolivia, officially the Plurinational State of Bolivia, is a landlocked country located in western-central South America. Peru and Bolivia are Andean Community, countries in South America, former Spanish colonies, member states of the United Nations, republics and Spanish-speaking countries and territories.
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Bora language
Bora is an indigenous language of South America spoken in the western region of Amazon rainforest.
Boron
Boron is a chemical element; it has symbol B and atomic number 5.
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Bourbon Reforms
The Bourbon Reforms (lit) consisted of political and economic changes promulgated by the Spanish Crown under various kings of the House of Bourbon, mainly in the 18th century.
Brazil
Brazil, officially the Federative Republic of Brazil, is the largest and easternmost country in South America and Latin America. Peru and Brazil are countries in South America and member states of the United Nations.
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Bromeliaceae
The Bromeliaceae (the bromeliads) are a family of monocot flowering plants of about 80 genera and 3700 known species, native mainly to the tropical Americas, with several species found in the American subtropics and one in tropical west Africa, Pitcairnia feliciana.
Bronze
Bronze is an alloy consisting primarily of copper, commonly with about 12–12.5% tin and often with the addition of other metals (including aluminium, manganese, nickel, or zinc) and sometimes non-metals, such as phosphorus, or metalloids, such as arsenic or silicon.
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Budget
A budget is a calculation plan, usually but not always financial, for a defined period, often one year or a month.
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Buenos Aires
Buenos Aires, officially the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires, is the capital and primate city of Argentina.
Bullion
Bullion is non-ferrous metal that has been refined to a high standard of elemental purity.
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Cañari
The Cañari (in Kichwa: Kañari) are an indigenous ethnic group traditionally inhabiting the territory of the modern provinces of Azuay and Cañar in Ecuador.
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Cabinet (government)
A cabinet in governing is a group of people with the constitutional or legal task to rule a country or state, or advise a head of state, usually from the executive branch.
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Cabinet of Peru
The Cabinet of Peru (also called the Presidential Cabinet of Peru or the Council of Ministers) is composed of all the Ministers of State.
Cactus
A cactus (cacti, cactuses, or less commonly, cactus) is a member of the plant family Cactaceae, a family comprising about 127 genera with some 1,750 known species of the order Caryophyllales.
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Cajamarca
Cajamarca, also known by the Quechua name, Kashamarka, is the capital and largest city of the Cajamarca Region as well as an important cultural and commercial center in the northern Andes.
Cajamarquilla
The Cajamarquilla archaeological site is located 25 km inland from the coastal city of Lima, Peru; in the Jicamarca Valley, 6 km north of the Rímac River.
Cajón
A cajón ("box, crate, drawer") is a box-shaped percussion instrument originally from Peru, played by slapping the front or rear faces (generally thin plywood) with the hands, fingers, or sometimes implements such as brushes, mallets, or sticks.
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Callao
Callao is a Peruvian seaside city and region on the Pacific Ocean in the Lima metropolitan area.
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Cambridge University Press
Cambridge University Press is the university press of the University of Cambridge.
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Camelidae
Camelids are members of the biological family Camelidae, the only currently living family in the suborder Tylopoda.
Canadian Journal of Bioethics
The Canadian Journal of Bioethics (French: Revue canadienne de bioéthique) is a peer-reviewed open-access academic journal hosted by the Bioethics Program at the School of Public Health, Université de Montréal.
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Capital city
A capital city or just capital is the municipality holding primary status in a country, state, province, department, or other subnational division, usually as its seat of the government.
Caral–Supe civilization
Caral–Supe (also known as Caral and Norte Chico) was a complex Pre-Columbian era society that included as many as thirty major population centers in what is now the Caral region of north-central coastal Peru.
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Cassava
Manihot esculenta, commonly called cassava, manioc,--> or yuca (among numerous regional names), is a woody shrub of the spurge family, Euphorbiaceae, native to South America, from Brazil, Paraguay and parts of the Andes.
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Catholic Church
The Catholic Church, also known as the Roman Catholic Church, is the largest Christian church, with 1.28 to 1.39 billion baptized Catholics worldwide as of 2024.
Catholic Church in Peru
The Catholic Church in Peru is part of the worldwide Catholic Church, under the spiritual leadership of the Pope, the curia in Rome, and the Peruvian Episcopal Conference.
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César Vallejo
César Abraham Vallejo Mendoza (March 16, 1892 – April 15, 1938) was a Peruvian poet, writer, playwright, and journalist.
Cenepa War
The Cenepa War or Third Ecuadorian-Peruvian War (26 January – 28 February 1995), also known as the Alto Cenepa War, was a brief and localized military conflict between Ecuador and Peru, fought over control of an area in Peruvian territory (i.e. in the eastern side of the Cordillera del Cóndor, Province of Condorcanqui, Región Amazonas, Republic of Perú) near the border between the two countries.
Censure
A censure is an expression of strong disapproval or harsh criticism.
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Central Intelligence Agency
The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), known informally as the Agency, metonymously as Langley and historically as the Company, is a civilian foreign intelligence service of the federal government of the United States tasked with gathering, processing, and analyzing national security information from around the world, primarily through the use of human intelligence (HUMINT) and conducting covert action through its Directorate of Operations.
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Central Restaurante
Central is a restaurant located in the Barranco District, Lima, Peru.
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Centralism (Peru)
Centralism (centralismo) is the common act of the social elite in Peru accumulating, or centralizing, wealth and development along the coast of the Pacific Ocean, particularly in the capital city of Lima.
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Ceramic art
Ceramic art is art made from ceramic materials, including clay.
Ceviche
Ceviche, cebiche, sebiche, or seviche is a dish consisting of fish or shellfish marinated in citrus and seasonings, recognized by UNESCO as an expression of Peruvian traditional cuisine and Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity, although different versions of ceviche are part of the culinary culture of various Spanish-American countries along the Pacific Ocean where each one is native: Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama and Peru.
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Chachani
Chachani is a volcanic group in southern Peru, northwest of the city of Arequipa.
Chachapoya culture
The Chachapoyas, also called the "Warriors of the Clouds", was a culture of the Andes living in the cloud forests of the southern part of the Department of Amazonas of present-day Peru.
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Chan Chan
Chan Chan (Spanish pronunciation), sometimes itself called Chimor, was the capital city of the Chimor kingdom.
Chancay
Chancay is a small city located north of Lima.
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Chanka
The Chanka people (or Chanca) are a Quechua people ethnic group living in the regions of Apurímac, Ayacucho and Lamas of Peru.
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Charango
The charango is a small Andean stringed instrument of the lute family, from the Quechua and Aymara populations in the territory of the Altiplano in post-Colonial times, after European stringed instruments were introduced by the Spanish during colonialization.
Charangon
The Charangón is a small lute-like fretted stringed instrument, of the charango family.
Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor
Charles V (Ghent, 24 February 1500 – 21 September 1558) was Holy Roman Emperor and Archduke of Austria from 1519 to 1556, King of Spain from 1516 to 1556, and Lord of the Netherlands as titular Duke of Burgundy from 1506 to 1555.
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Chavín culture
The Chavín culture was a pre-Columbian civilization, developed in the northern Andean highlands of Peru around 900 BCE, ending around 250 BCE.
Chavín de Huántar
Chavín de Huántar is an archaeological site in Peru, containing ruins and artifacts constructed as early as 1200 BC, and occupied until around 400–500 BC by the Chavín, a major pre-Inca culture.
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Chenopodium pallidicaule
Chenopodium pallidicaule, known as cañihua, canihua or cañahua (from Quechua 'qañiwa, qañawa or qañawi') and also kañiwa or kaniwa, is a species of goosefoot, similar in character and uses to the closely related quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa).
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Chicken as food
Chicken is the most common type of poultry in the world.
Chiclayo
Chiclayo (Mochica: Cɥiclaiæp) is the principal city and capital of the Lambayeque region and Chiclayo Province in northern Peru.
Chiclayo metropolitan area
The Chiclayo Metropolitan Area is the name used to refer to the metropolitan area whose principal city is Chiclayo, according to Municipality of Chiclayo.
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Chile
Chile, officially the Republic of Chile, is a country in western South America. Peru and Chile are countries in South America, former Spanish colonies, member states of the United Nations, republics and Spanish-speaking countries and territories.
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Chilean–Peruvian maritime dispute
Perú v. Chile (also called the Chilean–Peruvian maritime dispute) was a public international law case concerning a territorial dispute between the South American republics of Peru and Chile over the sovereignty of an area at sea in the Pacific Ocean approximately in size.
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Chile–Peru relations
Chilean-Peruvian relations are the historical and current bilateral relations between the adjoining South American countries of the Republic of Chile and the Republic of Peru.
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Chili pepper
Chili peppers, also spelled chile or chilli, are varieties of the berry-fruit of plants from the genus Capsicum, which are members of the nightshade family Solanaceae, cultivated for their pungency.
Chillador
The name chillador can refer either to two related types of charango.
Chimbote
Chimbote; Chimputi) is the largest city in the Ancash Region and the 10th largest city in Peru. With a population of 425,367, it is the capital of both Santa Province and Chimbote District. The city is located on the coast in Ferrol Bay, 130 km south of Trujillo and north of Lima on the North Pan-American highway.
Chimor
Chimor (also Kingdom of Chimor or Chimú Empire) was the political grouping of the Chimú culture.
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China
China, officially the People's Republic of China (PRC), is a country in East Asia. Peru and China are cradle of civilization, member states of the United Nations and republics.
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China–Peru Free Trade Agreement
The China–Peru Free Trade Agreement (Tratado de Libre Comercio Perú – China) is a bilateral free trade agreement designed to eliminate obstacles to trade and investment between China and Peru.
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Chinchero International Airport
Chinchero International Airport is an under construction international airport in the town of Chinchero, which is located in the district of the same name, in Cusco Region, Perú.
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Chinese Peruvians
Chinese Peruvians, also known as tusán (a loanword from), are Peruvian citizens whose ancestors came from China.
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Chinlili
The Chinlili, also known as the Chinlilo, is a chordophone from Ayacucho, Peru.
Christian literature
Christian literature is the literary aspect of Christian media, and it constitutes a huge body of extremely varied writing.
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Chronic inflation
Chronic inflation is an economic phenomenon occurring when a country experiences high inflation for a prolonged period (several years or decades) due to continual increases in the money supply among other things.
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Chronicle
A chronicle (chronica, from Greek χρονικά chroniká, from χρόνος, chrónos – "time") is a historical account of events arranged in chronological order, as in a timeline.
Cinema of Iquitos
The cinema of Iquitos, also known as Amazonian cinema, is an important film development and one of the historic pioneering event of cinema of Peru.
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Ciro Alegría
Ciro Alegría Bazán (November 4, 1909 – February 17, 1967) was a Peruvian journalist, politician, and novelist.
Civil and political rights
Civil and political rights are a class of rights that protect individuals' freedom from infringement by governments, social organizations, and private individuals.
See Peru and Civil and political rights
Civil defense
Civil defense or civil protection is an effort to protect the citizens of a state (generally non-combatants) from human-made and natural disasters.
Civilista Party
The Civilista Party (Partido Civil, PC) was a political party in Peru.
Claudia Llosa
Claudia Llosa Bueno (born 15 November 1976) is a Peruvian film director, writer, producer, and author.
Climate change
In common usage, climate change describes global warming—the ongoing increase in global average temperature—and its effects on Earth's climate system.
Club Universitario de Deportes
Club Universitario de Deportes, popularly known as Universitario or simply as La "U", is a Peruvian football club based in Lima.
See Peru and Club Universitario de Deportes
Cocoa bean
The cocoa bean, also known simply as cocoa or cacao, is the dried and fully fermented seed of Theobroma cacao, the cacao tree, from which cocoa solids (a mixture of nonfat substances) and cocoa butter (the fat) can be extracted.
Coffee
Coffee is a beverage brewed from roasted coffee beans.
See Peru and Coffee
Colombia
Colombia, officially the Republic of Colombia, is a country primarily located in South America with insular regions in North America. Peru and Colombia are Andean Community, countries in South America, former Spanish colonies, member states of the United Nations, republics and Spanish-speaking countries and territories.
Colombia–Peru War
The Colombia–Peru War, also called the Leticia War, was a short-lived armed conflict between Colombia and Peru over territory in the Amazon rainforest that lasted from September 1, 1932, to May 24, 1933.
See Peru and Colombia–Peru War
Columbian exchange
The Columbian exchange, also known as the Columbian interchange, was the widespread transfer of plants, animals, precious metals, commodities, culture, human populations, technology, diseases, and ideas between the New World (the Americas) in the Western Hemisphere, and the Old World (Afro-Eurasia) in the Eastern Hemisphere, in the late 15th and following centuries.
See Peru and Columbian exchange
Common Era
Common Era (CE) and Before the Common Era (BCE) are year notations for the Gregorian calendar (and its predecessor, the Julian calendar), the world's most widely used calendar era.
Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership
The Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP), initially abbreviated as TPP11 or TPP-11, is a trade agreement between Australia, Brunei, Canada, Chile, Japan, Malaysia, Mexico, New Zealand, Peru, Singapore, and Vietnam.
See Peru and Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership
Compulsory education
Compulsory education refers to a period of education that is required of all people and is imposed by the government.
See Peru and Compulsory education
Compulsory sterilization
Compulsory sterilization, also known as forced or coerced sterilization, refers to any government-mandated program to involuntarily sterilize a specific group of people.
See Peru and Compulsory sterilization
Compulsory voting
Compulsory voting, also called universal civic duty voting or mandatory voting, is the requirement that registered voters participate in an election.
See Peru and Compulsory voting
Congress
A congress is a formal meeting of the representatives of different countries, constituent states, organizations, trade unions, political parties, or other groups.
Congress of Panama
The Congress of Panama (also referred to as the Amphictyonic Congress, in homage to the Amphictyonic League of Ancient Greece) was a congress organized by Simón Bolívar in 1826 with the goal of bringing together the new republics of Latin America to develop a unified policy towards the repudiated mother country Spain.
See Peru and Congress of Panama
Congress of the Republic of Peru
The Congress of the Republic of Peru (Congreso de la República) is the unicameral body that assumes legislative power in Peru.
See Peru and Congress of the Republic of Peru
Conquistador
Conquistadors or conquistadores (lit 'conquerors') was a term used to refer to Spanish and Portuguese colonialists of the early modern period.
Conscription
Conscription is the state-mandated enlistment of people in a national service, mainly a military service.
Constitution
A constitution is the aggregate of fundamental principles or established precedents that constitute the legal basis of a polity, organization or other type of entity, and commonly determines how that entity is to be governed.
Constitution of Peru
The Political Constitution of Peru (Constitución Política del Perú) is the supreme law of Peru.
See Peru and Constitution of Peru
Constitutional Court of Peru
The Peruvian Constitutional Court or Constitutional Tribunal is an independent constitutional agency of Peru that was established in the 1993 Constitution of Peru that was created during the government of Alberto Fujimori.
See Peru and Constitutional Court of Peru
Constitutional monarchy
Constitutional monarchy, also known as limited monarchy, parliamentary monarchy or democratic monarchy, is a form of monarchy in which the monarch exercises their authority in accordance with a constitution and is not alone in making decisions.
See Peru and Constitutional monarchy
Convict
A convict is "a person found guilty of a crime and sentenced by a court" or "a person serving a sentence in prison".
See Peru and Convict
Copa América
The CONMEBOL Copa América (Americas Cup; known until 1975 as the South American Football Championship), often simply called the Copa America, is the top men's quadrennial football tournament contested among national teams from South America.
Copa Libertadores
The Copa Libertadores de América (Copa/Taça Libertadores da América, officially known as the CONMEBOL Libertadores) is an annual continental club football competition organized by CONMEBOL since 1960.
See Peru and Copa Libertadores
Copper
Copper is a chemical element; it has symbol Cu and atomic number 29.
See Peru and Copper
Cordillera Blanca
The Cordillera Blanca (Spanish for "white range") is a mountain range in Peru that is part of the larger Andes range and extends for between 8°08' and 9°58'S and 77°00' and 77°52'W, in a northwesterly direction.
See Peru and Cordillera Blanca
Cordillera Negra
The Cordillera Negra (Spanish for "black range"), Yana Walla in qechua is part of the Cordillera Occidental, one of three mountain ranges in the Andes of west central Peru.
Coricancha
Coricancha, Curicancha, Koricancha, Qoricancha or Qorikancha ("The Golden Temple," from Quechua quri gold; kancha enclosure) was the most important temple in the Inca Empire, and was described by early Spanish colonialists.
Costumbrismo
Costumbrismo (in Catalan: costumisme; sometimes anglicized as costumbrism, with the adjectival form costumbrist) is the literary or pictorial interpretation of local everyday life, mannerisms, and customs, primarily in the Hispanic scene, and particularly in the 19th century.
Council on Hemispheric Affairs
The Council on Hemispheric Affairs (COHA) is a Washington, D.C.-based non-governmental organization (NGO) founded in 1975.
See Peru and Council on Hemispheric Affairs
Counterterrorism
Counterterrorism (alternatively spelled: counter-terrorism), also known as anti-terrorism, relates to the practices, military tactics, techniques, and strategies that governments, law enforcement, businesses, and intelligence agencies use to combat or eliminate terrorism.
Coup d'état
A coup d'état, or simply a coup, is typically an illegal and overt attempt by a military organization or other government elites to unseat an incumbent leadership.
COVID-19 pandemic
The COVID-19 pandemic (also known as the coronavirus pandemic), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), began with an outbreak of COVID-19 in Wuhan, China, in December 2019.
See Peru and COVID-19 pandemic
COVID-19 pandemic in Peru
The COVID-19 pandemic in Peru has resulted in confirmed cases of COVID-19 and deaths.
See Peru and COVID-19 pandemic in Peru
Cradle of civilization
A cradle of civilization is a location and a culture where civilization was developed independent of other civilizations in other locations.
See Peru and Cradle of civilization
Creole peoples
Creole peoples may refer to various ethnic groups around the world.
Criollo people
In Hispanic America, criollo is a term used originally to describe people of full Spanish descent born in the viceroyalties.
Crisis in Venezuela
An ongoing socioeconomic and political crisis began in Venezuela during the presidency of Hugo Chávez and has worsened during the presidency of successor Nicolás Maduro.
See Peru and Crisis in Venezuela
Crossing of the Andes
The Crossing of the Andes (Cruce de los Andes) was one of the most important feats in the Argentine and Chilean wars of independence, in which a combined army of Argentine soldiers and Chilean exiles invaded Chile crossing the Andes range separating Argentina from Chile, leading to Chile's liberation from Spanish rule.
See Peru and Crossing of the Andes
Crustacean
Crustaceans are a group of arthropods that are a part of the subphylum Crustacea, a large, diverse group of mainly aquatic arthropods including decapods (shrimps, prawns, crabs, lobsters and crayfish), seed shrimp, branchiopods, fish lice, krill, remipedes, isopods, barnacles, copepods, opossum shrimps, amphipods and mantis shrimp.
Cult of personality
A cult of personality, or a cult of the leader,Mudde, Cas and Kaltwasser, Cristóbal Rovira (2017) Populism: A Very Short Introduction.
See Peru and Cult of personality
Cupisnique
The Cupisnique culture was a pre-Columbian indigenous culture that flourished from c. 1500 to 500 BC along what now is Peru's northern Pacific coast.
Cusco
Cusco or Cuzco (Qusqu or Qosqo) is a city in southeastern Peru near the Sacred Valley of the Andes mountain range and the Huatanay river.
See Peru and Cusco
Cusco Cathedral
The Cathedral of Cusco or Cathedral Basilica of the Virgin of the Assumption is the main temple of the city of Cusco, in Peru and houses the headquarters of the Archdiocese of Cusco.
Cusco School
The Cusco School (Escuela cuzqueña) or Cuzco School, was a Roman Catholic artistic tradition based in Cusco, Peru (the former capital of the Inca Empire) during the Colonial period, in the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries.
Dance in Peru
Dance in Peru is an art form primarily of native origin.
Death squad
A death squad is an armed group whose primary activity is carrying out extrajudicial killings, massacres, or enforced disappearances as part of political repression, genocide, ethnic cleansing, or revolutionary terror.
Decentralization
Decentralization or decentralisation is the process by which the activities of an organization, particularly those regarding planning and decision-making, are distributed or delegated away from a central, authoritative location or group and given to smaller factions within it.
Decolonization of the Americas
The decolonization of the Americas occurred over several centuries as most of the countries in the Americas gained their independence from European rule.
See Peru and Decolonization of the Americas
Demographics of Peru
This is a demography of the population of Peru including population density, ethnicity, education level, the health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects of the population.
See Peru and Demographics of Peru
Department of Ancash
Ancash (Anqash; Áncash) is a department and region in western Peru.
See Peru and Department of Ancash
Department of Ayacucho
Ayacucho, known as Huamanga from its creation in 1822 until 1825, is a department and region of Peru, located in the south-central Andes of the country.
See Peru and Department of Ayacucho
Department of Cuzco
Cusco, also spelled Cuzco (Qusqu suyu), is a department and region in Peru and is the fourth largest department in the country, after Madre de Dios, Ucayali, and Loreto.
See Peru and Department of Cuzco
Department of La Libertad
La Libertad (in English: The Liberty) is a department and region in northwestern Peru.
See Peru and Department of La Libertad
Department of Lambayeque
Lambayeque is a department and region in northwestern Peru known for its rich Moche and Chimú historical past.
See Peru and Department of Lambayeque
Department of Puno
Puno is a department and region in southeastern Peru.
See Peru and Department of Puno
Dependency theory
Dependency theory is the idea that resources flow from a "periphery" of poor and exploited states to a "core" of wealthy states, enriching the latter at the expense of the former.
See Peru and Dependency theory
Diablada
The Diablada, also known as the Danza de los Diablos (Dance of the Devils), is an Andean folk dance performed in Bolivia the Altiplano region of South America, characterized by performers wearing masks and costumes representing the devil and other characters from pre-Columbian theology and mythology.
Dialectical Anthropology
Dialectical Anthropology is a Marxist peer-reviewed academic journal of anthropology published by Springer Science+Business Media.
See Peru and Dialectical Anthropology
Diego Quispe Tito
Diego Quispe Tito (1611–1681) was a Quechua painter from Peru.
See Peru and Diego Quispe Tito
Dina Boluarte
Dina Ercilia Boluarte Zegarra (born 31 May 1962) is a Peruvian politician, civil servant, and lawyer currently serving as the President of Peru since 7 December 2022.
Direct election
Direct election is a system of choosing political officeholders in which the voters directly cast ballots for the persons or political party that they wanted to see elected.
Dissolution of parliament
The dissolution of a legislative assembly (or parliament) is the simultaneous termination of service of all of its members, in anticipation that a successive legislative assembly will reconvene later with possibly different members.
See Peru and Dissolution of parliament
District court
District courts are a category of courts which exists in several nations, some call them "small case court" usually as the lowest level of the hierarchy.
Drainage basin
A drainage basin is an area of land where all flowing surface water converges to a single point, such as a river mouth, or flows into another body of water, such as a lake or ocean.
Dual carriageway
A dual carriageway (BrE) or a divided highway (AmE) is a class of highway with carriageways for traffic travelling in opposite directions separated by a central reservation (BrE) or median (AmE).
Eclecticism in art
Eclecticism is a kind of mixed style in the fine arts: "the borrowing of a variety of styles from different sources and combining them".
See Peru and Eclecticism in art
Economic liberalism
Economic liberalism is a political and economic ideology that supports a market economy based on individualism and private property in the means of production.
See Peru and Economic liberalism
Economy of Peru
The economy of Peru is an emerging, mixed economy characterized by a high level of foreign trade and an upper middle income economy as classified by the World Bank.
Ecuador
Ecuador, officially the Republic of Ecuador, is a country in northwestern South America, bordered by Colombia on the north, Peru on the east and south, and the Pacific Ocean on the west. Peru and Ecuador are Andean Community, countries in South America, former Spanish colonies, member states of the United Nations, republics and Spanish-speaking countries and territories.
See Peru and Ecuador
Ecuadorian–Peruvian War
The Second Ecuadorian–Peruvian War, known locally as the War of '41 (Guerra del 41), was a South American border war fought between 5–31 July 1941.
See Peru and Ecuadorian–Peruvian War
Edict
An edict is a decree or announcement of a law, often associated with monarchies, but it can be under any official authority.
See Peru and Edict
El Niño–Southern Oscillation
El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is a global climate phenomenon that emerges from variations in winds and sea surface temperatures over the tropical Pacific Ocean.
See Peru and El Niño–Southern Oscillation
Electoral system
An electoral system or voting system is a set of rules that determine how elections and referendums are conducted and how their results are determined.
Endemism
Endemism is the state of a species only being found in a single defined geographic location, such as an island, state, nation, country or other defined zone; organisms that are indigenous to a place are not endemic to it if they are also found elsewhere.
Endorheic basin
An endorheic basin (also endoreic basin and endorreic basin) is a drainage basin that normally retains water and allows no outflow to other, external bodies of water (e.g. rivers and oceans); instead, the water drainage flows into permanent and seasonal lakes and swamps that equilibrate through evaporation.
Equator
The equator is a circle of latitude that divides a spheroid, such as Earth, into the Northern and Southern hemispheres.
See Peru and Equator
Estadio Monumental "U"
The Estadio Monumental (Monumental Stadium) is a football stadium in the district of Ate in Lima, Peru.
See Peru and Estadio Monumental "U"
Ethnicity
An ethnicity or ethnic group is a group of people who identify with each other on the basis of perceived shared attributes that distinguish them from other groups.
Evangelicalism
Evangelicalism, also called evangelical Christianity or evangelical Protestantism, is a worldwide interdenominational movement within Protestant Christianity that emphasizes the centrality of sharing the "good news" of Christianity, being "born again" in which an individual experiences personal conversion, as authoritatively guided by the Bible, God's revelation to humanity.
Executive (government)
The executive, also referred to as the juditian or executive power, is that part of government which executes the law; in other words, directly makes decisions and holds power.
See Peru and Executive (government)
Fearmongering
Fearmongering, or scaremongering, is a form of manipulation that causes fear by using exaggerated rumors of impending danger.
Feast of Corpus Christi
The Feast of Corpus Christi, also known as the Solemnity of the Most Holy Body and Blood of Christ, is a liturgical solemnity celebrating the real presence of Christ in the Eucharist; the feast is observed by the Latin Church, in addition to certain Western Orthodox, Lutheran, and Anglican churches.
See Peru and Feast of Corpus Christi
Fernando Belaúnde
Fernando Sergio Marcelo Marcos Belaúnde Terry (October 7, 1912 – June 4, 2002) was a Peruvian politician who twice served as President of Peru (1963–1968 and 1980–1985).
See Peru and Fernando Belaúnde
FIFA World Cup
The FIFA World Cup, often called the World Cup, is an international association football competition among the senior men's national teams of the members of the Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA), the sport's global governing body.
Financial Times
The Financial Times (FT) is a British daily newspaper printed in broadsheet and also published digitally that focuses on business and economic current affairs.
Firm and Happy for the Union
Firm and Happy for the Union (Firme y feliz por la unión) is a motto mentioned on Peruvian currency.
See Peru and Firm and Happy for the Union
Fish
A fish (fish or fishes) is an aquatic, anamniotic, gill-bearing vertebrate animal with swimming fins and a hard skull, but lacking limbs with digits.
See Peru and Fish
Fish meal
Fish meal, sometimes spelt fishmeal, is a commercial product made from whole wild-caught fish, bycatch, and fish by-products to feed farm animals, e.g., pigs, poultry, and farmed fish.
Flounder
Flounders are a group of flatfish species.
Food and Agriculture Organization
The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United NationsOrganisation des Nations unies pour l'alimentation et l'agriculture; Organizzazione delle Nazioni Unite per l'alimentazione e l'agricoltura.
See Peru and Food and Agriculture Organization
Food security
Food security is the state of having reliable access to a sufficient quantity of affordable, nutritious food.
Forbes
Forbes is an American business magazine founded by B. C. Forbes in 1917 and owned by Hong Kong-based investment group Integrated Whale Media Investments since 2014.
See Peru and Forbes
Foreign direct investment
A foreign direct investment (FDI) refers to purchase of an asset in another country, such that it gives direct control to the purchaser over the asset (e.g. purchase of land and building).
See Peru and Foreign direct investment
Foreign Policy
Foreign Policy is an American news publication founded in 1970 focused on global affairs, current events, and domestic and international policy.
Foreign relations of Peru
The foreign relations of Peru are managed by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
See Peru and Foreign relations of Peru
Forest Landscape Integrity Index
The Forest Landscape Integrity Index (FLII) is an annual global index of forest condition measured by degree of anthropogenic modification.
See Peru and Forest Landscape Integrity Index
Francisco Bolognesi
Francisco Bolognesi Cervantes (November 4, 1816 – June 7, 1880) was a Peruvian military colonel.
See Peru and Francisco Bolognesi
Francisco de Toledo
Francisco Álvarez de Toledo (Oropesa, 10 July 1515 – Escalona, 21 April 1582), also known as The Viceroyal Solon, was an aristocrat and soldier of the Kingdom of Spain and the fifth Viceroy of Peru.
See Peru and Francisco de Toledo
Francisco Morales Bermúdez
Francisco Remigio Morales Bermúdez Cerruti (4 October 1921 – 14 July 2022) was a Peruvian politician and general who was the de facto President of Peru (2nd President of the Revolutionary Government of the Armed Forces) between 1975 and 1980, after deposing his predecessor, General Juan Velasco.
See Peru and Francisco Morales Bermúdez
Francisco Pizarro
Francisco Pizarro, Marquess of the Atabillos (– 26 June 1541) was a Spanish conquistador, best known for his expeditions that led to the Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire.
See Peru and Francisco Pizarro
Francisco Sagasti
Francisco Rafael Sagasti Hochhausler (born 10 October 1944) is a Peruvian engineer, academic, politician, and author who served as the President of Peru from November 2020 to July 2021.
See Peru and Francisco Sagasti
Frecuencia Latina bombing
The Frecuencia Latina bombing was a terrorist attack in Lima, Peru on June 5 1992.
See Peru and Frecuencia Latina bombing
Free Peru
Free Peru (Perú Libre), officially the Free Peru National Political Party (Partido Político Nacional Perú Libre), is a Marxist political party in Peru.
Free trade agreements of the European Union
The European Union has concluded free trade agreements (FTAs) and other agreements with a trade component with many countries worldwide and is negotiating with many others.
See Peru and Free trade agreements of the European Union
Freedom House
Freedom House is a non-profit organization based in Washington, D.C. It is best known for political advocacy surrounding issues of democracy, political freedom, and human rights.
Freedom in the World
Freedom in the World is a yearly survey and report by the U.S.-based non-governmental organization Freedom House that measures the degree of civil liberties and political rights in every nation and significant related and disputed territories around the world.
See Peru and Freedom in the World
Fujimorism
Fujimorism (フジモリ主義, Hepburn) is the policies and the political ideology of former President of Peru Alberto Fujimori as well as the personality cult built around him, his policies and his family, especially Keiko Fujimori.
Gabriel García Márquez
Gabriel José de la Concordia García Márquez (6 March 1927 – 17 April 2014) was a Colombian novelist, short-story writer, screenwriter, and journalist, known affectionately as Gabo or Gabito throughout Latin America.
See Peru and Gabriel García Márquez
Gastón Acurio
Gastón Acurio Jaramillo (born October 30, 1967) is a Peruvian chef and ambassador of Peruvian cuisine.
German Institute for Global and Area Studies
The German Institute for Global and Area Studies (German: Leibniz-Institut für Globale und Regionale Studien), also known as GIGA, is a German research institute.
See Peru and German Institute for Global and Area Studies
Global Innovation Index
The Global Innovation Index is an annual ranking of countries by their capacity for, and success in, innovation, published by the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO).
See Peru and Global Innovation Index
Gold
Gold is a chemical element; it has symbol Au (from the Latin word aurum) and atomic number 79.
See Peru and Gold
Goldsmith
A goldsmith is a metalworker who specializes in working with gold and other precious metals.
Gonzalo Garland
Gonzalo Garland (born April 17, 1959 in Lima, Peru) is a professor of Economics, and the vice-president of External Relations at IE Business School and an international consultant in emerging economies.
Government of China
The government of the People's Republic of China is based on a system of people's congress within the parameters of a unitary communist state, in which the ruling Chinese Communist Party (CCP) enacts its policies through people's congresses.
See Peru and Government of China
Grape
A grape is a fruit, botanically a berry, of the deciduous woody vines of the flowering plant genus Vitis.
See Peru and Grape
Great Depression
The Great Depression (19291939) was a severe global economic downturn that affected many countries across the world.
Grupo Colina
The italics (Spanish for "hill group") was a military anti-communist death squad created in Peru that was active from October 1991 until November 1992, during the administration of president Alberto Fujimori.
Guano
Guano (Spanish from wanu) is the accumulated excrement of seabirds or bats.
See Peru and Guano
Guayaquil
Guayaquil (Wayakil), officially Santiago de Guayaquil, is the largest city in Ecuador and also the nation's economic capital and main port.
Guayaquil Conference
The Guayaquil Conference (Conferencia de Guayaquil) was a meeting that took place on July 26–27, 1822 in the port city of Guayaquil (today part of Ecuador) between libertadors José de San Martín and Simón Bolívar to discuss the future of Peru, and South America in general.
See Peru and Guayaquil Conference
Gustavo Adrianzén
Gustavo Lino Adrianzén Olaya (born 25 October 1966) is a Peruvian lawyer, politician and diplomat who is currently serving as the Prime Minister of Peru since March 2024.
See Peru and Gustavo Adrianzén
Hard currency
In macroeconomics, hard currency, safe-haven currency, or strong currency is any globally traded currency that serves as a reliable and stable store of value.
Harp
The harp is a stringed musical instrument that has individual strings running at an angle to its soundboard; the strings are plucked with the fingers.
See Peru and Harp
Head of government
In the executive branch, the head of government is the highest or the second-highest official of a sovereign state, a federated state, or a self-governing colony, autonomous region, or other government who often presides over a cabinet, a group of ministers or secretaries who lead executive departments.
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Head of state
A head of state (or chief of state) is the public persona of a sovereign state.
Hernando de Soto (economist)
Hernando Soto Polar (commonly known Hernando de Soto; born June 2, 1941) is a Peruvian economist known for his work on the informal economy and on the importance of business and property rights.
See Peru and Hernando de Soto (economist)
History of Peru (1845–1866)
The Guano era refers to a period of stability and prosperity in Peru during the mid-19th century.
See Peru and History of Peru (1845–1866)
History of Spain (1808–1874)
Spain in the 19th century was a country in turmoil.
See Peru and History of Spain (1808–1874)
Holy Week
Holy Week (lit) is the most sacred week in the liturgical year in Christianity.
Huaca
In the Quechuan languages of South America, a huaca or wak'a is an object that represents something revered, typically a monument of some kind.
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Huaca del Sol
The Huaca del Sol is an adobe brick pyramid built by the Moche civilization (100 AD to 800 AD) on the northern coast of what is now Peru.
Huaca Prieta
Huaca Prieta is the site of a prehistoric settlement beside the Pacific Ocean in the Chicama Valley, just north of Trujillo, La Libertad Province, Peru.
Huaca Rajada
Huaca Rajada, also known as Sipán, is a Moche archaeological site in northern Peru in the Lambayeque Valley, that is famous for the tomb of Lord of Sipán (El Señor de Sipán), excavated by Walter Alva and his wife Susana Meneses beginning in 1987.
Huacho
Huacho is a city in Peru, capital of the Huaura Province and capital of the Lima Region.
See Peru and Huacho
Huallaga River
The Huallaga River is a tributary of the Marañón River, part of the Amazon Basin.
Huanca
The Huancas, Wancas, or Wankas are a Quechua people living in the Junín Region of central Peru, in and around the Mantaro Valley.
See Peru and Huanca
Huancavelica
Huancavelica or Wankawillka in Quechua is a city in Peru.
Huancayo
Huancayo (in Wankayu, '(place) with a (sacred) rock') is the capital of the Junín Region and Huancayo Province, in the central highlands of Peru, in the Mantaro Valley and is crossed by the Shullcas, Chilca and Mantaro rivers.
Huascarán
Huascarán (Quechua: Waskaran), Nevado Huascarán or Mataraju is a mountain located in Yungay Province, Department of Ancash, Peru.
Huayno
Huayno (Waynu in Quechua) is a genre of popular Andean music and dance.
See Peru and Huayno
Huáscar
Huáscar Inca (Quechua: Waskar Inka) also Guazcar (before 15271532) was Sapa Inca of the Inca Empire from 1527 to 1532.
See Peru and Huáscar
Human Development Index
The Human Development Index (HDI) is a statistical composite index of life expectancy, education (mean years of schooling completed and expected years of schooling upon entering the education system), and per capita income indicators, which is used to rank countries into four tiers of human development.
See Peru and Human Development Index
Human rights in Peru
Within Peru, human rights are protected under the Constitution.
See Peru and Human rights in Peru
Humboldt Current
The Humboldt Current, also called the Peru Current, is a cold, low-salinity ocean current that flows north along the western coast of South America.
Hydraulic engineering
Hydraulic engineering as a sub-discipline of civil engineering is concerned with the flow and conveyance of fluids, principally water and sewage.
See Peru and Hydraulic engineering
Iberian Union
The Iberian Union is a historiographical term used to describe the dynastic union of the Monarchy of Spain, which in turn was itself a personal union of the crowns of Castile and Aragon, and the Kingdom of Portugal, and of their respective colonial empires, that existed between 1580 and 1640 and brought the entire Iberian Peninsula except Andorra, as well as Portuguese and Spanish overseas possessions, under the Spanish Habsburg monarchs Philip II, Philip III, and Philip IV.
IDL-Reporteros
IDL-Reporteros is an online newspaper based in Lima, Peru, that specializes in investigative journalism against corruption in Peru and to promote transparency with the nation.
Illegal drug trade
The illegal drug trade, drug trafficking, or narcotrafficking is a global black market dedicated to the cultivation, manufacture, distribution and sale of prohibited drugs.
See Peru and Illegal drug trade
Ilo, Peru
Ilo is a port city in southern Peru, with 66,118 inhabitants.
Impeachment
Impeachment is a process by which a legislative body or other legally constituted tribunal initiates charges against a public official for misconduct.
Inca Empire
The Inca Empire, officially known as the Realm of the Four Parts (Tawantinsuyu, "four parts together"), was the largest empire in pre-Columbian America.
Inca Garcilaso de la Vega
Inca Garcilaso de la Vega (12 April 1539 – 23 April 1616), born Gómez Suárez de Figueroa and known as El Inca, was a chronicler and writer born in the Viceroyalty of Peru.
See Peru and Inca Garcilaso de la Vega
Income distribution
In economics, income distribution covers how a country's total GDP is distributed amongst its population.
See Peru and Income distribution
Indian auxiliaries
Indian auxiliaries, also known as Indios amigos, were those indigenous peoples of the Americas who allied with Spain and fought alongside the conquistadors during the Spanish colonization of the Americas.
See Peru and Indian auxiliaries
Indigenismo
Indigenismo is a political ideology in several Latin American countries which emphasizes the relationship between the nation state and indigenous nations and indigenous peoples.
Indigenous language
An indigenous language, or autochthonous language, is a language that is native to a region and spoken by its indigenous peoples.
See Peru and Indigenous language
Indigenous peoples of Peru
The Indigenous peoples of Peru, or Native Peruvians, comprise a large number of ethnic groups who inhabit territory in present-day Peru.
See Peru and Indigenous peoples of Peru
Infection
An infection is the invasion of tissues by pathogens, their multiplication, and the reaction of host tissues to the infectious agent and the toxins they produce.
Influenza
Influenza, commonly known as "the flu" or just "flu", is an infectious disease caused by influenza viruses.
Inquisition
The Inquisition was a judicial procedure and a group of institutions within the Catholic Church whose aim was to combat heresy, apostasy, blasphemy, witchcraft, and customs considered deviant.
InSight Crime
InSight Crime is a non-profit think tank and media organization specializing in organized crime in Latin America and the Caribbean The organization has offices in Washington, D.C., and Medellín, Colombia.
Insurgency
An insurgency is a violent, armed rebellion by small, lightly armed bands who practice guerrilla warfare against a larger authority.
International Film Festival Rotterdam
International Film Festival Rotterdam (IFFR) is an annual film festival held at the end of January in various locations in Rotterdam, the Netherlands, focused on independent and experimental films.
See Peru and International Film Festival Rotterdam
International Monetary Fund
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) is a major financial agency of the United Nations, and an international financial institution funded by 190 member countries, with headquarters in Washington, D.C. It is regarded as the global lender of last resort to national governments, and a leading supporter of exchange-rate stability.
See Peru and International Monetary Fund
Interoceanic Highway
The Interoceanic Highway or Trans-oceanic highway is an international, transcontinental highway in Peru and Brazil that connects the two countries.
See Peru and Interoceanic Highway
Inti
Inti is the ancient Inca sun god.
See Peru and Inti
Inti Raymi
The Inti Raymi (Quechua for "Inti festival") is a traditional religious ceremony of the Inca Empire in honor of the god Inti (Quechua for "sun"), the most venerated deity in Inca religion.
Iquitos
Iquitos is the capital city of Peru's Maynas Province and Loreto Region.
See Peru and Iquitos
Irreligion in Latin America
Irreligion in Latin America refers to various types of irreligion, including atheism, agnosticism, deism, secular humanism, secularism and non-religious.
See Peru and Irreligion in Latin America
Irrigation
Irrigation (also referred to as watering of plants) is the practice of applying controlled amounts of water to land to help grow crops, landscape plants, and lawns.
Jaguar
The jaguar (Panthera onca) is a large cat species and the only living member of the genus Panthera native to the Americas.
See Peru and Jaguar
Japanese Peruvians
Japanese Peruvians (peruano-japonés or nipo-peruano; 日系ペルー人, Nikkei Perūjin) are Peruvian citizens of Japanese origin or ancestry.
See Peru and Japanese Peruvians
Jarava ichu
Jarava ichu, commonly known as Peruvian feathergrass, ichhu, paja brava, paja ichu, or simply ichu (Quechua for straw), is a grass species in the family Poaceae native to the Americas.
Javary River
The Javary River, Javari River or Yavarí River (Río Yavarí; Rio Javari) is a tributary of the Amazon that forms the boundary between Brazil and Peru for more than. It is navigable by canoe for from above its mouth to its source in the Ucayali highlands, but only 260 were found suitable for steam navigation.
Javier Pérez de Cuéllar
Javier Felipe Ricardo Pérez de Cuéllar de la Guerra (19 January 1920 – 4 March 2020) was a Peruvian diplomat and politician who served as the fifth Secretary-General of the United Nations from 1982 to 1991.
See Peru and Javier Pérez de Cuéllar
Jehovah's Witnesses
Jehovah's Witnesses is a nontrinitarian, millenarian, restorationist Christian denomination.
See Peru and Jehovah's Witnesses
Joaquín de la Pezuela, 1st Marquess of Viluma
Joaquín González de la Pezuela Griñán y Sánchez de Aragón Muñoz de Velasco, 1st Marquess of Viluma, (May 21, 1761–1830) was a Spanish military officer and viceroy of Peru during the Peruvian War of Independence.
See Peru and Joaquín de la Pezuela, 1st Marquess of Viluma
Joint Command of the Armed Forces of Peru
The Joint Command of the Armed Forces of Peru (CCFFAA) (Comando Conjunto de las Fuerzas Armadas del Perú) is the executive agency of the Ministry of Defence of Peru in charge of the Armed Forces.
See Peru and Joint Command of the Armed Forces of Peru
Jorge Chávez International Airport
Jorge Chávez International Airport is the main international airport serving Lima, the capital of Peru.
See Peru and Jorge Chávez International Airport
José de la Serna, 1st Count of the Andes
José de la Serna e Hinojosa, 1st Count of the Andes (May 1, 1770 – July 6, 1832) was a Spanish general and colonial official.
See Peru and José de la Serna, 1st Count of the Andes
José de San Martín
José Francisco de San Martín y Matorras (25 February 177817 August 1850), nicknamed "the Liberator of Argentina, Chile and Peru", was an Argentine general and the primary leader of the southern and central parts of South America's successful struggle for independence from the Spanish Empire who served as the Protector of Peru.
See Peru and José de San Martín
José María Arguedas
José María Arguedas Altamirano (18 January 1911 – 2 December 1969) was a Peruvian novelist, poet, and anthropologist.
See Peru and José María Arguedas
Juan Santos Atahualpa
Juan Santos Atahualpa Apu-Inca Huayna Capac (c. 1710 – c. 1756) was the messianic leader of a successful indigenous rebellion in the Amazon Basin and Andean foothills against the Viceroyalty of Peru in the Spanish Empire.
See Peru and Juan Santos Atahualpa
Juan Velasco Alvarado
Juan Francisco Velasco Alvarado (June 16, 1910 – December 24, 1977) was a Peruvian general who served as the President of Peru after a successful coup d'état against Fernando Belaúnde's presidency in 1968.
See Peru and Juan Velasco Alvarado
Judge
A judge is a person who presides over court proceedings, either alone or as a part of a panel of judges.
See Peru and Judge
Juliaca massacre
On 9 January 2023, Peruvian National Police shot at protesters in Juliaca during the 2022–2023 Peruvian political protests against President Dina Boluarte, resulting in a massacre.
Karate
(Okinawan pronunciation), also, is a martial art developed in the Ryukyu Kingdom.
See Peru and Karate
Keiko Fujimori
Keiko Sofía Fujimori Higuchi (藤森 恵子, Hepburn:,; born 25 May 1975) is a Peruvian politician.
Kingdom of Cusco
The Kingdom of Cusco (sometimes spelled Cuzco and in Quechua Qosqo or Qusqu), also called the Cusco confederation, was a small kingdom based in the Andean city of Cusco that began as a small city-state founded by the Incas around the start of 13th century.
La Cantuta massacre
La Cantuta massacre took place in Peru on 18 July 1992, during the presidency of Alberto Fujimori.
See Peru and La Cantuta massacre
La República
La República is a Peruvian newspaper based in Lima, Peru.
Lake Titicaca
Lake Titicaca (Lago Titicaca; Titiqaqa Qucha) is a large freshwater lake in the Andes mountains on the border of Bolivia and Peru.
Languages of Peru
Peru has many languages in use, with its official languages being Spanish, Quechua and Aymara.
See Peru and Languages of Peru
Latifundium
A latifundium (Latin: latus, "spacious", and fundus, "farm", "estate") was originally the term used by ancient Romans for great landed estates specialising in agriculture destined for sale: grain, olive oil, or wine.
Latin American Boom
The Latin American Boom (Boom latinoamericano) was a literary movement of the 1960s and 1970s when the work of a group of relatively young Latin American novelists became widely circulated in Europe and throughout the world.
See Peru and Latin American Boom
Latin American Politics and Society
Latin American Politics and Society is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal of Latin American studies.
See Peru and Latin American Politics and Society
Lead
Lead is a chemical element; it has symbol Pb (from Latin plumbum) and atomic number 82.
See Peru and Lead
Legislation
Legislation is the process or result of enrolling, enacting, or promulgating laws by a legislature, parliament, or analogous governing body.
Legislature
A legislature is a deliberative assembly with the legal authority to make laws for a political entity such as a country, nation or city.
Legume
Legumes are plants in the family Fabaceae (or Leguminosae), or the fruit or seeds of such plants.
See Peru and Legume
Lepidium meyenii
Lepidium meyenii, known as maca or Peruvian ginseng, is an edible herbaceous biennial plant of the family Brassicaceae that is native to South America in the high Andes mountains of Peru and Bolivia.
Leticia, Amazonas
Leticia is the southernmost city in the Republic of Colombia, capital of the department of Amazonas, Colombia's southernmost town (4.09° south 69.57° west) and one of the major ports on the Amazon River.
See Peru and Leticia, Amazonas
Liberal democracy
Liberal democracy, western-style democracy, or substantive democracy is a form of government that combines the organization of a representative democracy with ideas of liberal political philosophy.
See Peru and Liberal democracy
Liberalization
Liberalization or liberalisation (British English) is a broad term that refers to the practice of making laws, systems, or opinions less severe, usually in the sense of eliminating certain government regulations or restrictions.
Life expectancy
Human life expectancy is a statistical measure of the estimate of the average remaining years of life at a given age.
Lima
Lima, founded in 1535 as the Ciudad de los Reyes (Spanish for "City of Kings"), is the capital and largest city of Peru. It is located in the valleys of the Chillón, Rímac and Lurín Rivers, in the desert zone of the central coastal part of the country, overlooking the Pacific Ocean.
See Peru and Lima
Lima Group
The Lima Group (GL; Spanish and Grupo de Lima, French: Groupe de Lima) is a multilateral body that was established following the Lima Declaration on 8 August 2017 in the Peruvian capital of Lima, where representatives of 12 countries met in order to establish a peaceful exit to the ongoing crisis in Venezuela.
Lima metropolitan area
The Lima Metropolitan Area (Área Metropolitana de Lima, also known as Lima Metropolitana) is an area formed by the conurbation of the Peruvian provinces of Lima (the nation's capital) and Callao.
See Peru and Lima metropolitan area
Lima Metropolitan Cathedral
The Basilica Metropolitan Cathedral of Lima and Primate of Peru (Basílica Catedral Metropolitana de Lima y Primada del Perú), otherwise Lima Metropolitan Cathedral (Catedral de Lima), is a Roman Catholic cathedral located in the Plaza Mayor of downtown Lima, Peru. This third and current Cathedral of Lima was built between 1602 and 1797.
See Peru and Lima Metropolitan Cathedral
Lima Province
Lima Province is located in the central coast of Peru and is the only province in the country not belonging to any of the twenty-five regions, thus being quasi-autonomous.
List of Christian denominations
A Christian denomination is a distinct religious body within Christianity, identified by traits such as a name, organization and doctrine.
See Peru and List of Christian denominations
List of countries and dependencies by area
This is a list of the world's countries and their dependencies by land, water, and total area, ranked by total area.
See Peru and List of countries and dependencies by area
List of lakes of Peru
The following is a list of lakes in Peru.
See Peru and List of lakes of Peru
List of metropolitan areas in the Americas
The list of metropolitan areas in the Americas has the top 50 most populous as of the most recent census results or projections.
See Peru and List of metropolitan areas in the Americas
List of metropolitan areas of Peru
The following is a list of the most populous Peruvian metropolitan areas with over 300,000 inhabitants.
See Peru and List of metropolitan areas of Peru
List of Nobel laureates in Literature
The Nobel Prize in Literature (Nobelpriset i litteratur) is awarded annually by the Swedish Academy to authors for outstanding contributions in the field of literature.
See Peru and List of Nobel laureates in Literature
List of South American countries by area
Below is a list of countries and dependencies in South America by area.
See Peru and List of South American countries by area
List of South American countries by population
This is a list of South American countries and dependencies by population in South America, total projected population from the United Nations and the latest official figure.
See Peru and List of South American countries by population
Lomas
Lomas (Spanish for "hills"), also called fog oases and mist oases, are areas of fog-watered vegetation in the coastal desert of Peru and northern Chile.
See Peru and Lomas
Lope de Aguirre
Lope de Aguirre (8 November 1510 – 27 October 1561) was a Basque Spanish conquistador who was active in South America.
Luis Edgardo Mercado Jarrín
Luis Edgardo Mercado Jarrín (September 19, 1919 – June 18, 2012) was a Peruvian politician who was Prime Minister of Peru from January 31, 1973 to February 1, 1975.
See Peru and Luis Edgardo Mercado Jarrín
Lupinus
Lupinus, commonly known as lupin, lupine, or regionally bluebonnet, is a genus of plants in the legume family Fabaceae.
See Peru and Lupinus
Lute
A lute is any plucked string instrument with a neck and a deep round back enclosing a hollow cavity, usually with a sound hole or opening in the body.
See Peru and Lute
Machu Picchu
Machu Picchu is a 15th-century Inca citadel located in the Eastern Cordillera of southern Peru on a mountain ridge.
Macroeconomics
Macroeconomics is a branch of economics that deals with the performance, structure, behavior, and decision-making of an economy as a whole.
Madeinusa
Madeinusa is a 2006 Peruvian-Spanish drama film directed by Claudia Llosa.
Magaly Solier
Magaly Solier Romero (born 11 June 1986) is a Peruvian actress and singer.
Magic realism
Magic realism, magical realism or marvelous realism is a style or genre of fiction and art that presents a realistic view of the world while incorporating magical elements, often blurring the lines between fantasy and reality.
Maize
Maize (Zea mays), also known as corn in North American English, is a tall stout grass that produces cereal grain.
See Peru and Maize
Mammal
A mammal is a vertebrate animal of the class Mammalia.
See Peru and Mammal
Manila galleon
The Manila galleon (Galeón de Manila; Galyon ng Maynila), originally known as La Nao de China, and Galeón de Acapulco,.
Mantaro River
The Mantaro River (Río Mantaro, Hatunmayu) is a long river running through the central region of Peru.
Manu National Park
Manu National Park (Parque Nacional del Manu) is a national park and biosphere reserve located in the regions of Madre de Dios and Cusco in Peru.
See Peru and Manu National Park
Manuel A. Odría
Manuel Arturo Odría Amoretti (26 November 1896 – 18 February 1974) was a military officer who served as the 45th President of Peru.
Manuel Merino
Manuel Arturo Merino de Lama (born 20 August 1961) is a Peruvian politician who briefly served as President of Peru for six days between 10 and 15 November 2020.
Manuel Prado Ugarteche
Manuel Carlos Prado y Ugarteche (21 April 1889 – 15 August 1967) was a Peruvian politician and banker who served twice as President of Peru.
See Peru and Manuel Prado Ugarteche
Marañón River
The Marañón River (Río Marañón) is the principal or mainstem source of the Amazon River, arising about 160 km to the northeast of Lima, Peru, and flowing northwest across plateaus 3,650 m (12,000 feet) high, it runs through a deeply eroded Andean valley, along the eastern base of the Cordillera of the Andes, as far as 5° 36′ southern latitude; from where it makes a great bend to the northeast, and cuts through the jungle Ande in its midcourse, until at the Pongo de Manseriche it flows into the flat Amazon basin.
Marcos Zapata
Marcos Zapata (c. 1710–1773), also called Marcos Sapaca Inca, was a Peruvian painter, known for combining Christian stories with indigenous culture.
Marinera
Marinera is a partner dance that originated along the coastal regions of Peru, using handkerchiefs as props.
Mario Vargas Llosa
Jorge Mario Pedro Vargas Llosa, 1st Marquess of Vargas Llosa (born 28 March 1936), more commonly known as Mario Vargas Llosa, is a Peruvian novelist, journalist, essayist and former politician.
See Peru and Mario Vargas Llosa
Market intervention
A market intervention is a policy or measure that modifies or interferes with a market, typically done in the form of state action, but also by philanthropic and political-action groups.
See Peru and Market intervention
Martín Vizcarra
Martín Alberto Vizcarra Cornejo (born 22 March 1963) is a Peruvian engineer and politician who served as President of Peru from 2018 to 2020.
Martin de Porres
Martín de Porres Velázquez (9 December 1579 – 3 November 1639) was a Peruvian lay brother of the Dominican Order who was beatified in 1837 by Pope Gregory XVI and canonized in 1962 by Pope John XXIII.
Mass media in Peru
The mass media in Peru includes a variety of different types of media, including television, radio, cinema, newspapers, magazines, and Internet-based web sites.
See Peru and Mass media in Peru
Matarani
Matarani is a port city in Arequipa Region, Peru.
Matteo Pérez
Matteo Pérez de Alesio (1547–1628) was an Italian painter of devotional, historical and maritime subjects during the Mannerist period.
Megadiverse countries
A megadiverse country is one of a group of nations that harbours the majority of Earth's species and high numbers of endemic species.
See Peru and Megadiverse countries
Mercosur
The Southern Common Market, commonly known by Spanish abbreviation Mercosur, and Portuguese Mercosul, is a South American trade bloc established by the Treaty of Asunción in 1991 and Protocol of Ouro Preto in 1994.
Mestizo
Mestizo (fem. mestiza, literally 'mixed person') is a person of mixed European and Indigenous non-European ancestry in the former Spanish Empire.
See Peru and Mestizo
Mexico
Mexico, officially the United Mexican States, is a country in the southern portion of North America. Peru and Mexico are former Spanish colonies, member states of the United Nations and Spanish-speaking countries and territories.
See Peru and Mexico
Middle power
A middle power is a state that is not a superpower or a great power, but still exerts influence and plays a significant role in international relations.
Miguel Grau Seminario
Miguel María Grau Seminario (27 July 1834 – 8 October 1879) was the most renowned Peruvian naval officer and hero of the naval battle of Angamos during the War of the Pacific (1879–1884).
See Peru and Miguel Grau Seminario
Military junta
A military junta is a government led by a committee of military leaders.
Mineral industry of Peru
The mineral industry of Peru has played an important role in the nation's history and been integral to the country's economic growth for several decades.
See Peru and Mineral industry of Peru
Mining
Mining is the extraction of valuable geological materials and minerals from the surface of the Earth.
See Peru and Mining
Minister (government)
A minister is a politician who heads a ministry, making and implementing decisions on policies in conjunction with the other ministers.
See Peru and Minister (government)
Ministry of Defense (Peru)
The Ministry of Defence (Ministerio de Defensa, MINDEF) is the government ministry responsible for safeguarding national security on land, sea and air.
See Peru and Ministry of Defense (Peru)
Ministry of Environment (Peru)
The Ministry of Environment (Ministerio del Ambiente, MINAM) of Peru is the government ministry responsible for the national policy regarding environmental matters.
See Peru and Ministry of Environment (Peru)
Mit'a
Mit'a was mandatory service in the society of the Inca Empire.
See Peru and Mit'a
Moche culture
The Moche civilization (alternatively, the Moche culture or the Early, Pre- or Proto-Chimú) flourished in northern Peru with its capital near present-day Moche, Trujillo, Peru from about 100 to 700 AD during the Regional Development Epoch.
Moche River
The Moche River is one of the rivers of the Pacific Ocean slope, located in the northern coast of Peru, in La Libertad Region.
Molybdenum
Molybdenum is a chemical element; it has symbol Mo (from Neo-Latin molybdaenum) and atomic number 42.
Moss
Mosses are small, non-vascular flowerless plants in the taxonomic division Bryophyta sensu stricto.
See Peru and Moss
Motion of no confidence
A motion or vote of no confidence (or the inverse, a motion of confidence and corresponding vote of confidence) is a motion and corresponding vote thereon in a deliberative assembly (usually a legislative body) as to whether an officer (typically an executive) is deemed fit to continue to occupy their office.
See Peru and Motion of no confidence
Movie theater
A movie theater (American English), cinema (British English), or cinema hall (Indian English), also known as a movie house, picture house, picture theater or simply theater, is a business that contains auditoria for viewing films (also called movies, motion pictures or "flicks") for public entertainment.
Multi-party system
In political science, a multi-party system is a political system where more than two meaningfully-distinct political parties regularly run for office and win elections.
See Peru and Multi-party system
Multinational state
A multinational state or a multinational union is a sovereign entity that comprises two or more nations or states.
See Peru and Multinational state
Multiple citizenship
Multiple citizenship (or multiple nationality) is a person's legal status in which a person is at the same time recognized by more than one country under its nationality and citizenship law as a national or citizen of that country.
See Peru and Multiple citizenship
Municipal council
A municipal council is the legislative body of a municipality or local government area.
See Peru and Municipal council
Music of Africa
Given the vastness of the African continent, its music is diverse, with regions and nations having many distinct musical traditions.
Music of Peru
Peruvian music is an amalgamation of sounds and styles drawing on Peru's Andean, Spanish, and African roots.
Music of Spain
In Spain, music has a long history.
Musical instrument
A musical instrument is a device created or adapted to make musical sounds.
See Peru and Musical instrument
National Anthem of Peru
The "Himno Nacional del Perú" ("National Anthem of Peru"; also known as "Marcha Nacional del Perú," or "National March of Peru"; "Somos libres", or "We are free!") is the national anthem of Peru.
See Peru and National Anthem of Peru
National Intelligence Service (Peru)
The National Intelligence Service was an intelligence agency of the Government of Peru that existed from 1960 to 2001.
See Peru and National Intelligence Service (Peru)
National Jury of Elections
The National Jury of Elections (JNE) of is an autonomous constitutional organ, headquartered in Lima, which serves as Peru's electoral court.
See Peru and National Jury of Elections
National Office of Electoral Processes
The National Office of Electoral Processes (Oficina Nacional de Procesos Electorales, ONPE) is the body in charge of organizing elections in Peru.
See Peru and National Office of Electoral Processes
National Police of Peru
The National Police of Peru (Policía Nacional del Perú, PNP) is the national police force of Peru.
See Peru and National Police of Peru
National Population Program
The National Population Program (Programa Nacional de Población), known as the National Program for Reproductive Health and Family Planning (Programa Nacional de Salud Reproductiva y Planificación Familiar (PNSRPF)) from 1996 to 1998, was a project conducted in Peru in through the 1990s to reduce population growth as a way of meeting international demographic standards.
See Peru and National Population Program
National Registry of Identification and Civil Status
The National Registry of Identification and Civil Status (Registro Nacional de Identificación y Estado Civil, RENIEC) is an autonomous constitutional body of the State of Peru.
See Peru and National Registry of Identification and Civil Status
National Stadium of Peru
The National Stadium of Peru (sometimes known as Estadio José Díaz or Estadio Nacional de Lima) is a multi-purpose stadium located in Lima, Peru.
See Peru and National Stadium of Peru
National University of San Marcos
The National University of San Marcos (Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, UNMSM) is a public research university located in Lima, the capital of Peru.
See Peru and National University of San Marcos
National University of Trujillo
The National University of Trujillo (Universidad Nacional de Trujillo) (UNT) is a major public university located in Trujillo, Peru, capital of the department of La Libertad.
See Peru and National University of Trujillo
Nationalism
Nationalism is an idea and movement that holds that the nation should be congruent with the state.
Nazca culture
The Nazca culture (also Nasca) was the archaeological culture that flourished from beside the arid, southern coast of Peru in the river valleys of the Rio Grande de Nazca drainage and the Ica Valley.
Necropolis
A necropolis (necropolises, necropoles, necropoleis, necropoli) is a large, designed cemetery with elaborate tomb monuments.
Neo-Inca State
The Neo-Inca State, also known as the Neo-Inca state of Vilcabamba, was the Inca state established in 1537 at Vilcabamba by Manco Inca Yupanqui (the son of Inca emperor Huayna Capac).
Neoliberalism
Neoliberalism, also neo-liberalism, is both a political philosophy and a term used to signify the late-20th-century political reappearance of 19th-century ideas associated with free-market capitalism.
Neoplasm
A neoplasm is a type of abnormal and excessive growth of tissue.
New World
The term "New World" is used to describe the majority of lands of Earth's Western Hemisphere, particularly the Americas.
North American Congress on Latin America
North American Congress in Latin America (NACLA) is a non-profit organization founded in 1966 to provide information on trends in Latin America and relations between Latin America and the United States.
See Peru and North American Congress on Latin America
Odebrecht
Odebrecht S.A., officially known as Novonor, is a Brazilian conglomerate, headquartered in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil, consisting of diversified businesses in the fields of engineering, construction, chemicals and petrochemicals.
Odebrecht Case
The Odebrecht case is one of the largest corruption cases documented in recent Latin American history, spanning more than 30 years.
OECD
The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD; Organisation de coopération et de développement économiques, OCDE) is an intergovernmental organisation with 38 member countries, founded in 1961 to stimulate economic progress and world trade.
See Peru and OECD
Ollanta Humala
Ollanta Moisés Humala Tasso (born 27 June 1962) is a Peruvian politician and former military officer who served as President of Peru from 2011 to 2016.
Operation Condor
Operation Condor (Operação Condor; Operación Cóndor) was a campaign of political repression involving intelligence operations, coups, and assassinations of left-wing sympathizers, liberals and democrats and their families in South America which formally existed from 1975 to 1983.
Oral tradition
Oral tradition, or oral lore, is a form of human communication in which knowledge, art, ideas and culture are received, preserved, and transmitted orally from one generation to another.
Orchid
Orchids are plants that belong to the family Orchidaceae, a diverse and widespread group of flowering plants with blooms that are often colourful and fragrant.
See Peru and Orchid
Organization of American States
The Organization of American States (OAS or OEA; Organización de los Estados Americanos; Organização dos Estados Americanos; Organisation des États américains) is an international organization founded on 30 April 1948 to promote cooperation among its member states within the Americas.
See Peru and Organization of American States
Outline of Peru
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to Peru: Peru – country located in western South America, on the Pacific Coast, north of Chile.
Pachacamac
Pachacámac (Pachakamaq) is an archaeological site southeast of Lima, Peru in the Valley of the Lurín River.
Pachacuti
Pachacuti Inca Yupanqui, also called Pachacútec (Pachakutiy Inka Yupanki), was the ninth Sapa Inca of the Chiefdom of Cusco, which he transformed into the Inca Empire (Tawantinsuyu).
Pachamama
Pachamama is a goddess revered by the indigenous peoples of the Andes.
Pachamanca
Pachamanca (from Quechua pacha "earth", manka "pot") is a traditional Peruvian dish baked with the aid of hot stones.
Pacific Alliance
The Pacific Alliance (Alianza del Pacífico) is a Latin American trade bloc, formed by Chile, Colombia, Mexico and Peru, which all border the Pacific Ocean.
Pacific coast
Pacific coast may be used to reference any coastline that borders the Pacific Ocean.
Palgrave Macmillan
Palgrave Macmillan is a British academic and trade publishing company headquartered in the London Borough of Camden.
See Peru and Palgrave Macmillan
Pan American Games
The Pan American Games (known colloquially as the Pan Am Games) is a continental multi-sport event in the Americas featuring summer sports, in which thousands of athletes participate in a variety of competitions.
See Peru and Pan American Games
Pan American Health Organization
The Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations (UN) in charge of international health cooperation in the Americas.
See Peru and Pan American Health Organization
Pan flute
A pan flute (also known as panpipes or syrinx) is a musical instrument based on the principle of the closed tube, consisting of multiple pipes of gradually increasing length (and occasionally girth).
Pan-American Highway
The Pan-American Highway(Auto)route panaméricaine/transaméricaine; Rodovia/Autoestrada Pan-americana; Autopista/Carretera/Ruta Panamericana is a network of roads stretching across the Americas, measuring about in total length.
See Peru and Pan-American Highway
Paquisha War
The Paquisha War, Fake Paquisha War or Paquisha incident was a military clash that took place between January and February 1981 between Ecuador and Peru over the control of three watchposts.
Paracas (municipality)
Paracas is the capital of the Paracas District in the Ica Region in Peru.
See Peru and Paracas (municipality)
Paracas culture
The Paracas culture was an Andean society existing between approximately 800 BCE and 100 BCE, with an extensive knowledge of irrigation and water management and that made significant contributions in the textile arts.
Paracas National Reserve
Paracas National Reserve is a protected area located in the region of Ica, Peru and protects desert and marine ecosystems for their conservation and sustainable use.
See Peru and Paracas National Reserve
Parliamentary immunity
Parliamentary immunity, also known as legislative immunity, is a system in which political leadership position holders such as president, vice president, minister, governor, lieutenant governor, speaker, deputy speaker, member of parliament, member of legislative assembly, member of legislative council, senator, member of congress, corporator, councilor etc.
See Peru and Parliamentary immunity
Patron saint
A patron saint, patroness saint, patron hallow or heavenly protector is a saint who in Catholicism, Lutheranism, Anglicanism, Eastern Orthodoxy and Oriental Orthodoxy is regarded as the heavenly advocate of a nation, place, craft, activity, class, clan, family, or person.
Peace movement
A peace movement is a social movement which seeks to achieve ideals such as the ending of a particular war (or wars) or minimizing inter-human violence in a particular place or situation.
Peacekeeping
Peacekeeping comprises activities, especially military ones, intended to create conditions that favor lasting peace.
Pedro Arias Dávila
Pedro Arias de Ávila (1440 – 6 March 1531; often Pedro Arias Dávila) was a Spanish soldier and colonial administrator.
See Peru and Pedro Arias Dávila
Pedro Castillo
José Pedro Castillo Terrones (born 19 October 1969) is a Peruvian politician, former elementary school teacher, and union leader who served as the President of Peru from 28 July 2021 to 7 December 2022.
Pedro de Noguera
Pedro de Noguera (Barcelona, c. 1580 – Lima c. 1660) was a Spanish sculptor and architect.
Pedro Pablo Kuczynski
Pedro Pablo Kuczynski Godard (born 3 October 1938), also known simply as PPK, is a Peruvian economist, public administrator, and former politician who served as the 59th President of Peru from 2016 to 2018.
See Peru and Pedro Pablo Kuczynski
Periodization of pre-Columbian Peru
This is a chart of cultural periods of Peru and the Andean Region developed by John Rowe and Edward Lanning and used by some archaeologists studying the area.
See Peru and Periodization of pre-Columbian Peru
Peru women's national volleyball team
The Peru women's national volleyball team was one of the dominant forces in women's volleyball in the 1980s, culminating in the silver medal won at the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul, South Korea.
See Peru and Peru women's national volleyball team
Peru–Bolivian Confederation
The Peru–Bolivian Confederation (Confederación Perú-Boliviana) was a short-lived state that existed in South America between 1836 and 1839.
See Peru and Peru–Bolivian Confederation
Peru–United States Trade Promotion Agreement
The United States–Peru Trade Promotion Agreement (Acuerdo de Promoción Comercial Perú – Estados Unidos o Tratado de Libre Comercio Perú – Estados Unidos) is a bilateral free trade agreement, whose objectives are eliminating obstacles to trade, consolidating access to goods and services and fostering private investment in and between the United States and Peru.
See Peru and Peru–United States Trade Promotion Agreement
Peruvian Agrarian Reform
The Agrarian Reform in Peru was a process of land reform redistribution initiated in the 1960s by struggles of rural workers (campesinos) for their land in the Cusco Region, and legally implemented under General Juan Velasco Alvarado in 1969 through three distinct laws.
See Peru and Peruvian Agrarian Reform
Peruvian Air Force
The Peruvian Air Force (Fuerza Aérea del Perú, FAP) is the branch of the Peruvian Armed Forces tasked with defending the nation and its interests through the use of air power.
See Peru and Peruvian Air Force
Peruvian Amazonia
Peruvian Amazonia (Amazonía del Perú), informally known locally as the Peruvian jungle (selva peruana) or just the jungle (la selva), is the area of the Amazon rainforest included within the country of Peru, from east of the Andes to the borders with Ecuador, Colombia, Brazil and Bolivia.
See Peru and Peruvian Amazonia
Peruvian Armed Forces
The Peruvian Armed Forces (Fuerzas Armadas del Perú) are the military services of Peru, comprising independent Army, Navy and Air Force components.
See Peru and Peruvian Armed Forces
Peruvian Army
The Peruvian Army (Ejército del Perú, abbreviated EP) is the branch of the Peruvian Armed Forces tasked with safeguarding the independence, sovereignty and integrity of national territory on land through military force.
Peruvian art
Peruvian art has its origin in the Andean civilizations.
Peruvian conflict
The Peruvian conflict is an ongoing armed conflict between the Government of Peru and the Maoist guerilla group Shining Path and its remnants.
See Peru and Peruvian conflict
Peruvian cuisine
Peruvian cuisine reflects local practices and ingredients including influences mainly from the indigenous population, including the Inca, and cuisines brought by immigrants from Europe (Spanish cuisine and Italian cuisine), Asia (Chinese cuisine and Japanese cuisine), and Africa (Maghrebi cuisine and West African cuisine).
Peruvian inti
The inti was the currency of Peru between 1985 and 1991.
Peruvian literature
The term Peruvian literature not only refers to literature produced in the independent Republic of Peru, but also to literature produced in the Viceroyalty of Peru during the country's colonial period, and to oral artistic forms created by diverse ethnic groups that existed in the area during the prehispanic period, such as the Quechua, the Aymara and the Chanka South American native groups.
See Peru and Peruvian literature
Peruvian Navy
The Peruvian Navy (Marina de Guerra del Perú, abbreviated MGP) is the branch of the Peruvian Armed Forces tasked with surveillance, patrol and defense on lakes, rivers and the Pacific Ocean up to from the Peruvian littoral.
Peruvian political crisis (2016–present)
Since 2016, Peru has been plagued with political instability and a growing crisis, initially between the President, Pedro Pablo Kuczynski and Congress, led de facto by Keiko Fujimori.
See Peru and Peruvian political crisis (2016–present)
Peruvian Primera División
The Peru First Division (known simply as First Division, and Liga 1 Te Apuesto for sponsorship reasons), officially known as Liga 1, is the top flight of association football in Peru.
See Peru and Peruvian Primera División
Peruvian protests (2022–2023)
Following the ousting of president of Peru, Pedro Castillo on 7 December 2022, a series of political protests against the legitimate government of president Dina Boluarte and the Congress of Peru occurred.
See Peru and Peruvian protests (2022–2023)
Peruvian sol
The sol (plural: soles; currency sign: S/) is the currency of Peru; it is subdivided into 100 céntimos ("cents").
Peruvian sol (1863–1985)
The sol, later sol de oro (English: gold sol), was the currency of Peru between 1863 and 1985.
See Peru and Peruvian sol (1863–1985)
Peruvian Spanish
Peruvian Spanish (Español peruano) is a family of dialects of the Spanish language that have been spoken in Peru since its introduction by Spanish conquistadors in 1532.
Peruvian War of Independence
The Peruvian War of Independence (Guerra de Independencia del Perú) was a series of military conflicts in Peru from 1809 to 1826 that resulted in the country's independence from the Spanish Empire.
See Peru and Peruvian War of Independence
Peruvians
Peruvians (peruanos/peruanas) are the citizens of Peru.
Peruvians of European descent
European Peruvians, also known as White Peruvians, are Peruvians who have predominantly or total European ancestry (formerly called Criollos or Castizos in the viceregal era).
See Peru and Peruvians of European descent
Pineapple
The pineapple (Ananas comosus) is a tropical plant with an edible fruit; it is the most economically significant plant in the family Bromeliaceae.
Pirates in Callao
Pirates in Callao (Piratas en el Callao) is a 2005 Peruvian CGI science fantasy animated film directed by Eduardo Schuldt based on the children's book of the same name written by Hernán Garrido Lecca.
See Peru and Pirates in Callao
Pisco, Peru
Pisco (Pisqu) is a city located in the Department of Ica of Peru, the capital of the Pisco Province.
Piura
Piura is a city in northwestern Peru located north of the Sechura Desert on the Piura River.
See Peru and Piura
Plan Verde
Plan Verde (Spanish for "Green Plan") was a clandestine military operation developed by the armed forces of Peru during the internal conflict in Peru; it involved the control or censorship of media in the nation and the establishment of a neoliberal economy controlled by a military junta in Peru.
Plastic arts
Plastic arts are art forms which involve physical manipulation of a plastic medium, such as clay, wax, paint or even plastic in the modern sense of the word (a ductile polymer) to create works of art.
Plurality voting
Plurality voting refers to electoral systems in which the candidate in an electoral district who poll more than any other (that is, receive a plurality) are elected.
Pneumonia
Pneumonia is an inflammatory condition of the lung primarily affecting the small air sacs known as alveoli.
Poechos Reservoir
Poechos Reservoir is a middle-sized reservoir on Peru's Chira River in the border area between Peru and Ecuador.
See Peru and Poechos Reservoir
Politics of Peru
The politics of the Republic of Peru takes place in a framework of a unitary semi-presidential representative democratic republic, whereby the President of Peru is both head of state and head of government, and of a pluriform multi-party system.
Pontifical Catholic University of Peru
Pontifical Catholic University of Peru (Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, PUCP) is a private university in Lima, Peru.
See Peru and Pontifical Catholic University of Peru
Populism
Populism is a range of political stances that emphasize the idea of "the people" and often juxtapose this group with "the elite".
Port of Callao
The Port of Callao (Puerto del Callao), officially the Callao Port Terminal (Terminal Portuario del Callao), is a maritime port on the central coast of Peru, in the south-eastern Pacific, located in Callao.
Portuguese colonization of the Americas
Portuguese colonization of the Americas constituted territories in the Americas belonging to the Kingdom of Portugal.
See Peru and Portuguese colonization of the Americas
Potato
The potato is a starchy root vegetable native to the Americas that is consumed as a staple food in many parts of the world.
See Peru and Potato
Potosí
Potosí, known as Villa Imperial de Potosí in the colonial period, is the capital city and a municipality of the Department of Potosí in Bolivia.
See Peru and Potosí
Pre-Columbian era
In the history of the Americas, the pre-Columbian era, also known as the pre-contact era, spans from the original peopling of the Americas in the Upper Paleolithic to European colonization, which began with Christopher Columbus's voyage of 1492.
See Peru and Pre-Columbian era
Pre-Columbian Peru
Peruvian territory was inhabited 14,000 years ago by hunters and gatherers.
See Peru and Pre-Columbian Peru
Premier
Premier is a title for the head of government in central governments, state governments and local governments of some countries.
See Peru and Premier
President of Peru
The President of Peru (Presidente del Perú), officially called the Constitutional President of the Republic of Peru (presidente constitucional de la República del Perú), is the head of state and head of government of Peru.
See Peru and President of Peru
President of the Congress of the Republic of Peru
President of the Congress of the Republic of Peru is the presiding officer in the Congress of the Republic of Peru.
See Peru and President of the Congress of the Republic of Peru
Presidential system
A presidential system, or single executive system, is a form of government in which a head of government, typically with the title of president, leads an executive branch that is separate from the legislative branch in systems that use separation of powers.
See Peru and Presidential system
Price controls
Price controls are restrictions set in place and enforced by governments, on the prices that can be charged for goods and services in a market.
Prime Minister of Peru
The president of the Council of Ministers of Peru (presidente del Consejo de Ministros del Perú), informally called Premier (form of address) or Prime Minister, is the head of the cabinet as the most senior member of the Council of Ministers.
See Peru and Prime Minister of Peru
Progressivism
Progressivism is a political philosophy and movement that seeks to advance the human condition through social reform – primarily based on purported advancements in social organization, science, and technology.
Proportional representation
Proportional representation (PR) refers to any type of electoral system under which subgroups of an electorate are reflected proportionately in the elected body.
See Peru and Proportional representation
Protectionism
Protectionism, sometimes referred to as trade protectionism, is the economic policy of restricting imports from other countries through methods such as tariffs on imported goods, import quotas, and a variety of other government regulations.
Puma (genus)
Puma is a genus in the family Felidae whose only extant species is the cougar (also known as the puma, mountain lion, and panther, among other names), and may also include several poorly known Old World fossil representatives (for example, Puma pardoides, or Owen's panther, a large, cougar-like cat of Eurasia's Pliocene).
Puna grassland
The puna grassland ecoregion, part of the Andean montane grasslands and shrublands biome, is found in the central Andes Mountains of South America.
Purchasing power parity
Purchasing power parity (PPP) is a measure of the price of specific goods in different countries and is used to compare the absolute purchasing power of the countries' currencies.
See Peru and Purchasing power parity
Putumayo River
The Putumayo River or Içá River (Río Putumayo, Rio Içá) is one of the tributaries of the Amazon River, southwest of and parallel to the Japurá River.
Puya raimondii
Puya raimondii, also known as the Raimondi Cove or the Queen of the Andes (English), titanka and ilakuash (Quechua) or puya de Raimondi (Spanish), is the largest species of bromeliad, its inflorescences reaching up to in height.
Quarantine
A quarantine is a restriction on the movement of people, animals, and goods which is intended to prevent the spread of disease or pests.
Quechua people
Quechua people or Quichua people may refer to any of the indigenous peoples of South America who speak the Quechua languages, which originated among the Indigenous people of Peru.
Quechuan languages
Quechua, also called Runasimi ('people's language') in Southern Quechua, is an indigenous language family that originated in central Peru and thereafter spread to other countries of the Andes.
See Peru and Quechuan languages
Quena
The quena (hispanicized spelling of Quechua qina, sometimes also written kena in English) is the traditional flute of the Andes.
See Peru and Quena
Quinoa
Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa;, from Quechua kinwa or kinuwa) is a flowering plant in the amaranth family.
See Peru and Quinoa
Ramón Castilla
Ramón Castilla y Marquesado (31 August 1797 – 30 May 1867) was a Peruvian caudillo who served as President of Peru three times as well as the Interim President of Peru (Revolution Self-proclaimed President) in 1863.
Real Audiencia of Lima
The Real Audiencia and Chancery of Lima (Audiencia y Cancillería Real de Lima) was a superior court in the New World empire of Spain, located in the city of Lima, capital of the Viceroyalty of Peru.
See Peru and Real Audiencia of Lima
Rebellion of Túpac Amaru II
The Rebellion of Túpac Amaru II (4 November 1780 – 15 March 1783) was an uprising by cacique-led Aymara, Quechua, and mestizo rebels aimed at overthrowing Spanish colonial rule in Peru.
See Peru and Rebellion of Túpac Amaru II
Reciprocity (cultural anthropology)
In cultural anthropology, reciprocity refers to the non-market exchange of goods or labour ranging from direct barter (immediate exchange) to forms of gift exchange where a return is eventually expected (delayed exchange) as in the exchange of birthday gifts.
See Peru and Reciprocity (cultural anthropology)
Redistribution (cultural anthropology)
In cultural anthropology and sociology, redistribution refers to a system of economic exchange involving the centralized collection of goods from members of a group followed by the redivision of those goods among those members.
See Peru and Redistribution (cultural anthropology)
Redistribution of income and wealth
Redistribution of income and wealth is the transfer of income and wealth (including physical property) from some individuals to others through a social mechanism such as taxation, welfare, public services, land reform, monetary policies, confiscation, divorce or tort law.
See Peru and Redistribution of income and wealth
Reformism
Reformism is a trend advocating the reform of an existing system or institution – often a political or religious establishment – as opposed to its abolition and replacement via revolution.
Regions of Peru
According to the Organic Law of Regional Governments, the regions (regiones) are, with the departments, the first-level administrative subdivisions of Peru.
Representative democracy
Representative democracy (also called electoral democracy or indirect democracy) is a type of democracy where representatives are elected by the public.
See Peru and Representative democracy
Republic
A republic, based on the Latin phrase res publica ('public affair'), is a state in which political power rests with the public through their representatives—in contrast to a monarchy.
Reuters
Reuters is a news agency owned by Thomson Reuters.
See Peru and Reuters
Ricardo Palma
Manuel Ricardo Palma Soriano (February 7, 1833 – October 6, 1919) was a Peruvian author, scholar, librarian and politician.
Ricardo Pérez Godoy
Ricardo Pío Pérez Godoy (9 June 1905 – 26 July 1982) was a general of the Peruvian army who launched a coup d'état in July 1962, headed a military junta until March 1963 and served as the 47th President of Peru (1st President of the Military Junta).
See Peru and Ricardo Pérez Godoy
Rice
Rice is a cereal grain and in its domesticated form is the staple food of over half of the world's population, particularly in Asia and Africa.
See Peru and Rice
Right-wing populism
Right-wing populism, also called right populism, is a political ideology that combines right-wing politics with populist rhetoric and themes.
See Peru and Right-wing populism
Rio Protocol
The Protocol of Peace, Friendship, and Boundaries between Peru and Ecuador, or Rio Protocol for short, was an international agreement signed in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, on January 29, 1942, by the foreign ministers of Peru and Ecuador, with the participation of the United States, Brazil, Chile, and Argentina as guarantors.
Rodríguez Ballón International Airport
Rodríguez Ballón International Airport (Aeropuerto Internacional Rodríguez Ballón) is an airport serving Arequipa, the capital of Arequipa Region and Peru's second largest city.
See Peru and Rodríguez Ballón International Airport
Romanticism
Romanticism (also known as the Romantic movement or Romantic era) was an artistic and intellectual movement that originated in Europe towards the end of the 18th century.
Rose of Lima
Rose of Lima, TOSD (born Isabel Flores de Oliva; 20 April 1586 24 August 1617) was a member of the Third Order of Saint Dominic in Lima, Peru, who became known for both her life of severe penance and her care of the poverty stricken of the city through her own private efforts.
Routledge
Routledge is a British multinational publisher.
Royalist (Spanish American independence)
The royalists were the people of Hispanic America (mostly from native and indigenous peoples) and Europeans that fought to preserve the integrity of the Spanish monarchy during the Spanish American wars of independence.
See Peru and Royalist (Spanish American independence)
Sacsayhuamán
Sacsayhuamán, often spelled Sacsahuaman or Saqsaywaman (from Quechua Saqsaywaman (pukara) '(fortress) of the royal falcon or hawk'), is a citadel on the northern outskirts of the city of Cusco, Peru, the historic capital of the Inca Empire.
Sapa Inca
The Sapa Inca (from Quechua Sapan Inka) was the monarch of the Inca Empire (Tawantinsuyu), as well as ruler of the earlier Kingdom of Cusco and the later Neo-Inca State.
Scarlett O'Phelan Godoy
Scarlett Rebeca O'Phelan Godoy (Lima, April 27, 1951) is a Peruvian historian and university professor.
See Peru and Scarlett O'Phelan Godoy
Seal (emblem)
A seal is a device for making an impression in wax, clay, paper, or some other medium, including an embossment on paper, and is also the impression thus made.
Sebastián Hurtado de Corcuera
Sebastián Hurtado de Corcuera y Gaviria (baptized March 25, 1587 – August 12, 1660) was a Spanish soldier and colonial official.
See Peru and Sebastián Hurtado de Corcuera
Second impeachment and removal of Martín Vizcarra
The removal of Martín Vizcarra, president of Peru, was initiated by the Congress of Peru on 8 October 2020 under the grounds of "permanent moral incapacity".
See Peru and Second impeachment and removal of Martín Vizcarra
Secretary-General of the United Nations
The secretary-general of the United Nations (UNSG or UNSECGEN) is the chief administrative officer of the United Nations and head of the United Nations Secretariat, one of the six principal organs of the United Nations.
See Peru and Secretary-General of the United Nations
Self-coup
A self-coup, also called an autocoup or coup from the top, is a form of coup d'état in which a nation's head, having come to power through legal means, stays in power through illegal means.
Semi-presidential republic
A semi-presidential republic, or dual executive republic, is a republic in which a president exists alongside a prime minister and a cabinet, with the latter two being responsible to the legislature of the state.
See Peru and Semi-presidential republic
Separation of powers
The separation of powers principle functionally differentiates several types of state power (usually law-making, adjudication, and execution) and requires these operations of government to be conceptually and institutionally distinguishable and articulated, thereby maintaining the integrity of each.
See Peru and Separation of powers
Shellfish
Shellfish is a colloquial and fisheries term for exoskeleton-bearing aquatic invertebrates used as food, including various species of molluscs, crustaceans, and echinoderms.
Shining Path
The Shining Path (Sendero Luminoso), self-named the Communist Party of Peru (Partido Comunista del Perú, abbr. PCP), is a far-left political party and guerrilla group in Peru, following Marxism–Leninism–Maoism and Gonzalo Thought.
Silver
Silver is a chemical element; it has symbol Ag (derived from Proto-Indo-European ''*h₂erǵ'')) and atomic number 47. A soft, white, lustrous transition metal, it exhibits the highest electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity, and reflectivity of any metal. The metal is found in the Earth's crust in the pure, free elemental form ("native silver"), as an alloy with gold and other metals, and in minerals such as argentite and chlorargyrite.
See Peru and Silver
Simón Bolívar
Simón José Antonio de la Santísima Trinidad Bolívar Palacios Ponte y Blanco (24July 178317December 1830) was a Venezuelan statesman and military officer who led what are currently the countries of Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, Panama, and Bolivia to independence from the Spanish Empire.
Social inequality
Social inequality occurs when resources within a society are distributed unevenly, often as a result of inequitable allocation practices that create distinct unequal patterns based on socially defined categories of people.
See Peru and Social inequality
Solar deity
A solar deity or sun deity is a deity who represents the Sun or an aspect thereof.
South America
South America is a continent entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a considerably smaller portion in the Northern Hemisphere.
Southern Hemisphere
The Southern Hemisphere is the half (hemisphere) of Earth that is south of the Equator.
See Peru and Southern Hemisphere
Sovereign state
A sovereign state is a state that has the highest authority over a territory.
Soviet Union
The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), commonly known as the Soviet Union, was a transcontinental country that spanned much of Eurasia from 1922 to 1991.
Spanish colonization of the Americas
The Spanish colonization of the Americas began in 1493 on the Caribbean island of Hispaniola (now Haiti and the Dominican Republic) after the initial 1492 voyage of Genoese mariner Christopher Columbus under license from Queen Isabella I of Castile. Peru and Spanish colonization of the Americas are former Spanish colonies.
See Peru and Spanish colonization of the Americas
Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire
The Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire, also known as the Conquest of Peru, was one of the most important campaigns in the Spanish colonization of the Americas.
See Peru and Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire
Spanish cuisine
Spanish cuisine consists of the traditions and practices of Spanish cooking.
Spanish Empire
The Spanish Empire, sometimes referred to as the Hispanic Monarchy or the Catholic Monarchy, was a colonial empire that existed between 1492 and 1976.
Spanish language
Spanish (español) or Castilian (castellano) is a Romance language of the Indo-European language family that evolved from the Vulgar Latin spoken on the Iberian Peninsula of Europe.
Species
A species (species) is often defined as the largest group of organisms in which any two individuals of the appropriate sexes or mating types can produce fertile offspring, typically by sexual reproduction.
See Peru and Species
Spectacled bear
The spectacled bear (Tremarctos ornatus), also known as the South American bear, Andean bear, Andean short-faced bear or mountain bear and locally as jukumari (Aymara and Quechua), ukumari (Quechua) or ukuku, is a species of bear native to the Andes Mountains in northern and western South America.
Sperm whale
The sperm whale or cachalot (Physeter macrocephalus) is the largest of the toothed whales and the largest toothed predator.
Sporting Cristal
Club Sporting Cristal S.A. is a Peruvian sports club located in the city of Lima, best known for its football team.
Studio
A studio is an artist or worker's workroom.
See Peru and Studio
Sugarcane
Sugarcane or sugar cane is a species of tall, perennial grass (in the genus Saccharum, tribe Andropogoneae) that is used for sugar production.
Superior Courts of Justice of Peru
The Superior Courts of Justice or Superior Sectors of Peru are the second highest courts of the Judicial system of Peru.
See Peru and Superior Courts of Justice of Peru
Supreme court
In most legal jurisdictions, a supreme court, also known as a court of last resort, apex court, and high (or final) court of appeal, is the highest court within the hierarchy of courts.
Supreme Court of Peru
The Supreme Court of Justice is the highest judicial court in Peru.
See Peru and Supreme Court of Peru
Surfing
Surfing is a surface water sport in which an individual, a surfer (or two in tandem surfing), uses a board to ride on the forward section, or face, of a moving wave of water, which usually carries the surfer towards the shore.
See Peru and Surfing
Syncretism
Syncretism is the practice of combining different beliefs and various schools of thought.
Tacna
Tacna, officially known as San Pedro de Tacna, is a city in southern Peru and the regional capital of the Tacna Region.
See Peru and Tacna
Tacna Province
Tacna is the largest of four provinces in the Department of Tacna in southern Peru located on the border with Chile and Bolivia.
Tarapacá Department (Peru)
Tarapacá was a Department of Peru, which existed between 1878 and 1884, when it was unconditionally ceded to Chile after the War of the Pacific under the Treaty of Ancón.
See Peru and Tarapacá Department (Peru)
Tarata bombing
The Tarata bombing, known also as the Miraflores bombing or Lima bombing, was a terrorist attack carried out in Tarata Street, located in Miraflores District of Lima, Peru, on 16 July 1992, by the Shining Path terrorist group.
Taylor & Francis
Taylor & Francis Group is an international company originating in England that publishes books and academic journals.
Túpac Amaru II
José Gabriel Condorcanqui (– 18 May 1781)known as Tupaq Amaru II was an Indigenous leader who led a large Andean rebellion against the Spanish in Peru as self-proclaimed Sapa Inca of a new Inca Empire.
Túpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement
The Túpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement (Movimiento Revolucionario Túpac Amaru, abbreviated MRTA) was a Peruvian Marxist-Leninist guerrilla army which started in the early 1980s.
See Peru and Túpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement
Teófilo Cubillas
Teófilo Juan Cubillas Arizaga (born 8 March 1949) is a Peruvian former footballer who played as an attacking midfielder.
Telecommunications in Peru
Telecommunications in Peru include radio and television, fixed and mobile telephones, and the Internet.
See Peru and Telecommunications in Peru
Terms of trade
The terms of trade (TOT) is the relative price of exports in terms of imports and is defined as the ratio of export prices to import prices.
Terrace (earthworks)
In agriculture, a terrace is a piece of sloped plane that has been cut into a series of successively receding flat surfaces or platforms, which resemble steps, for the purposes of more effective farming.
See Peru and Terrace (earthworks)
Terruqueo
The terruqueo is a negative campaigning and often racist method of fearmongering used in Peru that involves describing anti-Fujimorists, left-wing political opponents and those who are against the neoliberal status quo as terrorists or terrorist sympathizers, with the tactic primarily being used by right-wing parties and Fujimorists to create a culture of fear.
Tertiary sector of the economy
The tertiary sector of the economy, generally known as the service sector, is the third of the three economic sectors in the three-sector model (also known as the economic cycle).
See Peru and Tertiary sector of the economy
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, informally known as the LDS Church or Mormon Church, is the largest Latter Day Saint denomination, tracing its roots to its founding by Joseph Smith during the Second Great Awakening.
See Peru and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints
The Milk of Sorrow
The Milk of Sorrow (La Teta Asustada, The frightened teat) is a 2009 Peruvian-Spanish drama film directed, written and co-produced by Claudia Llosa.
See Peru and The Milk of Sorrow
The New York Times
The New York Times (NYT) is an American daily newspaper based in New York City.
See Peru and The New York Times
The Pacific Pumas
The Pacific Pumas are a political and economic grouping of countries along Latin America’s Pacific coast that includes Chile, Colombia, Mexico and Peru.
See Peru and The Pacific Pumas
The Washington Post
The Washington Post, locally known as "the Post" and, informally, WaPo or WP, is an American daily newspaper published in Washington, D.C., the national capital.
See Peru and The Washington Post
The World Factbook
The World Factbook, also known as the CIA World Factbook, is a reference resource produced by the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) with almanac-style information about the countries of the world.
See Peru and The World Factbook
The World's 50 Best Restaurants
The World's 50 Best Restaurants is a list produced by the UK media company William Reed, which originally appeared in the British magazine Restaurant in 2002.
See Peru and The World's 50 Best Restaurants
Third impeachment and removal of Pedro Castillo
The third presidential vacancy (impeachment) process against President Pedro Castillo was an action initiated by the Congress of the Republic of Peru with the purpose of declaring the "permanent moral incapacity" of the President of the Republic, Pedro Castillo, under Article 113 of the Political Constitution of Peru.
See Peru and Third impeachment and removal of Pedro Castillo
Third World Quarterly
Third World Quarterly is a peer-reviewed academic journal managed by Global South Ltd and published by Taylor & Francis.
See Peru and Third World Quarterly
Thomas Cochrane, 10th Earl of Dundonald
Admiral Thomas Cochrane, 10th Earl of Dundonald (14 December 1775 – 31 October 1860), styled Lord Cochrane between 1778 and 1831, was a British naval officer, peer, mercenary and politician.
See Peru and Thomas Cochrane, 10th Earl of Dundonald
Thomas Turino
Thomas Turino (born December 12, 1951) is an American ethnomusicologist and author of several textbooks in the field, most notably the popular introductory book Music as Social Life: The Politics of Participation.
Time in Peru
Peru Time (PET) is the official time in Peru.
Tin
Tin is a chemical element; it has symbol Sn and atomic number 50.
See Peru and Tin
Tinya
The tinya (Quechua)Diccionario Quechua - Español - Quechua, Academía Mayor de la Lengua Quechua, Gobierno Regional Cusco, Cusco 2005 (Quechua-Spanish dictionary) or kirki (Quechua) is a percussion instrument, a small handmade drum of leather which is used in the traditional music of the Andean region, particularly Peru.
See Peru and Tinya
Tiwanaku
Tiwanaku (Tiahuanaco or Tiahuanacu) is a Pre-Columbian archaeological site in western Bolivia, near Lake Titicaca, about 70 kilometers from La Paz, and it is one of the largest sites in South America.
Tiwanaku Empire
The Tiwanaku Polity (Tiahuanaco or Tiahuanacu) was a Pre-Columbian polity in western Bolivia based in the southern Lake Titicaca Basin.
Tondero
Tondero is a dance and guitar rhythm from Peru that developed in the country's northern coastal region (Piura–Lambayeque).
See Peru and Tondero
Topa Inca Yupanqui
Topa Inca Yupanqui or Túpac Inca Yupanqui ('Tupaq Inka Yupanki'), also Topa Inga Yupangui, translated as "noble Inca accountant," (before 14711493) was the tenth Sapa Inca (1471–93) of the Inca Empire, fifth of the Hanan dynasty.
See Peru and Topa Inca Yupanqui
Toponymy
Toponymy, toponymics, or toponomastics is the study of toponyms (proper names of places, also known as place names and geographic names), including their origins, meanings, usage and types.
Trade bloc
A trade bloc is a type of intergovernmental agreement, often part of a regional intergovernmental organization, where barriers to trade (tariffs and others) are reduced or eliminated among the participating states.
Treaty of Lima (1929)
The Tacna–Arica compromise or Treaty of Lima was a series of documents that settled the territorial dispute of both Tacna and Arica provinces of Peru and Chile respectively.
See Peru and Treaty of Lima (1929)
Treaty of Tordesillas
The Treaty of Tordesillas, signed in Tordesillas, Spain, on 7 June 1494, and ratified in Setúbal, Portugal, divided the newly discovered lands outside Europe between the Kingdom of Portugal and the Crown of Castile, along a meridian 370 leagues west of the Cape Verde islands, off the west coast of Africa.
See Peru and Treaty of Tordesillas
Trial court
A trial court or court of first instance is a court having original jurisdiction, in which trials take place.
Tropics
The tropics are the regions of Earth surrounding the Equator.
See Peru and Tropics
Trujillo metropolitan area (Peru)
The Trujillo Metropolitan Area is the name used to refer to the metropolitan area whose core is the city of Trujillo, capital La Libertad Region, this metropolitan area located on the north coast of Peru, extends over an area of approximately 110,000 hectares and comprises nine of the eleven districts that make up the province of Trujillo.
See Peru and Trujillo metropolitan area (Peru)
Trujillo, Peru
Trujillo (Truhillu; Mochica: Cɥimor) is a city in coastal northwestern Peru and the capital of the Department of La Libertad. It is the third most populous city and center of the third most populous metropolitan area of Peru. It is located on the banks of the Moche River, near its mouth at the Pacific Ocean, in the Moche Valley.
Tuber
Tubers are a type of enlarged structure that plants use as storage organs for nutrients, derived from stems or roots.
See Peru and Tuber
Tuna
A tuna (tunas or tuna) is a saltwater fish that belongs to the tribe Thunnini, a subgrouping of the Scombridae (mackerel) family.
See Peru and Tuna
Two-round system
The two-round system (TRS or 2RS), also called ballotage, top-two runoff, or two-round plurality (as originally termed in French), is a voting method used to elect a single winner.
U.S. News & World Report
U.S. News & World Report (USNWR, US NEWS) is an American media company publishing news, consumer advice, rankings, and analysis.
See Peru and U.S. News & World Report
Ucayali River
The Ucayali River (Río Ucayali) is the main headstream of the Amazon River. It rises about north of Lake Titicaca, in the Arequipa region of Peru and becomes the Amazon at the confluence of the Marañón close to Nauta city. The city of Pucallpa is located on the banks of the Ucayali.
Uncontacted peoples
Uncontacted peoples are groups of indigenous peoples living without sustained contact with neighbouring communities and the world community.
See Peru and Uncontacted peoples
Unicameralism
Unicameralism (from uni- "one" + Latin camera "chamber") is a type of legislature consisting of one house or assembly that legislates and votes as one.
Union of South American Nations
The Union of South American Nations (USAN), sometimes also referred to as the South American Union, abbreviated in Spanish as UNASUR and in Portuguese as UNASUL, is an intergovernmental regional organization.
See Peru and Union of South American Nations
Unitary state
A unitary state is a sovereign state governed as a single entity in which the central government is the supreme authority.
United Nations
The United Nations (UN) is a diplomatic and political international organization whose stated purposes are to maintain international peace and security, develop friendly relations among nations, achieve international cooperation, and serve as a centre for harmonizing the actions of nations.
United Nations Development Programme
The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)Programme des Nations unies pour le développement, PNUD is a United Nations agency tasked with helping countries eliminate poverty and achieve sustainable economic growth and human development.
See Peru and United Nations Development Programme
United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean
The United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean, known as ECLAC, UNECLAC or in Spanish and Portuguese CEPAL, is a United Nations regional commission to encourage economic cooperation.
See Peru and United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean
United States
The United States of America (USA or U.S.A.), commonly known as the United States (US or U.S.) or America, is a country primarily located in North America. Peru and United States are member states of the United Nations.
Upper Peru
Upper Peru is a name for the land that was governed by the Real Audiencia of Charcas. Peru and Upper Peru are Spanish-speaking countries and territories.
Urubamba River
The Urubamba River or Vilcamayo River (possibly from Quechua Willkamayu, for "sacred river") is a river in Peru.
Vacancy due to moral incapacity (Peru)
The Impeachment of the Presidency of the Republic of Peru by declaration of permanent moral incapacity is one of the cases of vacancy of the Head of State contemplated in article 113 of the Constitution of Peru, whose origin dates back to the Political Constitution of Peru of 1839.
See Peru and Vacancy due to moral incapacity (Peru)
Valentín Paniagua
Valentín Toribio Demetrio Agustin Paniagua Corazao (23 September 1936 – 16 October 2006) was a Peruvian lawyer and politician who briefly served as 55th President of Peru from 2000 to 2001.
See Peru and Valentín Paniagua
Vice President of Peru
The Republic of Peru has two vice presidents, the First Vice President and the Second Vice President, who are elected along with the President in democratic elections.
See Peru and Vice President of Peru
Viceroy
A viceroy is an official who reigns over a polity in the name of and as the representative of the monarch of the territory.
See Peru and Viceroy
Viceroyalty
A viceroyalty was an entity headed by a viceroy.
Viceroyalty of New Granada
The Viceroyalty of the New Kingdom of Granada (Virreinato del Nuevo Reino de Granada), also called Viceroyalty of New Granada or Viceroyalty of Santafé, was the name given on 27 May 1717 to the jurisdiction of the Spanish Empire in northern South America, corresponding to modern Colombia, Ecuador, Panama and Venezuela. Peru and Viceroyalty of New Granada are former Spanish colonies and Spanish-speaking countries and territories.
See Peru and Viceroyalty of New Granada
Viceroyalty of Peru
The Viceroyalty of Peru (Virreinato del Perú), officially known as the Kingdom of Peru, was a Spanish imperial provincial administrative district, created in 1542, that originally contained modern-day Peru and most of the Spanish Empire in South America, governed from the capital of Lima. Peru and Viceroyalty of Peru are Spanish-speaking countries and territories.
See Peru and Viceroyalty of Peru
Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata
The Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata (Virreinato del Río de la Plata or Virreinato de las Provincias del Río de la Plata) meaning "River of the Silver", also called the "Viceroyalty of River Plate" in some scholarly writings, in southern South America, was the last to be organized and also the shortest-lived of one of the viceroyalties of the Spanish Empire in the Americas. Peru and viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata are former Spanish colonies and Spanish-speaking countries and territories.
See Peru and Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata
Vihuela
The vihuela is a 15th-century fretted plucked Spanish string instrument, shaped like a guitar (figure-of-eight form offering strength and portability) but tuned like a lute.
See Peru and Vihuela
Vilcabamba, Peru
Vilcabamba (in Hispanicized spelling) or Willkapampa (Aymara and Quechua), often called the Lost City of the Incas, is a lost city in the Echarate District of La Convención Province in the Cuzco Region of Peru.
Villa Deportiva Nacional
The Villa Deportiva Nacional (National Sports Village) is, together with the Estadio Nacional del Perú (National Stadium of Peru), one of the main sports venues in Peru.
See Peru and Villa Deportiva Nacional
Vladimiro Montesinos
Vladimiro Lenin Ilich Montesinos Torres (born May 20, 1945) is a Peruvian former intelligence officer and lawyer, most notorious for his role as the head of Peru's National Intelligence Service (SIN) during the presidency of Alberto Fujimori.
See Peru and Vladimiro Montesinos
Volleyball
Volleyball is a team sport in which two teams of six players are separated by a net.
Volunteer military
A volunteer military system or all volunteer military system (AVMS) is a military service system that maintains the military only with applicants without compulsory conscription.
See Peru and Volunteer military
Walaycho
The walaycho (hispanicized spelling hualaycho, also walaychu) is a small lute-like fretted stringed instrument, the smallest member of the charango family.
War of the Pacific
The War of the Pacific (Guerra del Pacífico), also known as the Nitrate War (Guerra del salitre) and by multiple other names, was a war between Chile and a Bolivian–Peruvian alliance from 1879 to 1884.
See Peru and War of the Pacific
Wari culture
The Wari (Huari) were a Middle Horizon civilization that flourished in the south-central Andes and coastal area of modern-day Peru, from about 500 to 1000 AD.
Wari Empire
The Wari Empire or Huari Empire was a political formation that emerged around 600 AD (CE) in Peru's Ayacucho Basin and grew to cover much of coastal and highland Peru.
Wari Willka
Wari Willka, also Wariwillka (hispanicized spellings Huarihuilca, Huariwilka, Huarivilca, Huarivillca, Huariwillka, Warivilca, Wariwillca, Wariwilka, Wari Willca), is an archaeological site in Peru.
Water resources management in Peru
While Peru accounts for about four per cent of the world's annual renewable water resources, over 98% of its water is available east of the Andes, in the Amazon region.
See Peru and Water resources management in Peru
Wayback Machine
The Wayback Machine is a digital archive of the World Wide Web founded by the Internet Archive, an American nonprofit organization based in San Francisco, California.
White Latin Americans
White Latin Americans or European Latin Americans (sometimes Euro-Latinos) are Latin Americans of European descent.
See Peru and White Latin Americans
Wildlife of Peru
Peru has some of the greatest biodiversity in the world.
World Bank
The World Bank is an international financial institution that provides loans and grants to the governments of low- and middle-income countries for the purpose of pursuing capital projects.
World Trade Organization
The World Trade Organization (WTO) is an intergovernmental organization headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland that regulates and facilitates international trade.
See Peru and World Trade Organization
Zamacueca
The Zamacueca is an ancient colonial dance and music that originated in the Viceroyalty of Peru, taking its roots from Spanish, and Andean rhythms.
Zamboanga City
Zamboanga City, officially the City of Zamboanga (Ciudad de Zamboanga, Dāira sin Sambuangan, Lungsod ng Zamboanga, Dakbayan sa Zamboanga) or Jambangan in the native Subanon language, is a 1st class highly urbanized city in the Zamboanga Peninsula region of the Philippines.
Zinc
Zinc is a chemical element with the symbol Zn and atomic number 30.
See Peru and Zinc
.pe
.pe is the Internet country code top-level domain (ccTLD) for Peru.
See Peru and .pe
1936 Summer Olympics
The 1936 Summer Olympics (Olympische Sommerspiele 1936), officially the Games of the XI Olympiad (Spiele der XI.) and officially branded as Berlin 1936, was an international multi-sport event held from 1 to 16 August 1936 in Berlin, Germany.
See Peru and 1936 Summer Olympics
1939 South American Championship
The fifteenth edition of the South American Championship was held in Lima, Peru from 15 January to 12 February.
See Peru and 1939 South American Championship
1962 Peruvian coup d'état
The 1962 Peruvian coup d'état was promoted by the then Chief of the Joint Command of the Peruvian Armed Forces, General Ricardo Pérez Godoy, against the outgoing government of Manuel Prado Ugarteche for alleged irregularities in the electoral process of that year.
See Peru and 1962 Peruvian coup d'état
1968 Peruvian coup d'état
The 1968 Peruvian coup d'état took place during the first presidency of Fernando Belaúnde (1963–1968), as a result of political disputes becoming norms, serious arguments between President Belaúnde and Congress rising, dominated by the APRA-UNO (Unión Nacional Odríista) coalition, and even clashes between the President and his own Acción Popular (Popular Action) party were common.
See Peru and 1968 Peruvian coup d'état
1975 Copa América
The 1975 edition of the Copa América football tournament was played between 17 July and 28 October.
See Peru and 1975 Copa América
1988 Summer Olympics
The 1988 Summer Olympics, officially the Games of the XXIV Olympiad and officially branded as Seoul 1988, were an international multi-sport event held from 17 September to 2 October 1988 in Seoul, South Korea.
See Peru and 1988 Summer Olympics
1992 Peruvian self-coup
A self-coup, sometimes known as the Fujimorazo, was performed in Peru in 1992 after President Alberto Fujimori dissolved the Congress as well as the judiciary and assumed full legislative and judicial powers.
See Peru and 1992 Peruvian self-coup
1993 Peruvian constitutional referendum
A constitutional referendum was held in Peru on 31 October 1993.
See Peru and 1993 Peruvian constitutional referendum
2004 Copa América
The 2004 Copa América was the 41st edition of the Copa América, the South-American championship for international association football teams.
See Peru and 2004 Copa América
2004 Recopa Sudamericana
The 2004 Recopa Sudamericana was the 12th Recopa Sudamericana, an annual football match between the winners of the previous season's Copa Libertadores and Copa Sudamericana competitions.
See Peru and 2004 Recopa Sudamericana
2005 FIFA U-17 World Championship
The 2005 FIFA U-17 World Championship, the eleventh edition of the tournament, was held in the cities of Lima, Trujillo, Chiclayo, Piura and Iquitos in Peru from 16 September to 2 October 2005.
See Peru and 2005 FIFA U-17 World Championship
2006 Peruvian general election
General elections were held in Peru in on 9 April 2006 to elect the President, two Vice-Presidents, 120 members of Congress and five members of the Andean Parliament for the 2006–2011 period.
See Peru and 2006 Peruvian general election
2007 Peruvian census
The 2007 Peru Census was a detailed enumeration of the Peruvian population.
See Peru and 2007 Peruvian census
2011 U-20 Copa Libertadores
The 2011 U-20 Copa Libertadores (known as the 2011 Copa Movistar Libertadores Sub-20 for sponsorship reasons) was the first edition of this U-20 club competition.
See Peru and 2011 U-20 Copa Libertadores
2013 Bolivarian Games
The 2013 Bolivarian Games (Spanish: Juegos Bolivarianos), officially the XVII Bolivarian Games, was a major international multi-sport event that was held from November 16–30, 2013, in Trujillo, Peru, with some events held in Lima and Chiclayo.
See Peru and 2013 Bolivarian Games
2017 Peruvian census
The 2017 Peru Census was a detailed enumeration and twelfth national population census of Peru.
See Peru and 2017 Peruvian census
2018 Peruvian constitutional referendum
A constitutional referendum was held in Peru on 9 December 2018 alongside the second round of gubernatorial elections.
See Peru and 2018 Peruvian constitutional referendum
2019 Pan American Games
The 2019 Pan American Games (Juegos Panamericanos de 2019), officially the XVIII Pan American Games and commonly known as the Peru 2019 Pan-Am Games or Peru 2019 (Piruw 2019), were a multi-sport event governed by the Panam Sports Organization held in Lima, Peru from July 26 to August 11, 2019, with preliminary rounds in certain events having begun on July 24, 2019.
See Peru and 2019 Pan American Games
2019–2020 Peruvian constitutional crisis
The 2019–2020 Peruvian constitutional crisis began when President Martín Vizcarra dissolved the Congress of Peru on 30 September 2019 considering a de facto denial of the vote of confidence.
See Peru and 2019–2020 Peruvian constitutional crisis
2020 Peruvian protests
The 2020 Peruvian protests were a series of demonstrations sparked after the removal of President Martín Vizcarra that took place from 9 November to 17 November 2020.
See Peru and 2020 Peruvian protests
2021 Peruvian general election
General elections were held in Peru on 11 April 2021.
See Peru and 2021 Peruvian general election
2022 Peruvian self-coup attempt
On December 7, 2022, Pedro Castillo, the then-President of Peru, made an attempt to illegally dissolve the Congress amidst looming removal proceedings.
See Peru and 2022 Peruvian self-coup attempt
2024 Bolivarian Games
The 2024 Bolivarian Games, officially 2024 Bicentennial Bolivarian Games (Juegos Bolivarianos del Bicentenario 2024), will be the special dedication edition of the multi-sport event meant for sports, or disciplines or events within a sport, that are not contested in the Olympic Games, governed by the Organización Deportiva Bolivariana (ODEBO).
See Peru and 2024 Bolivarian Games
82nd Academy Awards
The 82nd Academy Awards ceremony, presented by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS), honored the best films of 2009 and took place on March 7, 2010, at the Kodak Theatre in Hollywood, Los Angeles beginning at 5:30 p.m. PST / 8:30 p.m. EST.
See Peru and 82nd Academy Awards
See also
Andean Community
- Andean Community
- Andean Parliament
- Andean passport
- Bolivia
- CAF – Development Bank of Latin America and the Caribbean
- Colombia
- Court of Justice of the Andean Community
- Ecuador
- Peru
- Secretary-General of the Andean Community
Countries in South America
- Argentina
- Bolivia
- Brazil
- Chile
- Colombia
- Ecuador
- Guyana
- List of South American countries and dependencies by GDP (PPP)
- List of South American countries by GDP (PPP) per capita
- Paraguay
- Peru
- Suriname
- Uruguay
- Venezuela
Cradle of civilization
- Ancient Egypt
- Ancient Mesopotamia
- China
- Cradle of civilization
- Fertile Crescent
- Four Great Ancient Civilizations
- Indus Valley Civilisation
- Indus Valley civilisation
- Olmec
- Peru
Spanish-speaking countries and territories
- Alta California
- Andorra
- Argentina
- Belize
- Bolivia
- Captaincy General of Chile
- Captaincy General of Cuba
- Captaincy General of Guatemala
- Captaincy General of Puerto Rico
- Captaincy General of Santo Domingo
- Captaincy General of Venezuela
- Captaincy General of Yucatán
- Captaincy General of the Philippines
- Chile
- Colombia
- Colony of Santiago
- Costa Rica
- Cuba
- Dominican Republic
- Ecuador
- El Salvador
- Equatorial Guinea
- Guatemala
- Hispanidad
- Honduras
- Insular Government of Porto Rico
- Intendancy of San Salvador
- List of countries and territories where Spanish is an official language
- Mexico
- New Spain
- Nicaragua
- Panama
- Paraguay
- Peru
- Province of Las Californias
- Provincias Internas
- Puerto Rico
- Republic of Texas
- Republic of Yucatán
- Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic
- Spain
- Spanish West Indies
- Upper Peru
- Uruguay
- Venezuela
- Viceroyalty of New Granada
- Viceroyalty of Peru
- Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata
- Western Sahara
States and territories established in 1821
- Areopagus of Eastern Continental Greece
- Catamarca Province
- Cerro Largo Department
- Chota Nagpur Tributary States
- Costa Rica
- Department of Huaylas
- Department of Tarma
- Department of Trujillo
- Department of the Coast
- El Salvador
- First Mexican Empire
- Gambia Colony and Protectorate
- Gold Coast (British colony)
- Gran Colombia
- Greece
- Guatemala
- Honduras
- Messenian Senate
- Mexican Texas
- Military-Political System of Samos
- Missouri
- Nicaragua
- Peloponnesian Senate
- Peru
- Republic of Spanish Haiti
- Santa Teresa Gallura
- Senate of Western Continental Greece
References
Also known as El Perú, Etymology of Peru, ISO 3166-1:PE, Lower Peru, Name of Peru, Peruano, Peruvian Republic, Piruw, Piruw Ripuwlika, Piruw Suyu, Public infrastructure in Peru, Pérou, Republic of Perú, República del Perú, State of Peru.
, Aymara people, Banana, Bandurria, Barcelona Centre for International Affairs, Baroque, Barrios Altos massacre, Basilica and Convent of Santo Domingo, Lima, Basilica Cathedral of Arequipa, Bass (fish), Battle of Ayacucho, Battle of Cajamarca, Battle of Carabobo, Battle of Chacabuco, Battle of Junín, Battle of Maipú, Battle of Pichincha, Bay of San Miguel, BBC News, Bean, Bernardo O'Higgins, Bicentennial of the Independence of Peru, Biotechnology, Black Peruvians, Blueberry, Bogotá, Bolivia, Bora language, Boron, Bourbon Reforms, Brazil, Bromeliaceae, Bronze, Budget, Buenos Aires, Bullion, Cañari, Cabinet (government), Cabinet of Peru, Cactus, Cajamarca, Cajamarquilla, Cajón, Callao, Cambridge University Press, Camelidae, Canadian Journal of Bioethics, Capital city, Caral–Supe civilization, Cassava, Catholic Church, Catholic Church in Peru, César Vallejo, Cenepa War, Censure, Central Intelligence Agency, Central Restaurante, Centralism (Peru), Ceramic art, Ceviche, Chachani, Chachapoya culture, Chan Chan, Chancay, Chanka, Charango, Charangon, Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, Chavín culture, Chavín de Huántar, Chenopodium pallidicaule, Chicken as food, Chiclayo, Chiclayo metropolitan area, Chile, Chilean–Peruvian maritime dispute, Chile–Peru relations, Chili pepper, Chillador, Chimbote, Chimor, China, China–Peru Free Trade Agreement, Chinchero International Airport, Chinese Peruvians, Chinlili, Christian literature, Chronic inflation, Chronicle, Cinema of Iquitos, Ciro Alegría, Civil and political rights, Civil defense, Civilista Party, Claudia Llosa, Climate change, Club Universitario de Deportes, Cocoa bean, Coffee, Colombia, Colombia–Peru War, Columbian exchange, Common Era, Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership, Compulsory education, Compulsory sterilization, Compulsory voting, Congress, Congress of Panama, Congress of the Republic of Peru, Conquistador, Conscription, Constitution, Constitution of Peru, Constitutional Court of Peru, Constitutional monarchy, Convict, Copa América, Copa Libertadores, Copper, Cordillera Blanca, Cordillera Negra, Coricancha, Costumbrismo, Council on Hemispheric Affairs, Counterterrorism, Coup d'état, COVID-19 pandemic, COVID-19 pandemic in Peru, Cradle of civilization, Creole peoples, Criollo people, Crisis in Venezuela, Crossing of the Andes, Crustacean, Cult of personality, Cupisnique, Cusco, Cusco Cathedral, Cusco School, Dance in Peru, Death squad, Decentralization, Decolonization of the Americas, Demographics of Peru, Department of Ancash, Department of Ayacucho, Department of Cuzco, Department of La Libertad, Department of Lambayeque, Department of Puno, Dependency theory, Diablada, Dialectical Anthropology, Diego Quispe Tito, Dina Boluarte, Direct election, Dissolution of parliament, District court, Drainage basin, Dual carriageway, Eclecticism in art, Economic liberalism, Economy of Peru, Ecuador, Ecuadorian–Peruvian War, Edict, El Niño–Southern Oscillation, Electoral system, Endemism, Endorheic basin, Equator, Estadio Monumental "U", Ethnicity, Evangelicalism, Executive (government), Fearmongering, Feast of Corpus Christi, Fernando Belaúnde, FIFA World Cup, Financial Times, Firm and Happy for the Union, Fish, Fish meal, Flounder, Food and Agriculture Organization, Food security, Forbes, Foreign direct investment, Foreign Policy, Foreign relations of Peru, Forest Landscape Integrity Index, Francisco Bolognesi, Francisco de Toledo, Francisco Morales Bermúdez, Francisco Pizarro, Francisco Sagasti, Frecuencia Latina bombing, Free Peru, Free trade agreements of the European Union, Freedom House, Freedom in the World, Fujimorism, Gabriel García Márquez, Gastón Acurio, German Institute for Global and Area Studies, Global Innovation Index, Gold, Goldsmith, Gonzalo Garland, Government of China, Grape, Great Depression, Grupo Colina, Guano, Guayaquil, Guayaquil Conference, Gustavo Adrianzén, Hard currency, Harp, Head of government, Head of state, Hernando de Soto (economist), History of Peru (1845–1866), History of Spain (1808–1874), Holy Week, Huaca, Huaca del Sol, Huaca Prieta, Huaca Rajada, Huacho, Huallaga River, Huanca, Huancavelica, Huancayo, Huascarán, Huayno, Huáscar, Human Development Index, Human rights in Peru, Humboldt Current, Hydraulic engineering, Iberian Union, IDL-Reporteros, Illegal drug trade, Ilo, Peru, Impeachment, Inca Empire, Inca Garcilaso de la Vega, Income distribution, Indian auxiliaries, Indigenismo, Indigenous language, Indigenous peoples of Peru, Infection, Influenza, Inquisition, InSight Crime, Insurgency, International Film Festival Rotterdam, International Monetary Fund, Interoceanic Highway, Inti, Inti Raymi, Iquitos, Irreligion in Latin America, Irrigation, Jaguar, Japanese Peruvians, Jarava ichu, Javary River, Javier Pérez de Cuéllar, Jehovah's Witnesses, Joaquín de la Pezuela, 1st Marquess of Viluma, Joint Command of the Armed Forces of Peru, Jorge Chávez International Airport, José de la Serna, 1st Count of the Andes, José de San Martín, José María Arguedas, Juan Santos Atahualpa, Juan Velasco Alvarado, Judge, Juliaca massacre, Karate, Keiko Fujimori, Kingdom of Cusco, La Cantuta massacre, La República, Lake Titicaca, Languages of Peru, Latifundium, Latin American Boom, Latin American Politics and Society, Lead, Legislation, Legislature, Legume, Lepidium meyenii, Leticia, Amazonas, Liberal democracy, Liberalization, Life expectancy, Lima, Lima Group, Lima metropolitan area, Lima Metropolitan Cathedral, Lima Province, List of Christian denominations, List of countries and dependencies by area, List of lakes of Peru, List of metropolitan areas in the Americas, List of metropolitan areas of Peru, List of Nobel laureates in Literature, List of South American countries by area, List of South American countries by population, Lomas, Lope de Aguirre, Luis Edgardo Mercado Jarrín, Lupinus, Lute, Machu Picchu, Macroeconomics, Madeinusa, Magaly Solier, Magic realism, Maize, Mammal, Manila galleon, Mantaro River, Manu National Park, Manuel A. Odría, Manuel Merino, Manuel Prado Ugarteche, Marañón River, Marcos Zapata, Marinera, Mario Vargas Llosa, Market intervention, Martín Vizcarra, Martin de Porres, Mass media in Peru, Matarani, Matteo Pérez, Megadiverse countries, Mercosur, Mestizo, Mexico, Middle power, Miguel Grau Seminario, Military junta, Mineral industry of Peru, Mining, Minister (government), Ministry of Defense (Peru), Ministry of Environment (Peru), Mit'a, Moche culture, Moche River, Molybdenum, Moss, Motion of no confidence, Movie theater, Multi-party system, Multinational state, Multiple citizenship, Municipal council, Music of Africa, Music of Peru, Music of Spain, Musical instrument, National Anthem of Peru, National Intelligence Service (Peru), National Jury of Elections, National Office of Electoral Processes, National Police of Peru, National Population Program, National Registry of Identification and Civil Status, National Stadium of Peru, National University of San Marcos, National University of Trujillo, Nationalism, Nazca culture, Necropolis, Neo-Inca State, Neoliberalism, Neoplasm, New World, North American Congress on Latin America, Odebrecht, Odebrecht Case, OECD, Ollanta Humala, Operation Condor, Oral tradition, Orchid, Organization of American States, Outline of Peru, Pachacamac, Pachacuti, Pachamama, Pachamanca, Pacific Alliance, Pacific coast, Palgrave Macmillan, Pan American Games, Pan American Health Organization, Pan flute, Pan-American Highway, Paquisha War, Paracas (municipality), Paracas culture, Paracas National Reserve, Parliamentary immunity, Patron saint, Peace movement, Peacekeeping, Pedro Arias Dávila, Pedro Castillo, Pedro de Noguera, Pedro Pablo Kuczynski, Periodization of pre-Columbian Peru, Peru women's national volleyball team, Peru–Bolivian Confederation, Peru–United States Trade Promotion Agreement, Peruvian Agrarian Reform, Peruvian Air Force, Peruvian Amazonia, Peruvian Armed Forces, Peruvian Army, Peruvian art, Peruvian conflict, Peruvian cuisine, Peruvian inti, Peruvian literature, Peruvian Navy, Peruvian political crisis (2016–present), Peruvian Primera División, Peruvian protests (2022–2023), Peruvian sol, Peruvian sol (1863–1985), Peruvian Spanish, Peruvian War of Independence, Peruvians, Peruvians of European descent, Pineapple, Pirates in Callao, Pisco, Peru, Piura, Plan Verde, Plastic arts, Plurality voting, Pneumonia, Poechos Reservoir, Politics of Peru, Pontifical Catholic University of Peru, Populism, Port of Callao, Portuguese colonization of the Americas, Potato, Potosí, Pre-Columbian era, Pre-Columbian Peru, Premier, President of Peru, President of the Congress of the Republic of Peru, Presidential system, Price controls, Prime Minister of Peru, Progressivism, Proportional representation, Protectionism, Puma (genus), Puna grassland, Purchasing power parity, Putumayo River, Puya raimondii, Quarantine, Quechua people, Quechuan languages, Quena, Quinoa, Ramón Castilla, Real Audiencia of Lima, Rebellion of Túpac Amaru II, Reciprocity (cultural anthropology), Redistribution (cultural anthropology), Redistribution of income and wealth, Reformism, Regions of Peru, Representative democracy, Republic, Reuters, Ricardo Palma, Ricardo Pérez Godoy, Rice, Right-wing populism, Rio Protocol, Rodríguez Ballón International Airport, Romanticism, Rose of Lima, Routledge, Royalist (Spanish American independence), Sacsayhuamán, Sapa Inca, Scarlett O'Phelan Godoy, Seal (emblem), Sebastián Hurtado de Corcuera, Second impeachment and removal of Martín Vizcarra, Secretary-General of the United Nations, Self-coup, Semi-presidential republic, Separation of powers, Shellfish, Shining Path, Silver, Simón Bolívar, Social inequality, Solar deity, South America, Southern Hemisphere, Sovereign state, Soviet Union, Spanish colonization of the Americas, Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire, Spanish cuisine, Spanish Empire, Spanish language, Species, Spectacled bear, Sperm whale, Sporting Cristal, Studio, Sugarcane, Superior Courts of Justice of Peru, Supreme court, Supreme Court of Peru, Surfing, Syncretism, Tacna, Tacna Province, Tarapacá Department (Peru), Tarata bombing, Taylor & Francis, Túpac Amaru II, Túpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement, Teófilo Cubillas, Telecommunications in Peru, Terms of trade, Terrace (earthworks), Terruqueo, Tertiary sector of the economy, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, The Milk of Sorrow, The New York Times, The Pacific Pumas, The Washington Post, The World Factbook, The World's 50 Best Restaurants, Third impeachment and removal of Pedro Castillo, Third World Quarterly, Thomas Cochrane, 10th Earl of Dundonald, Thomas Turino, Time in Peru, Tin, Tinya, Tiwanaku, Tiwanaku Empire, Tondero, Topa Inca Yupanqui, Toponymy, Trade bloc, Treaty of Lima (1929), Treaty of Tordesillas, Trial court, Tropics, Trujillo metropolitan area (Peru), Trujillo, Peru, Tuber, Tuna, Two-round system, U.S. News & World Report, Ucayali River, Uncontacted peoples, Unicameralism, Union of South American Nations, Unitary state, United Nations, United Nations Development Programme, United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean, United States, Upper Peru, Urubamba River, Vacancy due to moral incapacity (Peru), Valentín Paniagua, Vice President of Peru, Viceroy, Viceroyalty, Viceroyalty of New Granada, Viceroyalty of Peru, Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata, Vihuela, Vilcabamba, Peru, Villa Deportiva Nacional, Vladimiro Montesinos, Volleyball, Volunteer military, Walaycho, War of the Pacific, Wari culture, Wari Empire, Wari Willka, Water resources management in Peru, Wayback Machine, White Latin Americans, Wildlife of Peru, World Bank, World Trade Organization, Zamacueca, Zamboanga City, Zinc, .pe, 1936 Summer Olympics, 1939 South American Championship, 1962 Peruvian coup d'état, 1968 Peruvian coup d'état, 1975 Copa América, 1988 Summer Olympics, 1992 Peruvian self-coup, 1993 Peruvian constitutional referendum, 2004 Copa América, 2004 Recopa Sudamericana, 2005 FIFA U-17 World Championship, 2006 Peruvian general election, 2007 Peruvian census, 2011 U-20 Copa Libertadores, 2013 Bolivarian Games, 2017 Peruvian census, 2018 Peruvian constitutional referendum, 2019 Pan American Games, 2019–2020 Peruvian constitutional crisis, 2020 Peruvian protests, 2021 Peruvian general election, 2022 Peruvian self-coup attempt, 2024 Bolivarian Games, 82nd Academy Awards.